This document provides information on the history and key aspects of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. Some key points:
- IFRS 13 was published in May 2011 and provides guidance on measuring fair value and required disclosures.
- Fair value is defined as the price received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants.
- A fair value hierarchy categorizes inputs into Level 1 (quoted prices), Level 2 (observable inputs), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs).
- Valuation techniques used to measure fair value include the market approach, cost approach, and income approach.
- Extensive disclosure requirements include detailing the valuation techniques and inputs used to develop fair
IFRS 2 requires an entity to recognise share-based payment transactions in its financial statements. Equity-settled share-based payment transactions are generally those in which shares, share options or other equity instruments are granted to employees or other parties in return for goods or services.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
IFRS 13Fair Value Measurement applies to IFRSs that require or per.pdfannaistrvlr
IFRS 13
Fair Value Measurement applies to IFRSs that require or permit fair value measurements or
disclosures and provides a single IFRS framework for measuring fair value and requires
disclosures about fair value measurement. The Standard defines fair value on the basis of an
\'exit price\' notion and uses a \'fair value hierarchy\', which results in a market-based, rather than
entity-specific, measurement.
IFRS 13 was originally issued in May 2011 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1
January 2013.
History of IFRS 13
Related Interpretations
Amendments under consideration by the IASB
In addition, the IASB has signalled an intention to conduct a post-implementation review of
IFRS 13, commencing in 2015.
Publications and resources
Summary of IFRS 13
Objective
IFRS 13: [IFRS 13:1]
IFRS 13 applies when another IFRS requires or permits fair value measurements or disclosures
about fair value measurements (and measurements, such as fair value less costs to sell, based on
fair value or disclosures about those measurements), except for: [IFRS 13:5-7]
Additional exemptions apply to the disclosures required by IFRS 13.
Key definitions
[IFRS 13:Appendix A]
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date
A market in which transactions for the asset or liability take place with sufficient frequency and
volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
The use of a non-financial asset by market participants that would maximise the value of the
asset or the group of assets and liabilities (e.g. a business) within which the asset would be used
The market that maximises the amount that would be received to sell the asset or minimises the
amount that would be paid to transfer the liability, after taking into account transaction costs and
transport costs
The market with the greatest volume and level of activity for the asset or liability
Fair value hierarchy
Overview
IFRS 13 seeks to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related
disclosures through a \'fair value hierarchy\'. The hierarchy categorises the inputs used in
valuation techniques into three levels. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to (unadjusted)
quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to
unobservable inputs. [IFRS 13:72]
If the inputs used to measure fair value are categorised into different levels of the fair value
hierarchy, the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the level of the lowest level
input that is significant to the entire measurement (based on the application of judgement). [IFRS
13:73]
Level 1 inputs
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity
can access at the measurement date. [IFRS 13:76]
A quoted ma.
IFRS 2 requires an entity to recognise share-based payment transactions in its financial statements. Equity-settled share-based payment transactions are generally those in which shares, share options or other equity instruments are granted to employees or other parties in return for goods or services.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
IFRS 13Fair Value Measurement applies to IFRSs that require or per.pdfannaistrvlr
IFRS 13
Fair Value Measurement applies to IFRSs that require or permit fair value measurements or
disclosures and provides a single IFRS framework for measuring fair value and requires
disclosures about fair value measurement. The Standard defines fair value on the basis of an
\'exit price\' notion and uses a \'fair value hierarchy\', which results in a market-based, rather than
entity-specific, measurement.
IFRS 13 was originally issued in May 2011 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1
January 2013.
History of IFRS 13
Related Interpretations
Amendments under consideration by the IASB
In addition, the IASB has signalled an intention to conduct a post-implementation review of
IFRS 13, commencing in 2015.
Publications and resources
Summary of IFRS 13
Objective
IFRS 13: [IFRS 13:1]
IFRS 13 applies when another IFRS requires or permits fair value measurements or disclosures
about fair value measurements (and measurements, such as fair value less costs to sell, based on
fair value or disclosures about those measurements), except for: [IFRS 13:5-7]
Additional exemptions apply to the disclosures required by IFRS 13.
Key definitions
[IFRS 13:Appendix A]
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date
A market in which transactions for the asset or liability take place with sufficient frequency and
volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
The use of a non-financial asset by market participants that would maximise the value of the
asset or the group of assets and liabilities (e.g. a business) within which the asset would be used
The market that maximises the amount that would be received to sell the asset or minimises the
amount that would be paid to transfer the liability, after taking into account transaction costs and
transport costs
The market with the greatest volume and level of activity for the asset or liability
Fair value hierarchy
Overview
IFRS 13 seeks to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related
disclosures through a \'fair value hierarchy\'. The hierarchy categorises the inputs used in
valuation techniques into three levels. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to (unadjusted)
quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to
unobservable inputs. [IFRS 13:72]
If the inputs used to measure fair value are categorised into different levels of the fair value
hierarchy, the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the level of the lowest level
input that is significant to the entire measurement (based on the application of judgement). [IFRS
13:73]
Level 1 inputs
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity
can access at the measurement date. [IFRS 13:76]
A quoted ma.
CA Varun Sethi IndAS 113 - Fair Value MeasurementsVarun Sethi
Presentation by CA Varun Sethi:
Explains through flowboxes - IndAS 113 - Fair Value Measurements:
1. Scope & Key Concepts
2. Fair Value definition
3. Fair Value framework
4. Fair Value Hierarchy
CA Varun Sethi - IndAS 113 - Fair Value MeasurementsVarun Sethi
Presentation by CA Varun Sethi:
Explains through flowboxes - IndAS 113 - Fair Value Measurements:
1. Scope & Key Concepts
2. Fair Value definition
3. Fair Value framework
4. Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair ValueExcerpt from FASB Accounting Standards Updates 8.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Fair Value
Excerpt from FASB Accounting Standards Updates 820
DEFINITION OF FAIR VALUE
the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date under the current market condition.
PRICE TO SELL:
Price to sell at the principal market or in the absence of the principal market the most advantageous market.
don’t subtract selling costs because they are transaction specific not assets or liabilities
but add transportation costs
principal market is “the market in which the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability with the greatest volume and level of activity for the asset or liability.”
A fair value measurement is for a particular asset or liability.
Therefore, the measurement should consider attributes specific to the asset or liability.
Such attributes include, for example, the following:
a. The condition and/or location of the asset or liability
b. Restrictions, if any, on the sale or use of the asset at the measurement date
Transactions
A fair value measurement assumes that the asset or liability is exchanged in an orderly transaction between market participants
The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.
MARKET PARTICIPANTS:
assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
But a reporting entity need not identify specific market participants.
Rather, the reporting entity shall identify characteristics that distinguish market participants generally, considering factors specific to all of the following:
a. The asset or liability
b. The principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset or liability
c. Market participants with whom the reporting entity would enter into a transaction in that market.
APPLICATION TO NONFINANCIAL ASSETS
A fair value measurement assumes the highest and best use of the asset by market participants, considering the use of the asset that is physically possible, legally permissible, and financially feasible at the measurement date.
Highest and best use is determined based on the use of the asset by market participants, even if the intended use of the asset by the reporting entity is different.
A fair value measurement of a nonfinancial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
.
Fair ValueExcerpt from FASB Accounting Standards Updates 8.docxlmelaine
Fair Value
Excerpt from FASB Accounting Standards Updates 820
DEFINITION OF FAIR VALUE
the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date under the current market condition.
PRICE TO SELL:
Price to sell at the principal market or in the absence of the principal market the most advantageous market.
don’t subtract selling costs because they are transaction specific not assets or liabilities
but add transportation costs
principal market is “the market in which the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability with the greatest volume and level of activity for the asset or liability.”
A fair value measurement is for a particular asset or liability.
Therefore, the measurement should consider attributes specific to the asset or liability.
Such attributes include, for example, the following:
a. The condition and/or location of the asset or liability
b. Restrictions, if any, on the sale or use of the asset at the measurement date
Transactions
A fair value measurement assumes that the asset or liability is exchanged in an orderly transaction between market participants
The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.
MARKET PARTICIPANTS:
assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
But a reporting entity need not identify specific market participants.
Rather, the reporting entity shall identify characteristics that distinguish market participants generally, considering factors specific to all of the following:
a. The asset or liability
b. The principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset or liability
c. Market participants with whom the reporting entity would enter into a transaction in that market.
APPLICATION TO NONFINANCIAL ASSETS
A fair value measurement assumes the highest and best use of the asset by market participants, considering the use of the asset that is physically possible, legally permissible, and financially feasible at the measurement date.
Highest and best use is determined based on the use of the asset by market participants, even if the intended use of the asset by the reporting entity is different.
A fair value measurement of a nonfinancial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
...
In accounting and economics, fair value is a rational and unbiased e.pdfannethafashion
In accounting and economics, fair value is a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential
market price of a good, service, or asset. It takes into account such objective factors as:
and subjective factors such as
In accounting, fair value is used as a certainty of the market value of an asset (or liability) for
which a market price cannot be determined (usually because there is no established market for
the asset). Under US GAAP (FAS 157), fair value is the price that would be received to sell an
asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement date. This is used for assets whose carrying value is based on mark-to-market
valuations; for assets carried athistorical cost, the fair value of the asset is not used. One example
of where fair value is an issue is a college kitchen with a cost of $2 million which was built five
years ago. If the owners wanted to put a fair value measurement on the kitchen it would be a
subjective estimate because there is no active market for such items or items similar to this one.
In another example, if ABC Corporation purchased a two-acre tract of land in 1980 for $1
million, then a historical-cost financial statement would still record the land at $1 million on
ABC’s balance sheet. If XYZ purchased a similar two-acre tract of land in 2005 for $2 million,
then XYZ would report an asset of $2 million on its balance sheet. Even if the two pieces of land
were virtually identical, ABC would report an asset with one-half the value of XYZ’s land;
historical cost is unable to identify that the two items are similar. This problem is compounded
when numerous assets and liabilities are reported at historical cost, leading to a balance sheet that
may be greatly undervalued. If, however, ABC and XYZ reported financial information using
fair-value accounting, then both would report an asset of $2 million. The fair-value balance sheet
provides information for investors who are interested in the current value of assets and liabilities,
not the historical cost.
Fair value measurements
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued S tatement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 157: Fair Value Measurements (\"FAS 157\") in September 2006 to provide
guidance about how entities should determine fair value estimations for financial reporting
purposes. FAS 157 broadly applies to financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured
at fair value under other authoritative accounting pronouncements. However, application to
nonfinancial assets and liabilities was deferred until 2009. Absence of one single consistent
framework for applying fair value measurements and developing a reliable estimate of a fair
value in the absence of quoted prices has created inconsistencies and incomparability. The goal
of this framework is to eliminate the inconsistencies between balance sheet (historical cost)
numbers and income statement (fair value) numbers.
Subsequently, FA.
The purpose of this document is to outline the background to purchase price allocation, the process as well as commonly used methodology in valuing intangible assets
This article analyzes a current financial reporting and accounting issue regarding diversity in
financial reporting practice. Since the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) first issued accounting
statement 157 Fair Value Measurements, entities have been required to measure investments at fair market
values. This included the requirement to categorize investments within a fair value hierarchy in preparation to
report such in the financial statements. To do this, the FASB allows companies to either categorize the
investment in the fair value hierarchy using three different input levels (Level 1, 2 and 3) or by estimating the
net asset value as a practical expedient. If the entity uses the practical expedient, the investment would be
placed within the fair value hierarchy based on whether the investment is redeemable with the investee at the
measurement date, never redeemable, or redeemable in the future. Based on this information, the investment
would be placed in either level 2 or 3 of the hierarchy. As a result, there is diversity in practice when estimating
the length of time in the near term the investment would be redeemed. This article reports the results of
evaluating how can the diversity in accounting practice related to how certain investments measured at net asset
value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy be resolved. The results of the qualitative research
conducted on the FASB proposal concluded that fourteen out of the eighteen public comment letters agreed
with FASB proposal that eliminating the requirements to classify these investments in the fair value hierarchy
would increase comparability in accounting practice among entities.
This article analyzes a current financial reporting and accounting issue regarding diversity in financial reporting practice. Since the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) first issued accounting statement 157 Fair Value Measurements, entities have been required to measure investments at fair market values. This included the requirement to categorize investments within a fair value hierarchy in preparation to report such in the financial statements. To do this, the FASB allows companies to either categorize the investment in the fair value hierarchy using three different input levels (Level 1, 2 and 3) or by estimating the net asset value as a practical expedient. If the entity uses the practical expedient, the investment would be placed within the fair value hierarchy based on whether the investment is redeemable with the investee at the measurement date, never redeemable, or redeemable in the future. Based on this information, the investment would be placed in either level 2 or 3 of the hierarchy. As a result, there is diversity in practice when estimating the length of time in the near term the investment would be redeemed. This article reports the results of evaluating how can the diversity in accounting practice related to how certain investments measured at net asset value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy be resolved. The results of the qualitative research conducted on the FASB proposal concluded that fourteen out of the eighteen public comment letters agreed with FASB proposal that eliminating the requirements to classify these investments in the fair value hierarchy would increase comparability in accounting practice among entities.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Name : Jatin Garg Submitted to :-
Roll no. : 2113002 Chahak Kataria
Sem : 1 (m.com)
FAIRVALUEACCOUNTING
2. HISTORY OF IFRS 13
Fair value accounting also referred to as “market to
market accounting” has played an important role in
U.S generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
for more than 50 years
1975
• Standard setting
history of fair
value
accounting
under U.S
GAAP began
1991
• Financial
accounting
standards board
complemented
the original fair
value standards
1993
• FASB
EXPANDED
THE FAIR
VALUE
RECOGNITION
BY ISSUING
CERTAIN
STANDARDS
1998
• FASB standards
were adopted
that required
derivatives to be
measured at fair
value
3. IMPORTANT
DATES
DEVELOPMENT
September 2005 Project on fair value measurement added to the IASB’s
agenda
30 November 2006 Discussion paper Fair value measurement published
28 may 2009 Exposure draft fair value measurements published
29 June 2010 Exposure draft measurement uncertainty of analysis
disclosure for fair value measurements published
19 August 2010 Staff draft of a IFRS on a fair value measurement released
12 May 2011 IFRS 13 Fair value measurement published
1 January 2013 Effective date of IFRS 13
4. IFRS 13:Appendix A
FAIR VALUE :- The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to
transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement date
ACTIVE MARKET : A market in which transactions for the asset or liability take
place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information
on an ongoing basis
EXIT PRICE :The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to
transfer a liability
HIGHEST AND BEST USE : The use of a non-financial asset by market
participants that would maximise the value of the asset or the group of
assets and liabilities (e.g. a business) within which the asset would be
used
MOST ADVANTAGEOUS MARKET : The market that maximizes the amount
that would be received to sell the asset or minimizes the amount that
would be paid to transfer the liability, after taking into account transaction
costs and transport costs
PRINCIPAL MARKET : The market with the greatest volume and level of
activity for the asset or liability
5. Fair value hierarchy
IFRS 13 seeks to increase consistency and comparability in fair value
measurements and related disclosures through a 'fair value hierarchy'. The
hierarchy categorises the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels. The
hierarchy gives the highest priority to (unadjusted) quoted prices in active markets
for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.
[IFRS 13:72]
If the inputs used to measure fair value are categorised into different levels of the
fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the
level of the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement (based
on the application of judgement). [IFRS 13:73]
Level 1 inputs
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the entity can access at the measurement date. [IFRS 13:76]
A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of
fair value and is used without adjustment to measure fair value whenever available,
with limited exceptions. [IFRS 13:77]
If an entity holds a position in a single asset or liability and the asset or liability is
traded in an active market, the fair value of the asset or liability is measured within
Level 1 as the product of the quoted price for the individual asset or liability and the
quantity held by the entity, even if the market's normal daily trading volume is not
sufficient to absorb the quantity held and placing orders to sell the position in a
6. Level 2 inputs
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices included within Level 1 that
are observable fo the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. [IFRS 13:81]
Level 2 inputs include:
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets
quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, for
example
interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals
implied volatilities
credit spreads
inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by
correlation or other means ('market-corroborated inputs').
Level 3 inputs
Level 3 inputs inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. [IFRS 13:86]
Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that relevant
observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is
little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. An entity
develops unobservable inputs using the best information available in the
circumstances, which might include the entity's own data, taking into account all
information about market participant assumptions that is reasonably available. [IFRS
7.
8. This IFRS applies when another IFRS requires or permits fair
value measurements or disclosures about fair value
measurements (and measurements, such as fair value less costs
to sell, based on fair value or disclosures about those
measurements), except as specified Below
The measurement and disclosure requirements of this IFRS do
not apply to the following:
share-based payment transactions within the scope of IFRS
Share-based Payment;
leasing transactions accounted for in accordance with IFRS 16
Leases; and
measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are
not fair value, such as net realisable value in IAS 2 Inventories or
value in use in IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.
Scope
9. Measurement of fair value
Overview of fair value measurement approach
The objective of a fair value measurement is to estimate the
price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to
transfer the liability would take place between market participants
at the measurement date under current market conditions. A fair
value measurement requires an entity to determine all of the
following: [IFRS 13:B2]
the particular asset or liability that is the subject of the
measurement (consistently with its unit of account)
for a non-financial asset, the valuation premise that is
appropriate for the measurement (consistently with its highest
and best use)
the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset or
liability
the valuation technique(s) appropriate for the measurement,
considering the availability of data with which to develop inputs
10. Guidance on measurement
IFRS 13 provides the guidance on the measurement of fair value, including the
following:
An entity takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability being
measured that a market participant would take into account when pricing the
asset or liability at measurement date (e.g. the condition and location of the
asset and any restrictions on the sale and use of the asset) [IFRS 13:11]
Fair value measurement assumes an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date under current market conditions [IFRS
13:15]
Fair value measurement assumes a transaction taking place in the principal
market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, the most
advantageous market for the asset or liability [IFRS 13:24]
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account its highest
and best use [IFRS 13:27]
A fair value measurement of a financial or non-financial liability or an entity's
own equity instruments assumes it is transferred to a market participant at the
measurement date, without settlement, extinguishment, or cancellation at the
measurement date [IFRS 13:34]
The fair value of a liability reflects non-performance risk (the risk the entity will
not fulfil an obligation), including an entity's own credit risk and assuming the
11. Valuation techniques
An entity uses valuation techniques appropriate in the circumstances and for which
sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant
observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs. [IFRS 13:61, IFRS
13:67]
The objective of using a valuation technique is to estimate the price at which an
orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between
market participants and the measurement date under current market conditions. Three
widely used valuation techniques are: [IFRS 13:62]
Market approach – uses prices and other relevant information
generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable (similar) assets,
liabilities, or a group of assets and liabilities (e.g. a business)
Cost approach– reflects the amount that would be required
currently to replace the service capacity of an asset (current replacement cost)
Income approach– converts future amounts (cash flows or income
and expenses) to a single current (discounted) amount, reflecting current market
expectations about those future amounts.
In some cases, a single valuation technique will be appropriate, whereas in others
multiple valuation techniques will be appropriate. [IFRS 13:63]
12. Disclosure
Disclosure objective
IFRS 13 requires an entity to disclose information that helps users of its
financial statements assess both of the following: [IFRS 13:91]
• for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or
non-recurring basis in the statement of financial position after initial
recognition,
• the valuation techniques and inputs used to develop those
measurements
for fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level
3),
• the effect of the measurements on profit or loss or other comprehensive
income for the period.
Disclosure exemptions
The disclosure requirements are not required for: [IFRS 13:7]
plan assets measured at fair value in accordance with IAS
19 Employee Benefits
retirement benefit plan investments measured at fair value in
accordance with IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by
Retirement Benefit Plans
15. CONCEPTS FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING HISTORICAL COST
ACCOUNTING
DEPRECIATION Depreciation is always calculated
at Fair value
It is always calculated at
historical cost
REVENUE
RECOGNITION
Earnings could be measured
continually based on changes in
economic values of rights and
obligations
Earning are measured at
discrete points , using
matching principle to
measure expenses
CALCULATION Fair value calculation is highly
complex
The historical cost calculation
is easy
ITEMS IN
BALANCE
SHEET
As per Indian GAAP financial
instruments need to be disclosed
at fair value in the balance sheet
As per Indian GAAP property ,
plant and equipment need to
be disclosed at historical cost
in the balance sheet
ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS
AS 30,31 and 32 as well as
IFRES 9 requires fair value based
calculation
AS 16 requires historical cost
based calculation
EARNINGS
MANAGEMENT
Earnings change in value and as
such don't predict future values
It creates opportunities for
earning management
