childhood development, the effects of parenting

1. RE SPON SIVE PARE N T IN G
“ I N E A R L Y C H I L D H O O D D E V E L O P M E N T ”
By
Dr. Sadiq Hussain
Assistant Professor/HoD
Behavioral Sciences Department
Karakoram International University Gilgit
Gilgit-Baltistan-Pakistan
Transforming Society through Early Childhood Development
(September 10th & 11th, 2018)
Musharraf Hall, KIU

2. BEGINNING OF PARENTING
 The new born baby is fairly helpless at the time of birth. He depends
on parents or caregivers to fulfill his basic needs such as food, shelter,
protection, and warmth.
 Parenting is the process of raising and educating a child from birth
until adulthood (usually done in a child’s family by the mother & the
father).
 The infant uses mother as base for reassurance in the process of
exploring his world.

3. PARENTING STYLES
 Diana Baumrind (1973) conceptualized the theory of parenting
styles; she has described various dimension of parenting such as
warmth and nurturance, demands, controls, and communication
between parent and child
 She classified these parenting characteristics into three styles:
Permissive, Authoritarian, and Authoritative.

4. C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F D I F F E R E N T P A R E N T I N G S T Y L E S
Parenting Style High in Low in
Permissive Parenting Nurturance Demands, controls, and
communication
Authoritarian Control & demand Nurturance and
communication
Authoritative Nurturance, demand,
control & communication
Nil

5. WHICH PARE NTING STY L E IS BE TTER?
 Permissive Parenting: also known as uninvolved, detached, dismissive or hands- off
parenting style. Very few rules (not enforced all the time or properly), loose structure, children
given much leeway (freedom) in deciding activities, rules, and schedules.
 Authoritarian Parenting: expect much but explain nothing “Because I said so” punitive,
controlling parenting strategies, obedience oriented, and less responsive to their children's need.
 Authoritative Parenting: also known as democratic parenting has give and take nature.
Clearly define limits and controls, encourage independent, use justifiable and logical punishment,
open communication between child and parent is encouraged.
 Most parenting styles blend, as the mother and father may exhibit different types of
behavior.

6. O U T C O M E S A S S O C I AT E D W I T H D I F F E R E N T
PA R E N T I N G S T Y L E S
Parenting Style Associated Outcomes
Permissive Immature, impulsive, demanding, but more emotionally
stable & independent.
Authoritarian Lack of social competence, increased aggression among boys,
and withdrawal from social contact, less skilled, lower self-
esteem, and likely to be lead by others (in adulthood).
Authoritative Greater self-reliance & confidence, more sociable & socially
responsible, and willing to explore.
 The link between parenting styles and how children grow and develop is very
complex.

7. OTHER PARENTING STYLES
 According to IPAR Theory (Rohner, 2005), two dimension of parental behavior
Acceptance Rejection
 Acceptance; It refers to warmth, affection, comfort, nurturance or simply love that parents or
attachment figure feel and express toward their children.
 It has two ways of expression either physical or verbal; Physical acceptance can be expressed
by different ways like hugging, caressing, kissing, smiling and other indications of approval. Verbal
acceptance includes praising, complementing, singing songs, telling stories and telling nice things to
or about the child.
 Rejection; It mean absence or significant withdrawal of warmth, affection, caring, nurturance or
simple love by parents toward their children and characterized by presence of the variety of
physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors and emotions as measured by PARQ.
 Abusive and Neglecting Parenting etc.

8. REFERENCES
1. Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental
competence through socialization. In Bee & Boyd (Eds), The
developing child. Pearson Education.
2. Rohner, R.. P. ( 2005 ). Handbook for the study of parental acceptance
and rejection(4th ed). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.

9. THANK YOU
For Listening