Forward market, arbitrage, hedging and speculationMohit Singhal
Covers various aspects related to forward market, forward rate, long and short forward position, arbitrage, hedging and speculation along with various illustrative examples.
To understand the basic concepts of marginal cost and marginal costing.
To understand the difference between the Absorption costing and Marginal Costing.
To learn the practical applications of Marginal costing.
To understand Breakeven charts & Limitation
1. to understand the basic principles of Material Control
2. to study the procedures of Purchase, Storing and Issues
3. to acquaint with the latest techniques in inventory control
4. to understand the pricing of issues
Contract Costing is a difficult one for accounting.
Basics of which, can be seen in this PPT. I hope it will help to understand what is Contract Costing and how its accounting can be done. Please Like if it proves to be helpful for you.
Forward market, arbitrage, hedging and speculationMohit Singhal
Covers various aspects related to forward market, forward rate, long and short forward position, arbitrage, hedging and speculation along with various illustrative examples.
To understand the basic concepts of marginal cost and marginal costing.
To understand the difference between the Absorption costing and Marginal Costing.
To learn the practical applications of Marginal costing.
To understand Breakeven charts & Limitation
1. to understand the basic principles of Material Control
2. to study the procedures of Purchase, Storing and Issues
3. to acquaint with the latest techniques in inventory control
4. to understand the pricing of issues
Contract Costing is a difficult one for accounting.
Basics of which, can be seen in this PPT. I hope it will help to understand what is Contract Costing and how its accounting can be done. Please Like if it proves to be helpful for you.
This ppt is prepared to provide detailed information regarding Forwards and Futures contracts of Derivatives the topics covered under this are Meaning of Forwards contracts, Underlying Assets of Forwards contracts, FEATURES OF FORWARD CONTRACTS, Tailored made, Why Forwards contracts, FUTURES CONTRACT, What is A Futures Contract, Characteristics of Futures contracts, Mechanism of Trading in Futures Market, Margin requirement, Marking-to-market (M2M), SETTLING A FUTURE POSITION, OFFSETTING, CASH DELIVERY, by Sundar, Assistant Professor of commerce.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
This ppt is prepared to provide detailed information regarding Forwards and Futures contracts of Derivatives the topics covered under this are Meaning of Forwards contracts, Underlying Assets of Forwards contracts, FEATURES OF FORWARD CONTRACTS, Tailored made, Why Forwards contracts, FUTURES CONTRACT, What is A Futures Contract, Characteristics of Futures contracts, Mechanism of Trading in Futures Market, Margin requirement, Marking-to-market (M2M), SETTLING A FUTURE POSITION, OFFSETTING, CASH DELIVERY, by Sundar, Assistant Professor of commerce.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Module - BackgroundTRANSFER PRICING AND RESPONSIBILITY CENTERSIlonaThornburg83
Module - Background
TRANSFER PRICING AND RESPONSIBILITY CENTERS
Modular Learning Objectives
Keep the following objectives in mind as you work through the material in this module:
· Define the role of responsibility accounting.
· Differentiate between controllable and uncontrollable costs.
· Analyze structure of a decentralized organization.
· Define profit centers, cost centers, and investment centers.
· Compute transfer prices.
· Identify three main transfer pricing approaches.
Required Reading
This module covers the role of responsibility accounting and responsibility centers. Explore these topics further while keeping the above six objectives in mind. Click on the three arrows to explore each topic in more detail:
The term responsibility accounting refers to an accounting system that collects, summarizes, and reports accounting data relating to the responsibilities of individual managers. A responsibility accounting system provides information to evaluate each manager on the revenue and expense items over which that manager has primary control (authority to influence).
A responsibility accounting report contains those items controllable by the responsible manager. When both controllable and uncontrollable items are included in the report, accountants should clearly separate the categories. The identification of controllable items is a fundamental task in responsibility accounting and reporting.
To implement responsibility accounting in a company, the business entity must be organized so that responsibility is assignable to individual managers. The various company managers and their lines of authority (and the resulting levels of responsibility) should be fully defined. Not all managers have equal authority and responsibility. The degree of a manager’s authority varies from company to company.
The controllability criterion is crucial to the content of performance reports for each manager. For example, at the department supervisor level, perhaps only direct materials and direct labor cost control are appropriate for measuring performance. A plant manager, however, has the authority to make decisions regarding many other costs not controllable at the supervisory level, such as the salaries of department supervisors. These other costs would be included in the performance evaluation of the store manager, not the supervisor.
Watch this short video to further explain the concept of responsibility accounting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=EsS0socI3I4
Decentralization is the dispersion of decision-making authority among individuals at lower levels of the organization. In other words, the extent of decentralization refers to the degree of control that segment managers have over the revenues, expenses, and assets of their segments. When a segment manager has control over these elements, the investment center concept can be applied to the segment. Thus, the more decentralized the decision-making is in an organization the more appli ...
Bangalore University - M.Com III Sememster - Accounting and Taxation specialization - Accounting for Managerial Decisions (AMD) - Module 3 - Responsibility Accounting and Divisional Performance Measurement - Theory with Formats and examples.
Responsibility accounting is a system of dividing an organization into similar units, each of which is to be assigned particular responsibilities. These units may be in the form of divisions, segments, departments, branches, product lines and so on. Each department is comprised of individuals who are responsible for particular tasks or managerial functions. The managers of various departments should ensure that the people in their department are doing well to achieve the goal. Responsibility accounting refers to the various concepts and tools used by managerial accountants to measure the performance of people and departments in order to ensure that the achievement of the goals set by the top management.
Responsibility accounting, therefore, represents a method of measuring the performances of various divisions of an organization. The test to identify the division is that the operating performance is separately identifiable and measurable in some way that is of practical significance to the management. Responsibility accounting collects and reports planned and actual accounting information about the inputs and outputs of responsibility centers.
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Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
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What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
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3. RESPONSIBLE CENTRE
Responsible center may defined as
an area of responsibility which is controlled
by an individual . A responsible center is an
activity such as department over which a
manager exercises responsibility
.responsible areas my be of departments ,
product lines , territories or any other type of
identifiable unit or combination of units.
4. TYPES OF RESPONSIBLE CENTERS
The following are the various types of
responsible centers . They are:
1.Cost center
2.Revenue center
3.Profit center
4.Investment center
5. 1.COST CENTER
A cost or expense center is a segment of
an organization in which the managers are
responsible for the cost incurred in that
segment but not the revenues.
Responsibility in a cost center is restricted
to cost.
Cost center managers have control over
some or all of the costs in their segment
of business ,but not over revenues.
6. 1.COST CENTER
If the cost is less than the estimated cost that
the manager should be responsible other
wise irresponsible.
example:
Actual
cost
Standard
cost
variance
11000 10000 +1000(A)
9000 10000 -1000(F)
7. 2.REVENUE CENTER
Revenue center is a segment of organization
which is primarily responsible for generating the
sales revenue.
Revenue center manager does not have any
control over the cost.
Investment in assets , but usually has control
over some of the marketing department.
The performance of a revenue center is
evaluated by comparing the actual revenue with
budgeted revenue and actual marketing
expenses with budgeted marketing expenses .
9. 3.PROFIT CENTER
Profit center is a segment of an organization
whose manger is responsible for both
revenues and costs.
Managers of profit centers have control over
both costs and revenues.
A division of the company which produces
and markets the products may be called as
profit center.
10. 3.PROFIT CENTER
The performance of the profit center is
evaluated in terms of whether the center has
achieved its budgeted profit.
Example:
Actual profit Budgeted profit Variance
100000 80000 +20000(F)
80000 100000 -20000(A)
11. 4.INVESTMENT CENTER
An investment center is responsible for both
profits and investments.
The investment center manger has control
over the amounts invested in the center’s
asset.
The manager of an investment center has
more authority and responsibility than the
manager of either a cost center or a profit
center.
12. 4.INVESTMENT CENTER
Besides controlling costs and revenues, has
investment responsibility too.
Investment on asset responsibility means the
authority to buy , sell and use divisional
assets.