The document discusses various topics related to geriatrics and aging:
1. It explains several theories of aging such as the programmed senescence/Hayflick limit theory, endocrine/neuroendocrine theory, immunological theory, and error theories including the wear and tear theory.
2. It describes the normal physiological changes associated with aging for body systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal, integumentary, and endocrine systems. It also discusses psychological changes.
3. It outlines some special concerns for elderly populations such as retirement and elder abuse.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins with learning objectives about introducing geriatric nursing, defining geriatrics, aging theories, common age-related changes and problems, care considerations, and government resources. It then defines geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for older adults. Several biological and psychological theories of aging are described. Common age-related changes that can occur in systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal and skin are outlined.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories include stochastic theories like the error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories range from disengagement to activity to continuity and stratification. Psychologically, theories cover Maslow's hierarchy, Jungian individuation, Erikson's stages, and selective optimization with compensation.
1. The document discusses various theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Biological theories propose that aging is caused by genetic and cellular factors like DNA damage or free radicals. Psychosocial theories examine how social roles and relationships change with age. Developmental theories view aging as a lifelong process of adapting to new tasks and roles.
2. Key biological theories include the programmed theory of a biological clock, gene theories involving aging genes, and cellular theories involving damage from free radicals or crosslinking. Key psychosocial theories are disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, and subculture theory. Developmental theories proposed by Erikson, Havighurst, and others identify tasks for different life stages.
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories attempt to explain aging as either stochastic random processes like free radicals accumulating over time, or as programmed predetermined processes. Sociological theories view aging through lenses of disengagement, activity, continuity with life experiences, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, aging is framed by hierarchies of needs, individuation, life stages, and strategies of selection, optimization, and compensation. Overall, the document provides an overview of the dominant frameworks for conceptualizing the aging process.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins with learning objectives about introducing geriatric nursing, defining geriatrics, aging theories, common age-related changes and problems, care considerations, and government resources. It then defines geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for older adults. Several biological and psychological theories of aging are described. Common age-related changes that can occur in systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal and skin are outlined.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories include stochastic theories like the error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories range from disengagement to activity to continuity and stratification. Psychologically, theories cover Maslow's hierarchy, Jungian individuation, Erikson's stages, and selective optimization with compensation.
1. The document discusses various theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Biological theories propose that aging is caused by genetic and cellular factors like DNA damage or free radicals. Psychosocial theories examine how social roles and relationships change with age. Developmental theories view aging as a lifelong process of adapting to new tasks and roles.
2. Key biological theories include the programmed theory of a biological clock, gene theories involving aging genes, and cellular theories involving damage from free radicals or crosslinking. Key psychosocial theories are disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, and subculture theory. Developmental theories proposed by Erikson, Havighurst, and others identify tasks for different life stages.
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories attempt to explain aging as either stochastic random processes like free radicals accumulating over time, or as programmed predetermined processes. Sociological theories view aging through lenses of disengagement, activity, continuity with life experiences, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, aging is framed by hierarchies of needs, individuation, life stages, and strategies of selection, optimization, and compensation. Overall, the document provides an overview of the dominant frameworks for conceptualizing the aging process.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
There are two main types of biological theories of aging: stochastic and non-stochastic. Stochastic theories point to internal and external factors that damage tissues over time. Non-stochastic theories propose that aging results from complex predetermined processes. Specific theories discussed include the cross-linked theory, free radical and lipofuscin theories, wear and tear theory, evolutionary theories like mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy, and the disposable soma theory.
The document discusses quality nursing care for the elderly. It begins with definitions of elderly, geriatrics, and geriatric nursing. It then covers concepts and theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Finally, it discusses needs assessment of the elderly which includes functional assessment, physical examination, nutrition assessment, and health history review to identify problems and needs. The goal is to integrate theoretical knowledge of geriatrics with best assessment skills to provide quality care for older adults.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
Class presentation on Geriatric health.pptxGouri Das
The document provides information about a class presentation on geriatric health. It defines geriatrics and gerontology, and describes the aging process and factors that influence aging. It discusses theories of aging, physical and psychological changes in aging, health problems common in older adults, and principles of geriatric care.
The document discusses several theories of aging, including biological, psychological, environmental, and developmental theories. Biologically, theories propose that aging results from cellular changes over time, programmed genetics, accumulated errors and damage to DNA and cells, wear and tear on organs, or free radicals. Psychologically, theories explore how activity levels, disengagement from society, continuity of lifestyle, and social exchanges impact aging. Environmental factors like radiation and stress are also proposed to influence the aging process. Developmentally, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan are summarized.
This document discusses theories of aging, including biological and psychosocial theories. Biologically, it describes five theories - genetic, wear-and-tear, environmental, immunity, and neuroendocrine. These theories propose that aging results from genetic factors, damage accumulation over time, environmental influences, declining immunity, and changes in hormone production. Psychosocially, it outlines five theories - personality, developmental tasks, disengagement, activity, and continuity. These focus on how social and psychological factors influence aging, including through personality traits, life tasks, social withdrawal, activity levels, and maintaining routines from the past. The document concludes that aging is a universal process involving physical and psychological changes.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
1. The document discusses whether life extension is an enhancement and how it relates to transhumanism. It presents arguments that life extension is an enhancement because it extends human abilities beyond what is natural.
2. The document argues that discrimination against aging and life extension is irrational and analogous to discrimination based on other attributes like race, gender, or wealth. It proposes using principles of reflective equilibrium to modify judgements that aging is acceptable.
3. The author believes that breakthroughs in rejuvenation biotechnologies will be rapidly refined, and that the first person to live to 1000 years old may only be about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old. He outlines a timeline and funding needs to achieve robust
Ageing ppt Final.ppt for nursing ,Happy ageingParamitaBhunia
1. Aging is a complex process involving biological, physiological, psychological, social, and environmental changes over time.
2. Theories of aging can be categorized as biological theories, which examine physical changes at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels, and psychosocial theories, which focus on social and psychological changes.
3. Key biological theories include the wear and tear theory of cellular damage accumulation over time and the immunological theory of age-related immune system decline. Key psychosocial theories include disengagement theory of social withdrawal and activity theory emphasizing continued social engagement.
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
The document discusses several theories of aging:
- Programmed theories believe aging is a normal developmental process, while error theories see it as due to accidents over time.
- Free radical theory proposes that cellular damage from reactive oxygen species produced during metabolism accumulates over time, causing aging.
- Calorie restriction theory suggests that reducing calorie intake without malnutrition can retard aging by increasing efficiency.
- Neuroendocrine theory views age-related declines in neurons and hormones as central to aging. The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal axes are proposed as the "master timekeepers" regulating aging.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptxJoseph KUNDA
Human physiology is the study of the function of body parts.
this an introductory lecture that introduces learners to the exciting discovery of an exciting subject in the study of medicine.
This document summarizes stem cell anti-aging therapy and rejuvenation. It discusses how aging occurs due to a decrease in stem cells over time, and how increasing stem cell reserves can help rejuvenate the body's systems and tissues. The document proposes a stem cell therapy program using fetal stem cells ("Golden Vial") to restore youthfulness by replenishing 240 types of stem cells to renew all functional systems of the body. It also discusses quantitative measures of biological age and frailty to objectively evaluate the effects of anti-aging treatments.
Chapter One provides an introduction to the field of Adult Devel.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter One provides an introduction to the field of Adult Development, with an emphasis placed on the concept that development does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is a lifelong process reflecting systematic changes that allow people to adapt to their ever-changing environment. This may sound like common sense, but it wasn't that long ago that theorists had a more "philosophical" approach to adult development and it was believed that once you hit about age 25, that was it. No more growth, no more taking in new experiences, no way to change those awful habits you have (ouch), life was pretty much at a standstill.
I. Why Study Adult Development?
A. An Aging Population
1. Historically speaking, it is a new and fairly recent situation to have such a large percentage of older adults in society.
2. For Americans born in 1900, the life expectancy was 47.3 years.
3. For those born in 1950, the life expectancy was 68.2 years.
4. Those born in 2000 have a projected life expectancy of 76.9 years
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007), a stunning 29.6 years longer than those born 100 years earlier.
5. In the early 1900s, less than 5% of Americans lived to age 65 or older, whereas in 1995 the percentage had risen to 80%
(Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000).
6. The “graying” of the world’s citizens
a. In high-income, developed countries, the increased life expectancies and falling fertility rates will add momentum to the already apparent shift toward an older population.
B. Challenging Issues
1. Introduction
a. The rapidly increasing number of adults in their 60s and beyond brings with it the demand for information from those trying to meet current needs and prepare for the future.
b. In terms of the academic study of adult development and aging, there are theoretical issues that must be considered.
2. The Challenges
a. Accepting and utilizing the multidisciplinary nature of the study of adulthood.
b. Finding the balance between highlighting the things younger, middle-aged, and older adults have in common and bringing to light the diversity in adult populations
c. Dealing with the limited resources available for research.
II. A Psychological Approach to Adult Development and Aging
A. Multidisciplinary and Multifaceted Endeavor
1. The study of adult development and aging is multidisciplinary and multifaceted.
2. Reflecting similarities and differences across disciplines as well as among areas of emphasis within disciplines
B. The Developmental Psychological Perspective
1. Developmental psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the ways mental and behavioral processes change within individuals over time.
III. Multiple Dimensions of Age
A. Critical Differences
1. Childhood generally covers about 12 years while adulthood can cover 60 yea.
This document outlines several major biological theories of aging:
1) Programmed/biological clock theory proposes aging is genetically predetermined.
2) Error and mutation theories suggest aging results from errors in DNA replication or damage from radiation/chemicals over time.
3) Cellular theories like the free radical and crosslinking theories propose aging occurs due to cellular damage from reactive molecules that build up over time. Wear and tear theory also cites damage from stressors leading to organ/tissue deterioration.
The king was gifted two macaw parrots from another kingdom. While one parrot flew majestically in the palace garden, the other refused to leave its branch. The king summoned doctors and trainers to help the parrot, but nothing worked. Finally, a farmer simply cut the branch, causing the parrot to fly for the first time. The moral is that we must leave our comfort zones to find success.
The document discusses the role of the placenta in providing oxygen to the fetus during pregnancy. Specifically, it notes that the placenta is the source of oxygen for the fetus, as the fetal lungs receive less than 1% of blood volume and do not exchange gas. Additionally, it states that the right atrium of the fetal heart has the highest oxygen concentration.
There are two main types of biological theories of aging: stochastic and non-stochastic. Stochastic theories point to internal and external factors that damage tissues over time. Non-stochastic theories propose that aging results from complex predetermined processes. Specific theories discussed include the cross-linked theory, free radical and lipofuscin theories, wear and tear theory, evolutionary theories like mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy, and the disposable soma theory.
The document discusses quality nursing care for the elderly. It begins with definitions of elderly, geriatrics, and geriatric nursing. It then covers concepts and theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Finally, it discusses needs assessment of the elderly which includes functional assessment, physical examination, nutrition assessment, and health history review to identify problems and needs. The goal is to integrate theoretical knowledge of geriatrics with best assessment skills to provide quality care for older adults.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
Class presentation on Geriatric health.pptxGouri Das
The document provides information about a class presentation on geriatric health. It defines geriatrics and gerontology, and describes the aging process and factors that influence aging. It discusses theories of aging, physical and psychological changes in aging, health problems common in older adults, and principles of geriatric care.
The document discusses several theories of aging, including biological, psychological, environmental, and developmental theories. Biologically, theories propose that aging results from cellular changes over time, programmed genetics, accumulated errors and damage to DNA and cells, wear and tear on organs, or free radicals. Psychologically, theories explore how activity levels, disengagement from society, continuity of lifestyle, and social exchanges impact aging. Environmental factors like radiation and stress are also proposed to influence the aging process. Developmentally, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan are summarized.
This document discusses theories of aging, including biological and psychosocial theories. Biologically, it describes five theories - genetic, wear-and-tear, environmental, immunity, and neuroendocrine. These theories propose that aging results from genetic factors, damage accumulation over time, environmental influences, declining immunity, and changes in hormone production. Psychosocially, it outlines five theories - personality, developmental tasks, disengagement, activity, and continuity. These focus on how social and psychological factors influence aging, including through personality traits, life tasks, social withdrawal, activity levels, and maintaining routines from the past. The document concludes that aging is a universal process involving physical and psychological changes.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
1. The document discusses whether life extension is an enhancement and how it relates to transhumanism. It presents arguments that life extension is an enhancement because it extends human abilities beyond what is natural.
2. The document argues that discrimination against aging and life extension is irrational and analogous to discrimination based on other attributes like race, gender, or wealth. It proposes using principles of reflective equilibrium to modify judgements that aging is acceptable.
3. The author believes that breakthroughs in rejuvenation biotechnologies will be rapidly refined, and that the first person to live to 1000 years old may only be about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old. He outlines a timeline and funding needs to achieve robust
Ageing ppt Final.ppt for nursing ,Happy ageingParamitaBhunia
1. Aging is a complex process involving biological, physiological, psychological, social, and environmental changes over time.
2. Theories of aging can be categorized as biological theories, which examine physical changes at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels, and psychosocial theories, which focus on social and psychological changes.
3. Key biological theories include the wear and tear theory of cellular damage accumulation over time and the immunological theory of age-related immune system decline. Key psychosocial theories include disengagement theory of social withdrawal and activity theory emphasizing continued social engagement.
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
The document discusses several theories of aging:
- Programmed theories believe aging is a normal developmental process, while error theories see it as due to accidents over time.
- Free radical theory proposes that cellular damage from reactive oxygen species produced during metabolism accumulates over time, causing aging.
- Calorie restriction theory suggests that reducing calorie intake without malnutrition can retard aging by increasing efficiency.
- Neuroendocrine theory views age-related declines in neurons and hormones as central to aging. The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal axes are proposed as the "master timekeepers" regulating aging.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptxJoseph KUNDA
Human physiology is the study of the function of body parts.
this an introductory lecture that introduces learners to the exciting discovery of an exciting subject in the study of medicine.
This document summarizes stem cell anti-aging therapy and rejuvenation. It discusses how aging occurs due to a decrease in stem cells over time, and how increasing stem cell reserves can help rejuvenate the body's systems and tissues. The document proposes a stem cell therapy program using fetal stem cells ("Golden Vial") to restore youthfulness by replenishing 240 types of stem cells to renew all functional systems of the body. It also discusses quantitative measures of biological age and frailty to objectively evaluate the effects of anti-aging treatments.
Chapter One provides an introduction to the field of Adult Devel.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter One provides an introduction to the field of Adult Development, with an emphasis placed on the concept that development does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is a lifelong process reflecting systematic changes that allow people to adapt to their ever-changing environment. This may sound like common sense, but it wasn't that long ago that theorists had a more "philosophical" approach to adult development and it was believed that once you hit about age 25, that was it. No more growth, no more taking in new experiences, no way to change those awful habits you have (ouch), life was pretty much at a standstill.
I. Why Study Adult Development?
A. An Aging Population
1. Historically speaking, it is a new and fairly recent situation to have such a large percentage of older adults in society.
2. For Americans born in 1900, the life expectancy was 47.3 years.
3. For those born in 1950, the life expectancy was 68.2 years.
4. Those born in 2000 have a projected life expectancy of 76.9 years
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007), a stunning 29.6 years longer than those born 100 years earlier.
5. In the early 1900s, less than 5% of Americans lived to age 65 or older, whereas in 1995 the percentage had risen to 80%
(Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000).
6. The “graying” of the world’s citizens
a. In high-income, developed countries, the increased life expectancies and falling fertility rates will add momentum to the already apparent shift toward an older population.
B. Challenging Issues
1. Introduction
a. The rapidly increasing number of adults in their 60s and beyond brings with it the demand for information from those trying to meet current needs and prepare for the future.
b. In terms of the academic study of adult development and aging, there are theoretical issues that must be considered.
2. The Challenges
a. Accepting and utilizing the multidisciplinary nature of the study of adulthood.
b. Finding the balance between highlighting the things younger, middle-aged, and older adults have in common and bringing to light the diversity in adult populations
c. Dealing with the limited resources available for research.
II. A Psychological Approach to Adult Development and Aging
A. Multidisciplinary and Multifaceted Endeavor
1. The study of adult development and aging is multidisciplinary and multifaceted.
2. Reflecting similarities and differences across disciplines as well as among areas of emphasis within disciplines
B. The Developmental Psychological Perspective
1. Developmental psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the ways mental and behavioral processes change within individuals over time.
III. Multiple Dimensions of Age
A. Critical Differences
1. Childhood generally covers about 12 years while adulthood can cover 60 yea.
This document outlines several major biological theories of aging:
1) Programmed/biological clock theory proposes aging is genetically predetermined.
2) Error and mutation theories suggest aging results from errors in DNA replication or damage from radiation/chemicals over time.
3) Cellular theories like the free radical and crosslinking theories propose aging occurs due to cellular damage from reactive molecules that build up over time. Wear and tear theory also cites damage from stressors leading to organ/tissue deterioration.
The king was gifted two macaw parrots from another kingdom. While one parrot flew majestically in the palace garden, the other refused to leave its branch. The king summoned doctors and trainers to help the parrot, but nothing worked. Finally, a farmer simply cut the branch, causing the parrot to fly for the first time. The moral is that we must leave our comfort zones to find success.
The document discusses the role of the placenta in providing oxygen to the fetus during pregnancy. Specifically, it notes that the placenta is the source of oxygen for the fetus, as the fetal lungs receive less than 1% of blood volume and do not exchange gas. Additionally, it states that the right atrium of the fetal heart has the highest oxygen concentration.
This document provides information about intravenous (IV) therapy, including statistics on its use, common complications, prevention strategies, and proper procedures. It notes that 85% of hospitalized patients receive IV therapy. Common complications include phlebitis (vein inflammation), infiltration of non-vesicant fluids into surrounding tissues, extravasation of certain drugs into tissues, and infection. Proper insertion technique and site care can help prevent complications.
This document provides information on needlestick injuries, including their causes, risks, prevention, and appropriate response. It describes how needlestick injuries most commonly occur through improper handling or disposal of sharps. It emphasizes the importance of safe sharps handling techniques like not recapping needles, use of puncture-resistant sharps containers, and a hands-free approach when passing sharps. The document also outlines steps to take after a needlestick occurs, including wound care, reporting procedures, and post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases. Root cause analysis of sharps injuries can help identify factors to address through quality improvement measures for enhanced safety.
The document discusses microteaching, which is a technique used to train teachers. Microteaching involves teaching a small group of students (6-10) for a short time (5-10 minutes) while focusing on one teaching skill at a time. It follows a cycle of planning, teaching, receiving feedback, re-planning, re-teaching, and getting further feedback. Some key skills practiced in microteaching are introduction, questioning, explanation, stimulus variation, and blackboard writing. Microteaching allows teachers to improve their skills in a controlled environment with immediate feedback.
This document discusses intravenous (IV) fluid therapy, including the purposes and types of IV fluids. It describes the different crystalloid fluids commonly used like normal saline, lactated ringers, and dextrose solutions. It covers the principles of IV fluid regulation like assessing dehydration and identifying fluid deficits. Nursing considerations are provided for administering hypotonic, hypertonic, and colloid IV fluids to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and vascular damage.
The document discusses acid-base balance in the human body. It states that acid-base balance is important for homeostasis and physiological functions. Acids are constantly produced in the body through metabolism but are balanced by base production to maintain pH. The body regulates acid-base balance through buffer systems, respiration, and the kidneys. Disturbances can cause acidosis or alkalosis, which are classified as respiratory or metabolic based on their underlying causes. The anion gap is also discussed as a clinical measure for evaluating acid-base imbalances.
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more water and fluids than it takes in. It can range from mild to severe based on how much water is lost. Causes include not drinking enough water, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and excessive sweating. Those at higher risk include infants, older adults, and people with chronic illnesses. Symptoms include thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and decreased urine output. Treatment involves oral rehydration with fluids like water and oral rehydration salts which replace lost electrolytes. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs and skin turgor, encouraging oral fluid intake, and assessing urine output. Severe untreated dehydration can lead to complications like death or brain damage
The document outlines the rules for a quiz about tobacco. It states that the first person to raise their hand can answer, and if wrong the next person can answer. Correct answers receive 1 point and a chocolate. Chorus answers are not allowed. It then provides 20 multiple choice questions about tobacco and the effects of smoking, along with the answers.
This document is the daily newsletter from Kamalnayan Bajaj Nursing College in Ahmedabad, India dated September 12, 2022. It includes the thought of the day, today's news headlines, new vocabulary words with definitions and examples, today's observances including International Anti-Corruption Day and International Day of Veterinary Medicine, a motivational talk section, and ends with thanking the reader and wishing them a nice day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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1. Sr.
no
Time Specific
objectives
Content Teaching
learning
objectives
Av aids Evaluation
1 To explain about
demography. Demography:
The no. of elderly increased more
than 3 fold since 1950, from
approximately 130 million (4% of
global population) to 419 million
(6.9%) in 2000. • The no. of elderly is
now increasing by 8 million per year ;
by 2030, this increase will reach 24
million per year.
• Declining fertility rates combined
with steady improvement in life
expectancy over the 20th century
produced dramatic growth in the
world’s elderly population. • People
aged 65 and over now comprise a
greater share of the world’s
population than ever before. •
Population aging refers to an increase
in the percentage of elderly people ( >
65 ).
Indian Scenario: • Current population
of India is more than 1.21 billion (
acc. to Census of India 2011 ). • The
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain
about
demography
of india.
2. total population of nation is growing
at the rate of 1.41%. • In India ,
elderly population is over 82 million
and it is expected to reach the mark of
177 million almost double by the year
2025.
2 To define
geriatric.
GERIATRICS DEFINITON: • It is a
sub-speciality of internal medicine
that focuses on health care of elderly
people. • It aims to promote health by
preventing and treating disease and
disabilities in older adults.
Lecture cum
discussion
leaflet Define
geriatric?
3 To explain the
meaning of
geriatric.
Meaning: • The term Geriatrics Came
from the Greek word “geron”
meaning “old man” and “iatros”
meaning “healer”. • However ,
geriatrics is sometimes called medical
gerontolgy.
Lecture cum
discussion
leaflet Explain the
meaning of
geriatric?
4 Enumerate the
theories of aging.
THEORIES OF AGING
A) Biological Theories of aging:
1) Programmed / Non- Stochastic
Theories. - Programmed Senescence
Theory
Endocrine Theory.
Immunology Theory.
2) Error Theories. –
Wear & Tear Theory .
Lecture cum
discussion
OHP Enumerate
the theories
of aging?
3. Cross Linking Theory.
Free-radical Theory.
Error Catastroph Theory.
Somatic Mutation Theory.
(B) Psychological Theories:
1) Personality Theory.
2) Developmental Task Theory.
3) Disengagement Theory.
4) Activity Theory.
5) Continuity Theory.
5 To explain the
Programmed
Senescence
Theory / Hayflick
Limit Theory.
Programmed Senescence
Theory / Hayflick Limit
Theory: – In 1950’s Hayflick
Suggested that the human cell
is limited in no. of times it can
divide, he theorized that it can
divide 50 times, after which
they simply stop dividing ( and
hence die). He showed that
nutrition has an effect on cells,
with overfed cells dividing
much faster than underfed cells,
as cells divide to help repair
and regenerate themselves. –
The Hayflick Limit indicates
that there is a need to slow
Lecture cum
dscussion
PPT Explain the
Programmed
Senescence
Theory /
Hayflick
Limit
Theory?
4. down the rate of cell division if
we want to live long lives. Cell
division can be slowed down
by diet and lifestyles etc..1)
Programmed Theories:
6 To explain the
Endocrine /
Neuro-endocrine
Theory.
Endocrine / Neuro-endocrine
Theory: – First proposed by
Prof. Vladimir Dilman & Ward
Dean MD. – The Endocrine
theory states that , as we age ,
the endocrine system becomes
less efficient and eventually
leads to the effects of aging. –
Hormones level are affected by
factors such as stress and
infection.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Endocrine /
Neuro-
endocrine
Theory?
7 To explain the
Immunologic
Theory.
Immunologic Theory: –
According to this theory , the
rate of aging is controlled by
the immune system . – This
theory states that , as we age
the no. of cells start to decrease
becoming less functional.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Immunologic
Theory?
8 To explain the
Error Theories:
& Tear
Theory:
Error Theories: & Tear
Theory: – Early Theory on
aging proposed that there is a
fixed storage of energy
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Error Theories:
& Tear Theory?
5. available to the body . As time
passes , the energy is depleted
and because it can not be
restored , the person dies. –
Later, other theories emerged.
The wear & tear theory stated
that the body is like a machine
that wears out its parts with
repeated use. The effects of
aging are caused by progressive
damage to cells and body
systems over time. This was
not widely accepted.
9 To explain the
Crossed linked
theory.
Crossed linked theory: – It also
referred to as the glycosylation
theory of aging , was proposed
by Johan Bjorksten in 1942. –
Acc. To this theory , an
accumulation of cross- linked
proteins damages cells and
tissues, slowing down bodily
processes resulting in aging.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Crossed linked
theory?
10 To explain the
Free radical
Theory.
Free radical Theory: –
Proposed by Denham Harman
in 1956. – It states that
organisms age because cells
accumulate free radical damage
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT To explain the
Free radical
Theory
6. over time . – A free radical is
any atom or molecule that has a
single unpaired electron in an
outer shell. – Free radical are
unstable, short lived and highly
reactive, as they attack nearby
molecules in order to steal their
electrons and gain stability,
causing radical chain reactions
to occur.
11 To explain the
Error
catastrophe
theory.
Error catastrophe theory: –
Proposed by Leslie Orgel in
1963. – It states that aging is
the result of the accumulation
of errors in cellular molecules
that are essential for cellular
function and reproduction that
eventually reaches a
catastrophic level that is
incompatible with cellular
survival. – Catastrophe means a
sudden event causing damage
or suffering.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Error
catastrophe
theory?
12 To explain the
Somatic theory
or Gene
mutation
Somatic theory or Gene
mutation theory: – It states that
an important part of aging is
determined by what happens to
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Somatic theory
or Gene
mutation
7. theory our genes after we inherit them.
From the time of conception,
our body’s cells are continually
reproducing. Additionally ,
exposures to toxins, radiation
or UV light can cause
mutations in the body’s genes .
– The body can correct or
destroy most of the mutations,
but not all of them. Eventually ,
the mutated cells accumulate,
copy themselves and cause
problems in the body’s
functioning related to aging.
theory?
13 To explain the
Personality
Theory.
(B) Psychological Theories:
1) Personality Theory: – These
theories address aspects of
psychological growth without
delineating specific tasks or
expectations of older adults. –
Some evidence suggests that
personality characteristics in
old age are highly correlated
with early life characteristics.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Personality
Theory ?
14 To explain the
Development
Development task Theory: –
The developmental tasks are
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Development
8. task Theory. activities and challenges that
one must accomplish at specific
stages in life to achieve
successful aging. – Erikson
(1963) described the primary
task of old age as being able to
see one’s life as having been
lived with integrity . – In the
absence of achieving that sense
of having lived well, the older
adult is at risk for becoming
preoccupied with feelings of
regret or dispair.
task Theory?
15 To explain the
Disengagement
Theory.
Disengagement Theory: – It
describes the process of
withdrawal by older adults
from societal roles and
responsibilities. – Acc. to this
theory , this withdrawal process
is predictable , systemic ,
inevitable, and necessary for
proper functioning of a
growing society. – The benefit
to society is thought to be an
orderly transfer of power from
old to young.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Disengagement
Theory?
16 To explain the Activity Theory. – Lecture cum PPT Explain the
9. Activity
Theory.
This theory occurs when
individuals engage in a full day
of activities and maintain a
level of productivity to age
successfully . – It says , the
more you do , the better you
will age . – People who remain
active and engaged tend to be
happier , healthier , and more in
touch with what is going on
around them.
discussion Activity
Theory?
17 To explain the
Continuity
Theory.
Continuity Theory. – Also
called developmental theory. –
This theory is the follow up to
the disengagement and activity
theories . – It emphasizes the
individual previously
established coping abilities and
personal character traits as a
basis for predicting how the
person will adjust to changes of
aging.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain the
Continuity
Theory.
18 To Discuss
The Changes
Associated
With Aging
(Normal Aging
A no. of physiological changes occur
as we grow older. It is important to be
able to recognize the changes of
normal aging versus the effects of
disease. • Untreated disease can result
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain The
Changes
Associated
With Aging?
10. Process) in “excess disability” and reduce the
quality of life of individuals.
1. Cardiovascular Changes:
– Heart rate decreases.
– Respiration decreases.
– Systolic BP increases
(aortaa) Biological aspects of
aging: & other arteries
thickened/stiffened)
. – Valves b/w the chambers of
heart thickened /stiffened.
– Baro-receptors which
monitor BP become less
sensitive . Quick changes in
position may cause dizziness
from orthostatic hypotension.
2. Changes in Pulmonary system:
– Lungs become stiffer ,
muscle strength diminishes,
and chest wall become more
rigid.
– Total lung capacity remains
constant but vital capacity
decreases and residual volume
increases.
– Alveolar surface area
decreases by up to 20%.
11. Alveoli tend to collapse sooner
on expiration.
– There is an increase in
mucus production and a
decrease in the activity and no.
of cilia.
– Body becomes less efficient
In monitoring and controlling
breathing.
3. Changes in genito-urinary
system:
– Kidney mass decreases by
25-30% and the no. of
glomeruli decrease by 30-40%.
These changes reduce the
ability to filter and concentrate
urine and to clear drugs.
– With aging there is a reduced
hormonal response
(vasopressin) and an impaired
ability to conserve salt which
may increase risk for
dehydration.
4. Changes in gastro- intestinal
system: – Decrease in strength
of muscles of mastication, taste
and thirst perception.
12. – Decreased gatric motility
with delayed emptying .
– Atrophy of protective
mucosa.
– Malabsorption of CHO, vit
B12 , vit D, folic acid and
calcium.
– Impaired sensation to
defecate.
– Reduced hepatic reserve.
– Decreased metabolism of
drugs.
5. Stomach :
– Atrophic gastritis.
– Achlorhydria (insufficient
production of stomach acid).
– Gastric ulcers (after the age
of 60 years, and can be benign
of malignant).
• Liver:
– Reduced blood flow.
– Altered clearance of some
drugs
. – Diminishing the capacity to
regenerate damaged liver cells.
6. • Intestine:
– Prevalence of diverticulitis
13. increases with age.
– Reduced peristalsis (intestinal
muscle contractions) of large
intestine.
7. Changes in Immune system:
– Increased vulnerability to
infections, tumors and immune
disease.
– Less production of
antibodies.
– Mortality rate from infection
is much higher than in young.
(example: pneumonia or sepsis,
UTI.)
8. . Changes in musculo-skeletal
system:
– Muscles generally decrease in
strength , endurance, size and
weight.
– Loss of about 23% of muscle
mass by age 80 as both the no.
and size of muscle fibers
decrease.
– Loss of an average of about 2
inches of height.
– Compression of vertebrae,
etc.
14. 9. Changes in Integumentary
system :
Skin: – Wrinkling , pigment
alteration and thinning of skin.
– Elastin and collagen
decrease.
– Reduction in size of cells.
– Loss of subcutaneous layer
of fatty deposits.
– Inability of skin to retain
moisture.
10.Hair:
– by age 50 years, the hair of
more than half of all is 50%
gray. It is due to decrease in the
production of melanin. ( can be
hormonal and hereditary ).
11.Changes in sensory system:
Vision: – Most common, about
95% of people aged 65 years or
more report wearing glasses or
need glasses to improve their
vision.
Lens of eye become yellowed,
cloudy. Hearing:
– Membrane in middle ear
including the eardrum become
15. less flexible with age.
– Vestibular begins to
degenerate with age leading
hearing loss.
Smell:
– No. of functioning smell
receptors decreases.
– There is an increase in the
threshold for smell.
Taste:
– Taste also diminishes with
age.
– Atrophy of tongue occurs
with age and this may
diminishes sensitivity to taste.
Touch:
– Sense of touch and response
to painful stimuli decreases.
– Actual no. of touch receptors
decreases which results in a
higher threshold for touch.
12. Changes in Endocrine system:
Pancreas:
– Muscle cells become less
sensitive to the effects of
insulin produced in body.
– The normal fasting glucose
16. level rises 6-14 mg/dl every 10
years.
– Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
occurs when the body develops
resistance to insulin.
13.Adrenal glands:
– Aldosterone levels are 30%
lower in adults aged 70 to 80
years than in younger adults.
Lower aldosterone levels may
cause orthostatic hypotension.
– Secretion of cortisol
diminishes by 25% with age.
Psychological aspects of aging:
1. Memory functioning:
– Age related memory
deficiencies have been reported
in literature.
– Short term memory and long
term memory does not show
similar changes.
2. Intellectual functioning:
– These abilities of older
people do not decline but do
become obsolete (out of date).
– The age of their formal
educational experiences is
17. reflected in their intelligence
scoring.
3. Learning abilities:
– The ability to learn is not
diminished by age.
– Studies however, have shown
that some aspects of learning
do change with age.
4. Adaptation to the tasks of
aging:
– Loss of grief.
– Attachments to others.
– Maintenance of self identity.
– Dealing with death.
5. Psychiatric disorders in later
life:
– Delirium.
– Dementia.
– Depression.
– Schizophrenia.
– Anxiety disorders.
– Personality disorders & sleep
disorders.
c) Socio-cultural aspect of
aging: Old age brings many
important socially induced
changes, some of which have
18. the potential for negative effect
on both the physical & mental
wellbeing of older persons.
d) Sexual aspects of aging:
Sexuality and the sexual needs
of elderly people are frequently
misunderstood, repressed and
ignored.
19 To describe the
Special
concerns of the
elderly
population:
1. Retirement:
– Sadock Special concerns of
the elderly population: &
Sadock (2007) reported that, of
those people who voluntarily
retire, most re-center the work
force with 2 years. – The
reasons they give for doing this
include negative reactions to
being retired , feelings of being
unproductive , economic
hardship , and loneliness. –
Retirement has both social and
economic implications for
elderly individuals
2. Elder abuse :
– Abuse of elderly individuals
Lecture cum
discussion
Chart Describe the
Special
concerns of the
elderly
population?
19. may be psychological , physical
or financial . And the Neglect
may be intentional or
unintentional. – Psychological
abuse includes yelling,
insulting, harsh commands,
threats, silence and social
isolation. – Physical abuse is
described as striking. Shoving,
beating or restraints. –
Financial abuse refers to
misuse or theft of finances,
property to fulfill the physical
needs of an individual who can
not do so independently. – In
addition, elderly individuals
may be the victims of sexual
abuse .
20 To Describe
the common
problems in
oldage.
COMMON PROBLEMS IN
OLD AGE
1. • Alzheimer’s Disease: – It
is a slow and gradual
disease that begins in part of
brain that controls memory.
– It affects a greater no. of
Lecture cum
discussion
Describe the
common
problems in
oldage?
20. intellectual and emotional
and behavioral abilities , it
has no known cause for this
disease. – As person grows
older, he is at greater risk of
developing Alzheimer’s .
After 60, the risk is one in
20, but after 80 it is one in
5.
2. Strokes: – About 15 million
people have stroke , each
year it is a 2nd leading
cause of death for older than
60yrs of age . • Heart
disease: – Hypertension
(silent killer). •
Osteoarthritis : – It is most
common form of arthritis . •
Rheumatoid Arthritis: –
Inflammation of joint lining
in the synovial (free moving
) joints.
3. Diabetes: – Due to lack of
movement or work in old aged
people. • Urinary incontinence:
– About 1/3rd of women and
10% of all men above age of 60
21. have incontinence. – In this
people loose control over their
bladder and bowel movements.
4. Social isolation.
1. STEPS TAKEN BY GOVT. o
National Policy for Older
Persons: It was announced in
1999 by the. Ministry of Social
Justice & Empowerment
Objectives are:
– To enable and support
voluntary organizations and
NGO ’s to supplement the care
provided by family.
– To provide care and
protection to vulnerable groups.
– To provide health care
facility to elderly and to
promote research & training
facilities to care givers.
– To create awareness among
elderly persons to develop
themselves in to fully
independent citizen.
Revision of national policy on older
persons: It was created in March 14,
22. 2010. Age of senior citizen is
different for different benefits , such
as: – 60 years for concession in
railways. – 60 years by banks for
extra 0.5% interest to senior citizen. –
63 years for concession in air journey
by Indian airlines. – 65 years for
benefit to senior citizens under
income tax.
20 Summary We have seen the following points in
the seminar:
To explain about demography.
To define geriatric.
To explain the meaning of geriatric
Enumerate the theories of aging.
To explain the Programmed
Senescence Theory / Hayflick Limit
Theory.
To explain the Immunologic Theory.
To explain the Error Theories: &
Tear Theory
To explain the Crossed linked theory
To explain the Free radical Theory.
To explain the Error catastrophe
theory.
To explain the Somatic theory or
23. Gene mutation theory
To explain the Personality Theory.
To explain the Development task
Theory
To explain the Disengagement
Theory.
To explain the Activity Theory
To explain the Continuity Theory.
To Discuss The Changes Associated
With Aging (Normal Aging Process)
To describe the Special concerns of
the elderly population:
Bibliography
21 Bibliography Bibliography:
Basheer. P, shabeerkhan .
Yasmeen S. A concise textbook
of advanced nursing practice
first edition; EM-ESS medical
publisher; page no . 455-460
• Kaplan, shaddok “ Concise
Text Book of Psychiatry”, page
no: 300-4315.
24. • Barbara Kozier “Fundamentals
of Nursing” Pearson Education.
7th edition.Page no.987-961
• Taylor, Lillis, Lemone
“Fundamentals of Nursing-art
and science of Nursing Care”
lippincott, 4th edition.Page
no.1222-1226
• Ruth F Craven,J Hirne
“Fundamentals of Nursing”
lippincott, 3rd edition.Page
no.1173-1187