Resuscitation
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1) The document outlines the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) protocol for assessing and resuscitating traumatized patients. It describes the primary and secondary surveys. 2) The primary survey focuses on the ABCDEs - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure. Interventions like intubation, ventilation, hemorrhage control and monitoring vitals are described. 3) Important initial investigations like blood work, imaging of the cervical spine, chest, pelvis and ultrasound are outlined to diagnose injuries.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
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Resuscitation
- 2. WHAT TO DO FOR TRAUMATIZED PATIENT? ATLS management is :asses treat reasses retreat. primary survey and resuscitation a,b,c,d,e . a:airway :keep airway opened; clean the mouth ,remove the vomitus ,foreign body ,broken tooth or blood .suction. mask and airway ,or endotracheal tube or tracheostomy.
- 3. CONT,D b:breathing:either spontaneous or ventilated, assisted ventilation ,with o2 supply and try to wash co2 from the body and decreasing the intracranial pressure and acidosis. c:circulation and control of haemorrhage : search for the source of bleeding ,external (scalp,face,limbs), or internal(ruptured spleen , haemothorax, fracture pelvis),so resuscitation by control
- 4. CONT,D haemorrhage and treat shock with fluid and blood. with c add cervical spine stabilisation by hard cervical collar to avoid quadriplegia in masked cervical injury. d: disability: to asses the level of consciousness. e:exposure:to undress the patient . monitoring:b.p.,p.r.,r.r.,cvp line,ecg monitoring ,urine out put. urinary catheterisation ;for monitoring and
- 5. CONT,D for diagnosis of any kidney,bladder,urethral injury. nasogastric tube;to aspirate gastric contents,diagnostic for any gastric injury, or any upper g.i. truma. all medications to be given by intravenous route.
- 6. CPR
- 7. CONT,D investigation of importance ; -blood group and blood cross match. -urgent CBC,HB%,. -random blood sugar and , blood urea., serum electolytes (NA,K,CL,CA,HCO3). -arterial blood gases :PO2,PCO2,PH . sample taken from the femoral artery. or radial artery. imaging of importance during primary survey 1-x-ray cervical spine-lateral view.to exclude cervical fracture or dislocation.
- 8. CONT,D 2-chest x-ray:to exclude haemothorax,or pneu mothorax or haemopneumothorax . 3-x-ray pelvis: to exclude fracture with internal haemorrhage. 4-abdominal ultrasound to exclude internal haemorrhage. 5-ct scan body and or,brain accordingly.
- 9. SECONDARY SURVEY for non- life threatening injury. first short history-- ample history; a:allergy m:medication. p :past history. l:last meal. e:events of the incident. examination: head to toe examination,to pick any missed inj- ury like fractures or dislocations….etc.
- 10. DEFINITIVE THERAPY to treat fractures or dislocations,to repair cut tendons,to reconstruct some facial deformity or fracture mandible. some other plastic surgery.