Cara bagaimana membuat Artikel Review

1. Review ARticle (tinjAuAn
PustAkA)
Isnani Azizah Salim Suryono
FKUI Histologi/Med J Indones
6-Oktober-2009

2. Why Write/Not Write?1
Reasons why we write
• Gain intellectual stimulation
• Share ideas
• Report research/case
• Express an opinion
• Generate discussion
• Advance one’s discipline
• Assert “ownership”
• Attain promotion/tenure
• Enhance personal reputation
• Achieve some immortality
• Earn income
Reasons given for not writing
• Not enough time
• Nothing to write about
• No one to work with
• Lack of secretarial support
• Lack of knowledge how to
research info
• No mentor for writing
• No motivation
• No self confidence
• Don’t know how to start
• Hate writing!
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3. Tinjauan Pustaka T.O.R.
• Apa itu article review? (What?)
• Apa kegunaan menulis Article Review? (Why?)
• Who? Siapa yang menulis review article?
• Bagaimana mencari topik untuk article
review? (How?)
• Cara membuat article review untuk jurnal?
– Bagian-bagian
– Purpose, Source, Principal findings, Conclusion
– Reference: the Vancouver system
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4. What?
• = an essay:
– Has a topic,
– A beginning,
– Development of theme in a logical manner,
– Has an ending.
• Original in that they bring new thinking to the
literature.
• Provide us with practical insights & offer new
approaches to old problems  innovative &
expand medical understanding.
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5. What?
• Bukan artikel asli/hasil penelitian sendiri.
• Merupakan sinopsis/rangkuman berupa
evaluasi kritis atas kepustakaan &
menghasilkan simpulan penting sebagai
jawaban, berdasarkan kajian kritis
tersebut.3
• Umumnya ditulis atas permintaan dari
jurnal yang khusus untuk review..
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6. Introduction: why?1
• Compared to original articles, review articles get
no respect..
• Though, many respected academicians write it
to:
– Assert their claims.
– Mark their territory.
• Have to be very well written to be able to hold
reader’s attention  should be peer reviewed
for content & carefully edited, so can be easy to
read.
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7. Why
• Literatur kedokteran saat ini telah
berkembang pesat & berjumlah amat banyak
sehingga para praktisi & peneliti kewalahan
mengikuti perkembangan suatu bidang ilmu
kedokteran.2
• Merupakan jenis artikel yang paling banyak
dibaca agar tidak tertinggal dalam topik /
masalah tertentu  info harus lengkap &
mutakhir!
7CI/rev art/IAS/2008-11-08

8. Siapa saja Penulis Review Article?5
• Invited Writers...
• An expert in the chosen field.
• Usually from the Academic rank.
• Should be a person with ability to be away
from the normal/routine working
environment, not subject to interruption
frome colleagues, telephoone calls, etc; more
likely with academic position rather than a
busy clinician.
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9. Where to send?4
• Ke mana suatu Tinjauan Pustaka dikirim?
• TP merupakan gagasan & tinjauan dari hasil
karya temuan penelitian yang dimuat dalam
jurnal primer, maka tulisan yang ditujukan
bagi kalangan terpelajar namun bukan ahli
atau spesialis di bidang tulisan tsb, jurnal
sekunder.
9
CI/rev art/IAS/2008-11-08

10. Jurnal sekunder, apa saja?
• Abstracting Journal  Berkala penyari: memuat
ringkasan atau abstrak jurnal primer.
• Review Journal  Berkala tinjauan: memuat
pembahasan berbagai artikel ilmiah sejenis yang
mutakhir, untuk memberi gambaran kemajuan
menyeluruh suatu topik (state or the art)3
• Berkala ilmiah yang menerima berbagai jenis
artikel: artikel asli, pilot study, short
communications, laporan kasus, & TP,  BMJ,
MJI, MKI d.l.l.
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11. Ciri-ciri TP: sesuaikan denga IA.3,4
• Panjang, 10-50 halaman cetak.
• Subyek lebih bersifat umum.
• Umumnya memakai banyak pustaka acuan.
• Penyajian bersifat padat & memuat istilah
teknis ilmiah dalam jumlah terbatas &
dilengkapi dengan penjelasan artinya.
• Uraian bersifat panjang-lebar, tidak telegrafik.
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12. Jenis-jenis TP: Periksa IA!
Sesuaikan dengan “Instruction to Authors”:
• Kajian kritis kepustakaan?
• Kelengkapan pustaka yang dibahas?
• Susunan, gaya, fokus kajian?
• Kumpulan bahan & komentarnya, tanpa perlu
mengevaluasi artikel2 yang terbit mengenai
subyek.
• Pengertian terbaru dalam bidang yang
berkembang pesat (state of the art).
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13. Special types of Review Article:
1. Literature Review
Written to discuss the state of the art. Title often use the
word: literature/review/state of the art of...
Absence of: study of/surveillance of/effects of..
Long list of reference (up to 100  check I.A!).
Purpose:
– Summarize a topic as bridge to applied use  latest info
for good patient care.
– Synthesize knowledge as springboard for future research.
– Support academic rigor in a field.
– Database for health policy decisions.
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14. Literature Review, examples1
• “Diabetic Retinopathy” (N Eng J Med 2004;
350: 48-59)
• “Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease:
Mysteries, Myths, & Misconceptions.” (JAMA
2004; 291: 358-64)
• “Detection, Evaluation, & Treatment of Eating
Disorders: The Role of Primary Care
Physician.” (JGIM 2000; 15 (8): 577-82)
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15. Special types of Review Article:
2. Meta-Analysis
Combining results of several studies into a summary
conclusion, using quantitative strategies that will
allow consideration of data in diverse res repo.
= a special type of systematic review to answer focused
clinical question (Siwek, 2002 from 1)
= a research study on research studies, calls for
knowledge of statistical methods >> clinician
authors Needs collaboration with co-author
trained in statistical analysis.
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16. Meta Analysis, examples
• “Arterial Puncture Closing Devices compared
with Standard Manual Compression after
Cardiac Catherization: Systematic Review &
Meta-Analysis” (JAMA 2004;291:350-357)
• “Meta-Analysis of Vascular and Neoplastic
Events Associated with Tamoxifen” (J Gen
Intern Med 2003;18: 937-947)
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17. Special types of Review Article:
• Evidence-Based Clinical Review
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18. Who Publishes & Reads them?
• Publisher:
– NEJM  Review article
– BMJ-USA  Reviews
– JAMA  Clinician’s corner: Contempo Updates–
Linking Evidence & Experience
– The Lancet.
• Reader:
– Almost all clinicians  physicians, scientists, med
students, residents, fellows.
– Health policy experts & attorney.
– Busy physicians: relax evenings, long plane rides etc
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19. “Planning a review article”.1
• Getting started:
– Begin with daily job  what intrigued us most?
• What have I learned in my years of practice, that I
would like to share with m colleagues?
• 2 phases:
– Search PubMed, MDConsult, Google, favorite Web
searching site.
– Research phase learn more about topic, decide
whether to write on that topic..
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20. Mencari/Memilih topik:
• Atas permintaan Pemesan.
• Atas tawaran Penulis
– Apa yang sedang menarik perhatian ilmiah kita?
– Atau bila belum ada ‘wangsit’ search, browsing,
“mendem” di perpustakaan, diskusi dengan
sesama ilmiawan, selevel atau di atas kita.
– Tentukan ‘rencana’ judul tulisan kita! Mulai
mengumpulkan informasi  buat catatan2
dengan key words, sumber & halamannya.
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21. Title
• Represents the contents of the article
• Fewest possible words adequately describing
the content ( ± 12 kataan!), how?
– Omit unnessary words
• Preferably written in “positive” sentences
• A label rather than a complete sentence
• Avoid abbreviations & acronyms!
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22. Abstrak
Amat berbeda dari artikel penelitian,
• tidak selalu ada, kecuali atas permintaan jurnal
tujuan  Gaya terstruktur (250 kata) atau bebas
(150 kata)
– Obyektif: tujuan primer TP & penekanannya (apakah
Penyebab? Diagnosis? Atau prognosis?)
– Sumber data: ringkasan sumber, waktu pengambilan
& keterbatasan.
– Ekstraksi data: peraturan untuk abstraksi data,
penilaian kualitas & validitas data, & penerapannya.
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23. The review contents: logical order
1. What is the
problem?
2. Historical
background
3. Basic science
4. Methodology
5. Animal studies
6. Human studies
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
9. Recommendations
10. The future
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24. Kerangka TP: Abstrak
– Sintesis data: hasil utama dari tinjauan & metoda
yang digunakan dalam mendapatka hasil ybs.
– Simpulan: simpulan utama, termasuk
kemungkinan penerapan klinis (hindarkan
generalisasi berlebihan) & anjuran mengenai
penelitian tambahan bila perlu.
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25. Kerangka TP: Pendahuluan
Menjawab suatu / sejumlah pertanyaan, misalkan:
– “apa yang kita ketahui & tidak kita ketahui
mengenai ......... (suatu subyek)” atau:
– “ apa yang disebut ...........” atau
– “Bagaimana mengobati ......... Yang diakibatkan
oleh.........?”
Kalimat-kalimat pertama pada paragraf pertama
harus dibuat sejelas & semenarik mungkin.
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26. The ideal review
Should be:
• Topical
• Up to date
• Balanced
• Accurate
• Authoritative
• Quotable
• Provocative
• A good read
Should not be:
• Old hat
• A 12th
review out of 11
others
• A personal view only
• Anecdotal
• Superficial
• Out of context
• Boring
CI/rev art/IAS/2008-11-08 26

27. References
• Each investigation has as its foundation
Work of predecessors in the field.
• Back ground knowledge of the published work
is critical for the success & soundness of
study, also credibility of the paper.
• Need to have key references!!
• Reference should have right balance:
Comprehensive ∼ Relevant
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28. Search: Index Medicus / Medline
List of printed indexes
• Index Medicus
• Excerpta Medica
• Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts etc
• Science Citation Index
• Jounal’s cumulative indexes
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29. List of computer databases: > 700
• Biosis – Biology, incl clinical & experimental med,
immunology, pharmacology, biophysics, &
biochemistry
• EMBASE (Excerpta Medica)—excludes nursing,
veterinary med, & dentistry, is particularly strong
on drug related literature
• Health—non clinical, administration
• IPA—drug development
• Toxline—toxicology, including terratgens,
mutagens, carcinogens, pollutants, & pesticides;
adverse drug reactions
CI/rev art/IAS/2008-11-08 29

30. Penulisan Kutipan & Daftar
Pustaka
Citation & list of Reference Vancouver syst,
Keuntungan:
1.Nas lebih ringkas
2.Penulisan daftar pustaka > ringkas & sederhana
3.Kemungkinan ketidaksesuaian sitasi > sedikit
4.Memudahkan penelusuran pembaca
Kekurangan: bila hendak menyisipkan sitasi baru
artikel yang baru ditemukan.. 
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31. Cara menuliskan referens sistem
Vancouver
• Bisa dilihat di Instruction for Authors Med J
Indones
• Download website:
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32. References
1. Taylor RB. How to write a review article. In: the clinician’s
guide to Medical Writing. Portland, Oregon; Springer.
2005. p.127-41.
2. Huth EJ. How to write & publish papers in the medical
sciences, 2nd
ed. Baltimore. Williams Wilkins. 1990
3. Day RA. How to write & publish a scientific paper, 3rd ed.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. 1989
4. Rifai MA. Perencanaan Naskah. Dalam: Pegangan gaya
penulisan, penyuntingan & penerbitan karya-ilmiah-
Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 1995
5. Strunin L. How to write a review. In: Hall GM (ed). How to
write a paper. London; BMJ Publishing Group: 1994. 71-7
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