Respiratory system

1. WELCOME

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. Lower respiratory tract
 It includes :
A. Trachea,
B. Lungs,
C. Bronchi.

4. Respiratory tract

5. TRACHEA
 Structures associated with the trachea:
 Superiorly : the larynx.
 Inferiorly :the right & left bronchi.
 Anteriorly :Isthmus of Thyroid gland & the arch
of the aorta & the sternum.
 Posteriorly :the esophagus separates the
trachea from the vertebral
column.
 Laterally :the lungs

6. STRUCTURE OF THE
TRACHEA
 It is composed of 3 layers of tissues & held by
between 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline
cartilage.
 Rings are incomplete posteriorly.
 Connective tissues & involuntary muscle join the
cartilages & form the posterior wall which is in
contact with the esophagus.

7.  Three layers of tissue:
I. The outer layer : consists of fibrous &
elastic tissue & encloses the cartilages.
II. The middle layer :consists of bands of
smooth muscles in a helical manner. There is
some areolar tissue.
III. The inner lining :consists of ciliated
columnar epithelium, containing mucus
secreting Goblet cells.

8. LUNGS
 There are 2 lungs, each lying on each side of the
midline in the thoracic cavity.
 They have-
o Apex,
o Base,
o Costal surface,
o Medial surface- Hilum at 5th, 6th, 7th thoracic
vertebrae.
• The area between the lungs: Mediastinum.
• Lobes of the right & left Lungs.

9.  PLEURA & PLEURAL CAVITY:
 Pleura consists of a closed sac of serous
membrane which contains a small amount of
serous fluid.
 Each lung is pushed into this sac so that 2 layers
are formed:
a. One adherent to the lungs -visceral
b. Another adherent to the wall of the thoracic
cavity-parietal

10. Inside the lungs..
 Bronchi & bronchioles:
Two primary bronchi are formed when trachea
divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra.
The right bronchus:
- wider, shorter & more vertical than the left one.
- Approx 2.5 cm
The left bronchus:
- About 5cm long
- Narrower.

11. BRONCHIAL TREE
The bronchi divide as follows:
Bronchi bronchioles terminal
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli.
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