This document summarizes key concepts about culture and personality from a psychology perspective. It discusses how personality arises from both innate biological factors (nature) as well as environmental and social influences (nurture). Several theories of personality are examined, including Freud's concepts of the id, ego and superego. The role of socialization agents like family, peers, school, media and religion in shaping personality and gender roles from childhood is also explored. The document also covers the sociological concepts of norms, deviance and theories of deviant behavior like anomie and innovation/ritualism. Drug abuse and addiction are discussed as an example of deviance.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV ...
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV ...
UNIT 5 AGENCIES AND TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION.pptxSanskritiRazdan
agents of socialization, or institutions that can impress social norms upon an individual, include the family, religion, peer groups, economic systems, legal systems, penal systems, language, and the media.
Chapter 4SocializationThis Chapter Will Help YouDefinWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Socialization
This Chapter Will Help You:
Define and understand the role of socialization
Understand and critique the nature/nurture debate in relation to sociology
Outline the agents of socialization
Compare and contrast primary and secondary socialization
Define resocialization
Summarize the theoretical approaches to socialization
Defining Socialization
Socialization involves social learning through social interaction
It helps an individual become a capable member of their society
It is influenced by our social class, ethnicity, gender, etc.
The Influence of Nature
Biological Determinism
The argument that our behaviour is determined by our genetic makeup
Seeks evidence of the biological roots of behaviour
Argues that behaviour evolves over time to secure the survival of the species
The Influence of Nurture
We are products of our environment
Our behaviour is the product of social interactions and learning
The social environment is crucial to an individual’s socialization
Isolation in Non-Human Primates
Harlow researched the effects of maternal separation and social isolation in rhesus monkeys
Lack of social interaction had significant consequences such as fear or hostility
Isolation in Humans – Feral Children
Children who are assumed to have been raised by animals
The Case of Victor
A boy was discovered in a forest in 18th century France
He was 11 years old and it was assumed that he had lived alone in the forest for 5 or 6 years
A doctor who attempted to socialize him was partially successful
He was never able to speak
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Anna
Anna was discovered in 1932 at the age of 6
She had been locked in a storage room her entire life
She had no social skills and could not speak
She began to show improvement after her discovery but died at the age of 10
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Genie
Genie was discovered at the age of 13 in 1972
She had been locked in a room and tied down from the age of 20 months
She was studied and taught by experts at a children’s hospital
She acquired some skills but could not fully recover from the isolation and neglect
The Turpins – Isolation and Child Abuse
The Turpins kept their 13 children locked in dark rooms or chained to their beds
The children were severely malnourished and dirty
Yet this is the image the parents put out on social media
Primary Socialization
The learning that occurs in an individual's earliest years
It sets the tone for future development
It usually occurs in family settings
Children learn language, norms, values, beliefs, and social skills
Secondary Socialization
This is the socialization that occurs past childhood and throughout adulthood
It is more limited than primary socialization
It has less effect on our self-image
Individuals learn specific roles, norms, attitudes, and beliefs for different adult situations
Functionalist Approach
Social integration:
Socialization teaches people how to integrate in ...
Ch. 44-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the GlobeLO 1.docxsleeperharwell
Ch. 4
4-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
LO 1
Debate the extent to which people would become human beings without adequate socialization.
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society (Figure 4.1). It is the essential link between the individual and society because it helps us become aware of ourselves as members of the larger groups and organizations of which we are a part. Socialization also helps us to learn how to communicate with other people and to have knowledge of how other people expect us to behave in a variety of social settings. Briefly stated, socialization enables us to develop our human potential and to learn the ways of thinking, talking, and acting that are necessary for social living.
Figure 4.1
The kind of person we become depends greatly on the people who surround us. How will this boy’s life be shaped by his close and warm relationship with his mother?
Christopher Futcher/ iStockphoto.com
When do you think socialization is most important? Socialization is the most crucial during childhood because it is essential for the individual’s survival and for human development. The many people who met the early material and social needs of each of us were central to our establishing our own identity. Can you identify some of the people in your own life who were the most influential in your earliest years of social development? During the first three years of our life, we begin to develop both a unique identity and the ability to manipulate things and to walk. We acquire sophisticated cognitive tools for thinking and for analyzing a wide variety of situations, and we learn effective communication skills. In the process we begin a socialization process that takes place throughout our lives and through which we also have an effect on other people who watch us.
What does socialization do for us beyond the individual level? Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Members of a society must be socialized to support and maintain the existing social structure. From a functionalist perspective, individual conformity to existing norms is not taken for granted; rather, basic individual needs and desires must be balanced against the needs of the social structure. The socialization process is most effective when people conform to the norms of society because they believe that doing so is the best course of action. Socialization enables a society to “reproduce” itself by passing on its culture from one generation to the next.
How does socialization differ across cultures and ways of life? Although the techniques used to teach newcomers the beliefs, values, and rules of behavior are somewhat similar in many nations, the content of socialization differs greatly from society to society. How people walk, talk, eat, make love, and wage war are all functions of the cul.
Understanding the Self. The self, in contemporary literature and even common ...JhapzyDinagatPerez
Across time and history, the self has been debated, discussed, and fruitfully or otherwise conceptualized by different thinkers in philosophy. Eventually, with the advent of the social sciences, it became possible for new ways and paradigms to reexamine the true nature of the self. People put a halt on speculative debates on the relationship between the body and soul, eventually renamed body and the mind.
UNIT 5 AGENCIES AND TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION.pptxSanskritiRazdan
agents of socialization, or institutions that can impress social norms upon an individual, include the family, religion, peer groups, economic systems, legal systems, penal systems, language, and the media.
Chapter 4SocializationThis Chapter Will Help YouDefinWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Socialization
This Chapter Will Help You:
Define and understand the role of socialization
Understand and critique the nature/nurture debate in relation to sociology
Outline the agents of socialization
Compare and contrast primary and secondary socialization
Define resocialization
Summarize the theoretical approaches to socialization
Defining Socialization
Socialization involves social learning through social interaction
It helps an individual become a capable member of their society
It is influenced by our social class, ethnicity, gender, etc.
The Influence of Nature
Biological Determinism
The argument that our behaviour is determined by our genetic makeup
Seeks evidence of the biological roots of behaviour
Argues that behaviour evolves over time to secure the survival of the species
The Influence of Nurture
We are products of our environment
Our behaviour is the product of social interactions and learning
The social environment is crucial to an individual’s socialization
Isolation in Non-Human Primates
Harlow researched the effects of maternal separation and social isolation in rhesus monkeys
Lack of social interaction had significant consequences such as fear or hostility
Isolation in Humans – Feral Children
Children who are assumed to have been raised by animals
The Case of Victor
A boy was discovered in a forest in 18th century France
He was 11 years old and it was assumed that he had lived alone in the forest for 5 or 6 years
A doctor who attempted to socialize him was partially successful
He was never able to speak
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Anna
Anna was discovered in 1932 at the age of 6
She had been locked in a storage room her entire life
She had no social skills and could not speak
She began to show improvement after her discovery but died at the age of 10
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Genie
Genie was discovered at the age of 13 in 1972
She had been locked in a room and tied down from the age of 20 months
She was studied and taught by experts at a children’s hospital
She acquired some skills but could not fully recover from the isolation and neglect
The Turpins – Isolation and Child Abuse
The Turpins kept their 13 children locked in dark rooms or chained to their beds
The children were severely malnourished and dirty
Yet this is the image the parents put out on social media
Primary Socialization
The learning that occurs in an individual's earliest years
It sets the tone for future development
It usually occurs in family settings
Children learn language, norms, values, beliefs, and social skills
Secondary Socialization
This is the socialization that occurs past childhood and throughout adulthood
It is more limited than primary socialization
It has less effect on our self-image
Individuals learn specific roles, norms, attitudes, and beliefs for different adult situations
Functionalist Approach
Social integration:
Socialization teaches people how to integrate in ...
Ch. 44-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the GlobeLO 1.docxsleeperharwell
Ch. 4
4-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
LO 1
Debate the extent to which people would become human beings without adequate socialization.
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society (Figure 4.1). It is the essential link between the individual and society because it helps us become aware of ourselves as members of the larger groups and organizations of which we are a part. Socialization also helps us to learn how to communicate with other people and to have knowledge of how other people expect us to behave in a variety of social settings. Briefly stated, socialization enables us to develop our human potential and to learn the ways of thinking, talking, and acting that are necessary for social living.
Figure 4.1
The kind of person we become depends greatly on the people who surround us. How will this boy’s life be shaped by his close and warm relationship with his mother?
Christopher Futcher/ iStockphoto.com
When do you think socialization is most important? Socialization is the most crucial during childhood because it is essential for the individual’s survival and for human development. The many people who met the early material and social needs of each of us were central to our establishing our own identity. Can you identify some of the people in your own life who were the most influential in your earliest years of social development? During the first three years of our life, we begin to develop both a unique identity and the ability to manipulate things and to walk. We acquire sophisticated cognitive tools for thinking and for analyzing a wide variety of situations, and we learn effective communication skills. In the process we begin a socialization process that takes place throughout our lives and through which we also have an effect on other people who watch us.
What does socialization do for us beyond the individual level? Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Members of a society must be socialized to support and maintain the existing social structure. From a functionalist perspective, individual conformity to existing norms is not taken for granted; rather, basic individual needs and desires must be balanced against the needs of the social structure. The socialization process is most effective when people conform to the norms of society because they believe that doing so is the best course of action. Socialization enables a society to “reproduce” itself by passing on its culture from one generation to the next.
How does socialization differ across cultures and ways of life? Although the techniques used to teach newcomers the beliefs, values, and rules of behavior are somewhat similar in many nations, the content of socialization differs greatly from society to society. How people walk, talk, eat, make love, and wage war are all functions of the cul.
Understanding the Self. The self, in contemporary literature and even common ...JhapzyDinagatPerez
Across time and history, the self has been debated, discussed, and fruitfully or otherwise conceptualized by different thinkers in philosophy. Eventually, with the advent of the social sciences, it became possible for new ways and paradigms to reexamine the true nature of the self. People put a halt on speculative debates on the relationship between the body and soul, eventually renamed body and the mind.
Similar to Social Science 2 Culture and Personality.pptx (20)
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
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Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
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Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
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2. What is personality
Tischler(2004:82)
- Personality is the pattern of behavior
that is distinctive for each individual.
Contrary to popular beliefs ,there is no peraon
without personality,(walang personalidad).
3.
4. Nature vs. Nurture
Personality is a product of socialization
comes about as a result of the interplay of
various forces, including our biological
inheritance or heredity , the cultural
environment , social group and social
structure , and past experiences.
Sometimes,these factors are raferred to as
nature (biological make-up) and Nurture (the
environment).
5. The biological inheritance provides the stuff
or raw materials from whoch personal ity is
fashioned. Among the raw materials are the
genes, the units of inheritance and the
genetic structures which carry the potentials
for learning, for reaction to time,for energy
level ,or for frustration or tolerance .
6. For almost century , there has been a
comtinuing debate among social scientists
on how much of what we are and who we are
result from heredity (nature) and how much is
determined by our socip-cultural
environment (Nurture ).
7. Frued's Theory of
Personality
Sigmund Frued
-A leading psychoanalyst,formulated the
first comprehensive theory on personality .
Three major systems :
1. id
2. ego
3. superego
8. Three major systems :
Id- is the original system of the personality
and matrix within which the ego and the
superego become differentiated.The id, or
the biological component, consists of
everything psychological ,including instincts
which are inherited.
Ego- is the executive of personality and is the
mediator between the needs of the organism
and the objective world of reality .
9. Superego - or the spcoal component ,is tje
internal representative of tje traditional
values and ideals of society as interpreted to
the child by its parent .
10. Culture and Personality
Cultural anthropologists view personality as
formed through the process of enculturation
or socialization.They believe that personality
development as a result of the transmission
of the culture of a society
11. Symbolic Interaction
The theory of symbolic interaction hasbeen
on outcome of the writings of Herbert Bler,
George Herbert Mead,Charles Cooly,W.I
Thomas- and Robert E. Park.
The term symbolic interactionism was coined
by Herbert Blumer, who focused on human
being taking control of their lives in a
complex of ongoing activities in a society .
12. The Socialization Process
Socialization and enculturation are spcial
learning processes of conforming to the norms
and values of the group , internalizing them and
acquiring a status , and performing the
corresponding role.
As a persons move from one stage to
another,such as from childhood to adolescence ,
from adulthood to old age , or from one group
to another,they discard ways which may be
applicable to the new stage or new group.
13. Socialization is a life long process.At a
various stage of life from infancy, to
childhood , adolescence , adulthood and old
age, the individuals occupies certain social
statuses and plays tje corresponding roles.
14. Development of self
The human infant is born helpless, ignorant ,
and without senses of self.
The self arises on a process of social
interaction and social activity with other
people .
Personality and self-concept are initialy
developed in infancy and childhood .
15.
16. Charles Horton Cooley (1922)expounded on the
development of the self, which he calls the
"looking -glass self",through the use of
language
Three elements are involved in this looking-
glass self:
A. Our own imagination of our own
appearances to the other person ,
B. Our imagination of hos judgment of the
appearance ,
C. Some sort of self - feeling, such as pride or
motification
17. George Herbert Mead extended Cooley's
ideas and provided theoritical basis for the
interactionnist approach .
He viewed society as scene of interaction
where people relate to each other and
exchange attitudes,reactions,views ,and
meaning .
18. Social interaction between baby and parents
start from birth when the baby is held by them.
They become aware of themeselves and talk in
terms of "I" a sign of self-consciousness.
children are taught how to eat properly, keep
their clothes clean ,pray and respect others.
19. Children playfully imitate the roles of the
others, like those of fathers, mother ,brother ,
siater, teacher ,and playmate.
20. This is what Mead terms as the period of the
generalized others"- that is, when children takes
the related roles of all the other members in
asocial situation (Bassis, Galles, and Levine,
1991:97-98).
21. Children thus get to understand their position
in the group in relation to the other members
and values and attitudes they hold often ,
they identify with persons who have been
influential or important in shaping their self
image.These persons are sometimes called
the "significant others".
22.
23. Mead points out that self-awareness is
learned when one learns to distinguished
between "I" and "me."
"I "- refers to unsocialized infant who has a
number of spontaneous wants and desires.
"Me"- refers to the social self.
24. Philipchalk(1995-41)
self-concept
- refers to our thoughts or ideas about
ourselves
self as an object
- as well as our ongoing experience in
percieving,thinking ,remembering and
acting,our "self-as-doer."
26. The various person and institutions play an
important role in shaping
They are primary in the sense that they are
fundamental in forming the social nature and
ideals of the individual.
they are also called the ``NURSERY OF
HUMAN NATURE " BY Cooley
28. The family is the main link between the
individual and society
The child gets oriented into culture of the
groups, its norms, types of consensus and
sanctions.
Exerts a great influence on the formation of
the child's Attitudes, norms, values, and
standards of right and wrong.
29. Performance of socially accepted behavior is
rewarded .
Performance of socially undersirable behavior
is punished .
The child start to learn gender role
expectations in the family.
30. The family is an ever-pervasive influence on
the individual's behavior, even up to
adulthood , more especially in simple and
agriculture society
The family is the first, the closest, and the
most influential social group in the Childs life .
The Filipino child is usually reared not only by
the parents but by other members of the
extended family
31. • the iniatory rites of baptism among the
christian churches and a similar rite among
the Muslims at the age of twelve there is the
rite of confirmation among the catholics .
• The kind of parenting ,whether is
Authoritarian or permisive affects the
individual's norms of behavior and value .
32. Authoritarian parents
-see obedience as an important virtue and
expect the child to strictly comply with the
household rules.
Permissive
-Permissive parents see the important of self
expression as a virtue and they make few
demands for responsibility and orders.
33. The subculture to which a family belongs,
such as a geographical region, a social class,
or a religious group .
35. As children grow older they join groups linked
with their age and interest.
they tend to associate with children of the
same age coming from kin group,
neighborhood ,or school.
This grouping of the two or more members of
more or less the age with loosely organized
structure is called 'THE PEER GROUP, GANG,
OR BARKADA.
36. The peer group is an important milieu for
socialization and had important impact on
personality
peer groups in adulthood are formed in
places of work ,politics, or religion.
peer relationship is egalitarian so there is
more or less equality in status and more give
and take.
37. The children gain some freedom when they
join a play groups
This is where children learn to make decisions
as they are introduced to a world often in
conflict with the adult word.
The peer group influences the norms and
values, interests, and activities of its
members.
38. They develop a strong attachment and
loyalty to the group, getting support and
security in times of uncertainty , stress ,and
strain.
Peer groups become especially influential
when parental guidance, affection and
attention are lacking
40. The school is the primary agent for weaning
children from home and introducing to the
larger society
The teachers who replace the parents as
authority figures are more demanding
children get their formal instruction, acquire
skills in reading, writting, and arithmetic, and
develop cognitive ability.
41. School includes the basic cultural values, the
recreational and intellectual skills. and
selective knowledge that they will need to
participate in the society to which they
belong.
Upper class children often attend elitist or
high standard schools
Lowe class are left to attend low standard
institutions.
44. In modern societies mass media, which
include newspaper, periodicals and journals,
radio, television and movies , are another
agent of socialization.
*Their functions are primarily to inform,
entertain, and entertaining as well as
informative.
• The television programs have become a
surrogate parent to the children.
45. children are influenced by what they see and
this results in the lack of critical thingking
46.
47.
48. They also have shorter
attention spans and
experience increasing
irritability and instability.
Whether television
influence for good or bad ,
it should not replace the
role of family, peer and
school and socialization.
49. Television exposes children to social worlds
they might not experience ,like foreign
culture and arts ,nature and history in the
making, as well as to world of work and
romance and such complex problems as
alcoholism, crime,prostitution ,and Aids .
51. For God Fearing people , the church is an
important agency of socialization.
The church ,through prayers, rituals and
ceremonies , develops among people a strong
faith in god .
Children learn the norms of conduct and
codes of behavior ser forth by the religious
organization.
53. The employee is socialzed in accordance with
its role expectations.
Some places of work provide formal training
in the form of apprentices , oreintation
sessions, and traning courses.
The employee learn the hierarchy of statuses
and finds their place into it.
55. There is distinction between sex and gender.
Sex refers to biological characteristics that
one is born with genitals ,hormones ,and
chromosomes
sex is classification is in terms of male and
female
Gender refers to social expectations, learned
behavior and beliefs associated with
maleness and femaleness and varies
culturally
56. • Sex is inhereted ,Gender is learned.
• According to Goffman ,sex differences are
assumed to be invariable ,hence ,significant
the process of sex role socialization usually
begins in infancy.
57. thus learning process is called" gender or sex
role socialization."
Learning masculinity or feminitity is essential
to identity formation.
58.
59.
60. The Filipino woman
seems to have her heart
set on being "feminine."
some of the components of
this feminism are the desire
to get married, to have
children, to be subordinate
yet equal, to be seductive
without being seduced ,to
be beautiful, to be
educated.
61. The males are expected
to be macho, that is
showing sexual prowess
and being
dominant,showing
virility ,strength ,and
courage and being
adventurous.
male expected to be a
good providers and
bread winners,the head
and guardian of the
family .
62.
63. In the rural areas ,adult
males or husbands are
given the heavier task
,like plowing the field
and digging trenches
64. preparing the meals,
serving them and
washing the dishes and
clothes are women's
chores
65. The activities like
planting, harvesting
and winnowing are
shared in the rice fields
68. Deviant behavior
One of the dimensions of culture is the body
of standards of behavior which the members
of the society are expected to follow.The
norms prescribe the patterns for appropriate
behavior and standards about what
constitute on ideal person.
69. Deviance
-Refers to a violation of a norm.
Clinard and Meir
- Cite some variations in the definitions of
deviance
For sociologists Deviant behavior is one that
fails to conform to the rules or norms of the
group.
Anthropologists are concerned primarily w/
how themembers of the society jointly reach
consensus about deviance.
70. Deviant is Relative
- what is deviant in one society may be
acceptable in another.
Explanation for the Deviant Behavior
- Sociologists offer various explanations
to the phenomenon of deviance. In his book,
Division of labor in society, Durkheim (1899)
explained the relationship between deviant
behavior and the specific moral code
violated.
71. Anomie –a condition of normlessness.
Robert K. Merton( held that the failure to
achieve goals, copied w/ unequal access to
important environment resources, leads to
deviance.
72. Mentron made the following typology of
deviant behavior and the courses of action taken by
each type to achieve its goals.
73. INNOVATORS RITUALIST
RETREATIST REBELS
The theory of Merton is useful because it
stresses the external cause of deviant
behavior that are within the power of the
society to change and correct. However, it
does not explain the cause ofcertain kinds of
deviance , like the family violence, drug
dependence and juuenile alcoholism.
74. DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG
ADDICTION
A form of deviant behavior which has become
so widespread as to call for priority attention
is drug abuse an adddiction.
Drug addiction is an state of physical or
psychological need of drugs thar results from
its continuous use.
75. TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTS
For treatment and rehabilitation, it is better
to takes addicts to a rehabilitation center or
hospital than keep the patient at home.
Rehabilitation involves developing to the
optimum the remaining capability for healthy
life of drug dependent – his/her physical,
emotional, psychological, spiritual,
vocational, and occupational potentials. But
as the saying goes, "it is better to ensure
prevention than to subject he addict to cure.