Assessing the resistance, determining the nature of the resistance of the rice plant through the activity of three enzymes in rice: Catalase, Peroxydase and Phosphatase in the leaves of rice plants (the most active leaves of rice) rice plants [2]. In addition, consider the role of Phosphatase in the fluctuations and the ability to accumulate P2O5 in soil and plants to see its role in rice's poison resistance in acid sulphate soil [4]. In other hand, Results shows that- high concentrations of toxins in the soil environment strongly inhibited the activity of Phosphatase enzymes in the roots, in the indicator leaves, and especially for rice, especially for plants that are less resistant to poisoning. But, Phosphatase enzyme in leaves has the effect on the providing energy for the plants to recover from poisoning. The activity of this enzyme is inversely correlated with the content of Al3+ in soil and Al3+ in plants. This proves that the antagonism between enzymes and toxins is evident, especially with Al3+ toxins. In other side, has highly toxic in the acid sulphate soil environment inhibits enzyme activity Peroxydase in rice roots. Under these conditions, peroxydase in the root plays a small role in helping the plant recover.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Affect of Alcohol on Peroxidase Levels in Radish plantsShafer Stellema
This experiment tested the effect of exposing radish plants to alcohol by measuring peroxidase levels. One plant was watered with a mixture of 3/4 cup alcohol and 1/4 cup water, while the control used only water. Testing found that peroxidase levels were higher in the plant exposed to alcohol compared to the control plant watered with only water. This supports the hypothesis that exposing plants to alcohol causes higher peroxidase production, likely as a stress response. Peroxidase is involved in cell wall formation, so increased levels could help strengthen plant stems to prevent breaking under their own weight.
This study aimed to examine the effects of salt stress on peroxidase levels in pea and Wisconsin Fast Plants. Seedlings were grown in soil and watered with solutions of 0, 60, or 240 mM NaCl. No growth was observed in plants watered with 60 or 240 mM solutions, likely due to high salt concentrations and infrequent watering. The control plants showed normal growth. Future studies should use lower salt concentrations and water plants with regular water more frequently to induce salt stress and examine peroxidase levels without inhibiting growth.
This study evaluated the ability of the plant species Sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia) to absorb and tolerate heavy metals lead and copper. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with different levels of lead and copper contaminated soil. The results showed that Sainfoin was able to absorb significant amounts of both lead and copper into its roots and aerial parts, with greater absorption of copper. Higher metal concentrations in the soil led to increased antioxidant enzyme activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the plant. Specifically, the highest metal levels caused the greatest increases in enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as biomarkers like malondialdehyde, dityrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-de
Reduction of Plant Diseases Using NutrientsManzoor Wani
This document discusses how plant nutrients can help reduce plant diseases. It provides information on essential and beneficial plant nutrients, how they are taken up by plants, and their forms and concentrations in plant tissue. Specific nutrients like potassium, calcium, copper, boron, and manganese are highlighted for their roles in strengthening plant defenses and reducing disease severity. Factors like soil pH, nitrogen form, and other soil properties that influence nutrient availability and diseases caused by pathogens like Gaeumannomyces graminis are covered. The document emphasizes the complex interactions between plant nutrition, soil conditions, and suppression of diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genetic variation in salt tolerance among 10 maize hybrids using a solution culture technique. Seedlings were exposed to 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl salinity levels. The hybrids varied substantially in root length, shoot length, biomass, and K+/Na+ ratio under different salinity levels. Specifically, hybrids Pioneer 32B33 and Pioneer 30Y87 exhibited high biomass, root/shoot fresh weight, and K+/Na+ ratio, indicating greater salt tolerance. The study concluded that these traits can be used to identify salt tolerant maize hybrids through rapid screening.
Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants but can be toxic at high concentrations. This study investigated the effects of copper stress on the growth of 10 rice cultivars. Seedlings were treated with 150μM copper sulfate for 48 hours. Copper caused a reduction in root and shoot growth in most cultivars. The cultivar Amu Sali showed the most sensitivity, with discoloration of leaves and reductions in root length over 20%, shoot length over 25%, and root dry mass over 26%. However, a few cultivars, such as Gagli Boro and Bishnu Jyoti, exhibited increased shoot length and total dry mass under copper stress. The results indicate variation in
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Affect of Alcohol on Peroxidase Levels in Radish plantsShafer Stellema
This experiment tested the effect of exposing radish plants to alcohol by measuring peroxidase levels. One plant was watered with a mixture of 3/4 cup alcohol and 1/4 cup water, while the control used only water. Testing found that peroxidase levels were higher in the plant exposed to alcohol compared to the control plant watered with only water. This supports the hypothesis that exposing plants to alcohol causes higher peroxidase production, likely as a stress response. Peroxidase is involved in cell wall formation, so increased levels could help strengthen plant stems to prevent breaking under their own weight.
This study aimed to examine the effects of salt stress on peroxidase levels in pea and Wisconsin Fast Plants. Seedlings were grown in soil and watered with solutions of 0, 60, or 240 mM NaCl. No growth was observed in plants watered with 60 or 240 mM solutions, likely due to high salt concentrations and infrequent watering. The control plants showed normal growth. Future studies should use lower salt concentrations and water plants with regular water more frequently to induce salt stress and examine peroxidase levels without inhibiting growth.
This study evaluated the ability of the plant species Sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia) to absorb and tolerate heavy metals lead and copper. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with different levels of lead and copper contaminated soil. The results showed that Sainfoin was able to absorb significant amounts of both lead and copper into its roots and aerial parts, with greater absorption of copper. Higher metal concentrations in the soil led to increased antioxidant enzyme activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the plant. Specifically, the highest metal levels caused the greatest increases in enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as biomarkers like malondialdehyde, dityrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-de
Reduction of Plant Diseases Using NutrientsManzoor Wani
This document discusses how plant nutrients can help reduce plant diseases. It provides information on essential and beneficial plant nutrients, how they are taken up by plants, and their forms and concentrations in plant tissue. Specific nutrients like potassium, calcium, copper, boron, and manganese are highlighted for their roles in strengthening plant defenses and reducing disease severity. Factors like soil pH, nitrogen form, and other soil properties that influence nutrient availability and diseases caused by pathogens like Gaeumannomyces graminis are covered. The document emphasizes the complex interactions between plant nutrition, soil conditions, and suppression of diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genetic variation in salt tolerance among 10 maize hybrids using a solution culture technique. Seedlings were exposed to 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl salinity levels. The hybrids varied substantially in root length, shoot length, biomass, and K+/Na+ ratio under different salinity levels. Specifically, hybrids Pioneer 32B33 and Pioneer 30Y87 exhibited high biomass, root/shoot fresh weight, and K+/Na+ ratio, indicating greater salt tolerance. The study concluded that these traits can be used to identify salt tolerant maize hybrids through rapid screening.
Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants but can be toxic at high concentrations. This study investigated the effects of copper stress on the growth of 10 rice cultivars. Seedlings were treated with 150μM copper sulfate for 48 hours. Copper caused a reduction in root and shoot growth in most cultivars. The cultivar Amu Sali showed the most sensitivity, with discoloration of leaves and reductions in root length over 20%, shoot length over 25%, and root dry mass over 26%. However, a few cultivars, such as Gagli Boro and Bishnu Jyoti, exhibited increased shoot length and total dry mass under copper stress. The results indicate variation in
This document summarizes a study that investigated the salt tolerance of the plant species Salsola orientalis. The study had two parts: a greenhouse experiment and field observations. In the greenhouse, S. orientalis plants were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4 salts and their growth, proline, and sugar levels were measured. Field samples of S. orientalis, soil, and nearby plants were also taken from three provinces and analyzed. The results found that proline and sugar levels in S. orientalis increased with higher salt concentrations. Moderate salt levels increased growth but higher concentrations decreased it. Field observations confirmed the greenhouse findings. The study aimed to understand the mechanisms by which S. orientalis can tolerate salt
Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients. They are produced by microorganisms, plant roots, and residues. Common soil enzymes include amylase, catalase, proteases, and urease. Amylase breaks down starch, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, proteases break down proteins, and urease breaks down urea. Soil enzyme activities can be measured to assess microbial activity, soil health, and the impacts of pollutants.
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
1) The study investigated the effects of saline irrigation water, poultry manure, and gibberellin applications on the growth and yield of pepper plants under salinity stress.
2) Results showed that saline irrigation water significantly reduced plant growth parameters like dry weight and fruit weight, while poultry manure and gibberellin increased these growth parameters and helped mitigate the negative effects of salt stress.
3) The combination of 30% poultry manure, 250 mg/L gibberellin, and non-saline irrigation water produced the highest plant growth and yield.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
This document discusses the insecticidal effects of mixtures of potassium soap and pyrethroids on the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) found in potato plants. Key points:
- PLRV is a virus transmitted to potato plants by whiteflies, causing leaf curling, stunting and yield reduction.
- Individual applications of potassium palmitate soap or pyrethroid insecticides were not very effective at controlling whiteflies.
- A mixture of potassium palmitate soap and pyrethroids was found to have enhanced insecticidal efficacy compared to individual components.
- Mixtures with a pH between 9.73-10.44 were most effective after 4 weeks of application, resulting in 45-59
Effect of mineral acids on rooting response of aging mung bean (phaseolus aur...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of sulfuric acid on the rooting response of fresh and aged mung bean cuttings. The study found that aged cuttings treated with 0.0001%, 0.001%, and 0.01% concentrations of sulfuric acid showed a significant increase in rooting response compared to the control. Aged cuttings that were aged in sulfuric acid solution for 3 days also showed a highly significant increase in rooting response when treated with the same concentrations. Higher concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% sulfuric acid resulted in a significant decrease in rooting response. The study also found that sulfuric acid treatment led to a significant increase in the level of the plant hormone ind
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition of two banana varieties: dwarf and tall. The study found that salt stress influenced the lipid composition differently between the two varieties. For the dwarf variety, triglyceride and diglyceride levels were not affected by increasing salt concentration, but monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more influenced. For the tall variety, triglycerides were absent even in control plants not exposed to salt stress, and membrane lipids seemed less affected than in the dwarf variety. The results indicate that the lipid composition of the tall variety is less sensitive to salt stress than the dwarf variety.
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS (WAQAS AZEEM)Waqas Azeem
This document discusses heavy metals contamination of soil and their uptake in the food chain. It provides details on various techniques used for remediation of contaminated soils, with a focus on phytoremediation. Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microbes to remove, contain or render harmless contaminants in soil and water. Factors that affect phytoremediation like plant species, soil properties and metal properties are discussed. The use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation of heavy metals like arsenic is also described.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
Kern, John - Transgenic Salt Tolerance ReviewJohn Kern
This document summarizes research on engineering agricultural plants for improved salt tolerance through genetic engineering. It discusses genes from model organisms like Arabidopsis and yeast that improve salt tolerance when transferred to crop plants. Genes from halophytic plants, which are naturally salt tolerant, are also discussed. The document outlines past research and calls for future work, including combining multiple salt tolerance genes, comparative analysis of similar genes, and further research on halophytes and the biological costs of salt tolerance.
Alterations in macro and micronutrient uptake by Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.)...Open Access Research Paper
The Jambu, an herbaceous plant widely consumed in the Amazon in typical dishes and in natura, is also found in Central America, Asia, and even in Europe. Its behavior when exposed to heavy metals is unknown and, being Cd one of the most phytotoxic metals, the objective is to elucidate how Cd influences nutrient uptake by jambu. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and six repetitions, in a hydroponic culture system. Four doses of Cd (1, 3, 6 and 9mg/L), plus a control were used. At the end of the experiment, chemical analyses were performed to quantify the content of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the leaf, stem, inflorescence and root. The results were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis and show a significant increase in K, Mg and Ca, up to a dose of 6mg/L of Cd. The micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu also showed a significant increase in the absorption, until the dose of 6mg/L. The difference in uptake ranged from 23.02% for Cu to 151.9% for Ca in relation to the uptake of the nutrients by the control plants. The dose of 9mg/L, produced an antagonistic effect, with a reduction in the uptake of the nutrients, with the exception of Ca. In general, Cd in small doses produced in the jambu a stimulant effect and in larger doses, a toxic effect. This behavior indicates a hormetic effect of jambu against Cd.
This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different pre-emergence herbicides on the mineral nutrition of two sunflower hybrids. The study found that:
1) Fertilizers increased the biomass and nutrient content of shoots for both hybrids in all herbicide treatments.
2) Herbicides decreased the fresh and dry weight of shoots for the hybrids, with the herbicide Afalon Dispersion causing the largest decrease.
3) The herbicide treatments influenced the nutrient content of the two hybrids unevenly. The herbicide Stomp 330 most inhibited the uptake of nutrients in sunflowers, while Afalon Dispersal increased the concentration of N,
Lab 3 – BiodiversityExperiment 1 Effects of Water Pollution o.docxsmile790243
Lab 3 – Biodiversity
Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
Water clean, clear and no smell
2
Water remains clear, veggie oil floats on top of water its light yellow on top and clear on bottom, no smell
3
Looks a little foggy and smell like vinegar
4
Water turned light blue and smell like laundry detergent
5
Turned a little dark but no smell
6
Water turned darker brown, but no smell.
7
Water turned a darker brown, smells like vinegar and all water came through the soil
8
Water turned very dark, all water came through soil, still smell like laundry detergent
1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer = Some of the water remained clear with no smell. When water was mixed with oil the oil floated to top and water remained clear at the bottom. Water looked foggy when mixed with vinegar and smelled like vinegar as well.
2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer = Oil spills can contaminate nearby water sources Improperly disposing oil, acids and detergents can also cause water contamination. Houses septic tank, and pipes not properly installed fan cause nearby water contamination.
3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer = The contaminated water is dark, dirty color and the treated water is a light brown clearer than contaminated water. I wasn’t able to smell anything from contaminated or treated water.
4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer = First thing I did to purifying the contaminated was water was adding the 10grams of alum mixing it with water, which is call coagulation. This caused the dirt to clump up and sink to bottom and separated from the water that was separated from the water. Secondly was sedimentation, when I poured the water that was separated from the dirt into the filter and the marked beginning of the filtration process. While the water was filtering, the water also slowed down while trying to pass through the filter which was made of charcoal, gravel and sand. The filter worked because the water was cleaner in the beaker below the funnel. Lastly was the purifying, a sma ...
Effect of arsenic in environment, plant humansAlok Samal
This document discusses arsenic contamination in the environment and its effects on plants and human health. It provides background on arsenic sources and levels found naturally and due to human activities like mining. Plants and fungi can bioaccumulate and transform arsenic, while rice and vegetables grown in contaminated areas can transfer arsenic into the food chain. Chronic low-level arsenic exposure is linked to skin lesions and cancers in humans. The document also outlines arsenic toxicokinetics and toxicity in animals and humans.
A Predictive Factor For Short-Term Outcome In Patients With COVID-19: CT Scor...suppubs1pubs1
This study aimed to determine if the extent of lung involvement on CT scans can predict short-term outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The study analyzed 253 COVID-19 patients in China, 63 of whom died in the hospital. Non-survivors were older, more often male, and had more preexisting health conditions compared to survivors. On CT scans, non-survivors had higher lung involvement scores, and were more likely to have findings like bronchial dilation and diffuse opacity. Higher lung involvement scores, lower oxygen levels, bacterial coinfection, and preexisting conditions were associated with higher odds of death based on statistical analysis. The study suggests that thoroughly assessing CT scans together with patient details may help predict outcomes and optimize COVID
Features of Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancersuppubs1pubs1
A significant part of research on Thyroid Cancer (TC) incidence changes after nuclear disasters concerns mainly the dose effects on this oncopathology, as well as radiation epidemiology. Meanwhile, the features of this disease like gender characteristics of the stages and histological forms of cancer are of particular interest. The incidence and risks of various stages and forms of TC were analyzed in the present study
More Related Content
Similar to Resistant Nature to Toxicity of Rice Plant, Growing on Acid Sulphate Soil, Mekong Delta
This document summarizes a study that investigated the salt tolerance of the plant species Salsola orientalis. The study had two parts: a greenhouse experiment and field observations. In the greenhouse, S. orientalis plants were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4 salts and their growth, proline, and sugar levels were measured. Field samples of S. orientalis, soil, and nearby plants were also taken from three provinces and analyzed. The results found that proline and sugar levels in S. orientalis increased with higher salt concentrations. Moderate salt levels increased growth but higher concentrations decreased it. Field observations confirmed the greenhouse findings. The study aimed to understand the mechanisms by which S. orientalis can tolerate salt
Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients. They are produced by microorganisms, plant roots, and residues. Common soil enzymes include amylase, catalase, proteases, and urease. Amylase breaks down starch, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, proteases break down proteins, and urease breaks down urea. Soil enzyme activities can be measured to assess microbial activity, soil health, and the impacts of pollutants.
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
1) The study investigated the effects of saline irrigation water, poultry manure, and gibberellin applications on the growth and yield of pepper plants under salinity stress.
2) Results showed that saline irrigation water significantly reduced plant growth parameters like dry weight and fruit weight, while poultry manure and gibberellin increased these growth parameters and helped mitigate the negative effects of salt stress.
3) The combination of 30% poultry manure, 250 mg/L gibberellin, and non-saline irrigation water produced the highest plant growth and yield.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
This document discusses the insecticidal effects of mixtures of potassium soap and pyrethroids on the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) found in potato plants. Key points:
- PLRV is a virus transmitted to potato plants by whiteflies, causing leaf curling, stunting and yield reduction.
- Individual applications of potassium palmitate soap or pyrethroid insecticides were not very effective at controlling whiteflies.
- A mixture of potassium palmitate soap and pyrethroids was found to have enhanced insecticidal efficacy compared to individual components.
- Mixtures with a pH between 9.73-10.44 were most effective after 4 weeks of application, resulting in 45-59
Effect of mineral acids on rooting response of aging mung bean (phaseolus aur...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of sulfuric acid on the rooting response of fresh and aged mung bean cuttings. The study found that aged cuttings treated with 0.0001%, 0.001%, and 0.01% concentrations of sulfuric acid showed a significant increase in rooting response compared to the control. Aged cuttings that were aged in sulfuric acid solution for 3 days also showed a highly significant increase in rooting response when treated with the same concentrations. Higher concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% sulfuric acid resulted in a significant decrease in rooting response. The study also found that sulfuric acid treatment led to a significant increase in the level of the plant hormone ind
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition of two banana varieties: dwarf and tall. The study found that salt stress influenced the lipid composition differently between the two varieties. For the dwarf variety, triglyceride and diglyceride levels were not affected by increasing salt concentration, but monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more influenced. For the tall variety, triglycerides were absent even in control plants not exposed to salt stress, and membrane lipids seemed less affected than in the dwarf variety. The results indicate that the lipid composition of the tall variety is less sensitive to salt stress than the dwarf variety.
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS (WAQAS AZEEM)Waqas Azeem
This document discusses heavy metals contamination of soil and their uptake in the food chain. It provides details on various techniques used for remediation of contaminated soils, with a focus on phytoremediation. Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microbes to remove, contain or render harmless contaminants in soil and water. Factors that affect phytoremediation like plant species, soil properties and metal properties are discussed. The use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation of heavy metals like arsenic is also described.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
Kern, John - Transgenic Salt Tolerance ReviewJohn Kern
This document summarizes research on engineering agricultural plants for improved salt tolerance through genetic engineering. It discusses genes from model organisms like Arabidopsis and yeast that improve salt tolerance when transferred to crop plants. Genes from halophytic plants, which are naturally salt tolerant, are also discussed. The document outlines past research and calls for future work, including combining multiple salt tolerance genes, comparative analysis of similar genes, and further research on halophytes and the biological costs of salt tolerance.
Alterations in macro and micronutrient uptake by Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.)...Open Access Research Paper
The Jambu, an herbaceous plant widely consumed in the Amazon in typical dishes and in natura, is also found in Central America, Asia, and even in Europe. Its behavior when exposed to heavy metals is unknown and, being Cd one of the most phytotoxic metals, the objective is to elucidate how Cd influences nutrient uptake by jambu. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and six repetitions, in a hydroponic culture system. Four doses of Cd (1, 3, 6 and 9mg/L), plus a control were used. At the end of the experiment, chemical analyses were performed to quantify the content of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the leaf, stem, inflorescence and root. The results were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis and show a significant increase in K, Mg and Ca, up to a dose of 6mg/L of Cd. The micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu also showed a significant increase in the absorption, until the dose of 6mg/L. The difference in uptake ranged from 23.02% for Cu to 151.9% for Ca in relation to the uptake of the nutrients by the control plants. The dose of 9mg/L, produced an antagonistic effect, with a reduction in the uptake of the nutrients, with the exception of Ca. In general, Cd in small doses produced in the jambu a stimulant effect and in larger doses, a toxic effect. This behavior indicates a hormetic effect of jambu against Cd.
This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different pre-emergence herbicides on the mineral nutrition of two sunflower hybrids. The study found that:
1) Fertilizers increased the biomass and nutrient content of shoots for both hybrids in all herbicide treatments.
2) Herbicides decreased the fresh and dry weight of shoots for the hybrids, with the herbicide Afalon Dispersion causing the largest decrease.
3) The herbicide treatments influenced the nutrient content of the two hybrids unevenly. The herbicide Stomp 330 most inhibited the uptake of nutrients in sunflowers, while Afalon Dispersal increased the concentration of N,
Lab 3 – BiodiversityExperiment 1 Effects of Water Pollution o.docxsmile790243
Lab 3 – Biodiversity
Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
Water clean, clear and no smell
2
Water remains clear, veggie oil floats on top of water its light yellow on top and clear on bottom, no smell
3
Looks a little foggy and smell like vinegar
4
Water turned light blue and smell like laundry detergent
5
Turned a little dark but no smell
6
Water turned darker brown, but no smell.
7
Water turned a darker brown, smells like vinegar and all water came through the soil
8
Water turned very dark, all water came through soil, still smell like laundry detergent
1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer = Some of the water remained clear with no smell. When water was mixed with oil the oil floated to top and water remained clear at the bottom. Water looked foggy when mixed with vinegar and smelled like vinegar as well.
2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer = Oil spills can contaminate nearby water sources Improperly disposing oil, acids and detergents can also cause water contamination. Houses septic tank, and pipes not properly installed fan cause nearby water contamination.
3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer = The contaminated water is dark, dirty color and the treated water is a light brown clearer than contaminated water. I wasn’t able to smell anything from contaminated or treated water.
4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer = First thing I did to purifying the contaminated was water was adding the 10grams of alum mixing it with water, which is call coagulation. This caused the dirt to clump up and sink to bottom and separated from the water that was separated from the water. Secondly was sedimentation, when I poured the water that was separated from the dirt into the filter and the marked beginning of the filtration process. While the water was filtering, the water also slowed down while trying to pass through the filter which was made of charcoal, gravel and sand. The filter worked because the water was cleaner in the beaker below the funnel. Lastly was the purifying, a sma ...
Effect of arsenic in environment, plant humansAlok Samal
This document discusses arsenic contamination in the environment and its effects on plants and human health. It provides background on arsenic sources and levels found naturally and due to human activities like mining. Plants and fungi can bioaccumulate and transform arsenic, while rice and vegetables grown in contaminated areas can transfer arsenic into the food chain. Chronic low-level arsenic exposure is linked to skin lesions and cancers in humans. The document also outlines arsenic toxicokinetics and toxicity in animals and humans.
Similar to Resistant Nature to Toxicity of Rice Plant, Growing on Acid Sulphate Soil, Mekong Delta (20)
A Predictive Factor For Short-Term Outcome In Patients With COVID-19: CT Scor...suppubs1pubs1
This study aimed to determine if the extent of lung involvement on CT scans can predict short-term outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The study analyzed 253 COVID-19 patients in China, 63 of whom died in the hospital. Non-survivors were older, more often male, and had more preexisting health conditions compared to survivors. On CT scans, non-survivors had higher lung involvement scores, and were more likely to have findings like bronchial dilation and diffuse opacity. Higher lung involvement scores, lower oxygen levels, bacterial coinfection, and preexisting conditions were associated with higher odds of death based on statistical analysis. The study suggests that thoroughly assessing CT scans together with patient details may help predict outcomes and optimize COVID
Features of Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancersuppubs1pubs1
A significant part of research on Thyroid Cancer (TC) incidence changes after nuclear disasters concerns mainly the dose effects on this oncopathology, as well as radiation epidemiology. Meanwhile, the features of this disease like gender characteristics of the stages and histological forms of cancer are of particular interest. The incidence and risks of various stages and forms of TC were analyzed in the present study
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Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS), also known as progressive facial hemyatrophy is a rare clinical entity with prevalence of 1 case on 250 000 of general population [1-3]. It was first described by C.Parry in 1825 and – later – by M.Romberg in 1846 [1,2]. Course of this syndrome ends in atrophy of subcutaneous fat with skin changes, en coupe de sabre sign, in some cases facial muscles wasting, ophthalmic and nervous systems involvement [4-9].
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Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes consist of having nucleotide binding domain and leucine rich repeat with the pyrin and HIN domain family. The NLRP3 inflammasome one of these members of family. It is activated upon sensing microbes or danger associated molecular pattern. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to activation of caspase 1 which is in turn activate proinflmmatory cytokines/chemomokines.
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The treatment and management for COVID-19 continues to evolve as we have gained more experience with infected patients over the past year of this pandemic. The goal of the medical team is to optimize the care and balance the risk and benefits of each intervention and treatment. Currently, guidelines include starting dexamethasone therapy for patients requiring supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. However, each treatment and intervention comes with risks. Here, we discuss the case of a 76-year old male who presented to the ED with dyspnea and cough after being diagnosed with COVID-19 three days prior.
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Congenital megacalycosis of Pugivert is a rare clinical entity which denotes presence of dilated calyces most often without any functional abnormality and Segmental mega-ureter implies large, focal segmental ureteral dilatation producing a distorted ureter. Megacalycosis with an ipsilateral segmental mega-ureter is a rarer association of which only a few cases have been reported after its original description. It is diagnosed incidentally or the patient might present with urinary tract infection or calculus formation and usually respond to conservative management.
Advances Perspectives in Syncytin-1 From Biology to Clinical Practicessuppubs1pubs1
Syncytin-1 serves as an enveloped membrane glycoprotein encoded from env gene and expressed in placenta specifically as HERV-W member product of human genome playing an essential role in cell fusion process of from trophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast during each individual pregnancy. It is widely maintained that unusual expressive levels of syncytin-1 have close relationships to obstetrical syndromes such as pre-eclampsia as a typical gestational hypertension symptom. In this review, correlations between syncytin-1 and related diseases are in detailed discussions.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma: A Case Reportsuppubs1pubs1
Metastasizing benign leiomyoma is an extrauterine smooth muscle tumour. Leiomyoma in spine is extremely rare. We report a case of a 47-year-old female with benign leiomyoma metastasizing to the spine. To our knowledge no case of benign leiomyoma metastasizing to the spine has been reported before. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed C6, C7 vertebral involvement, T2, T4, T7, T8, T11, L2, L3, L4, L5 moderate spinal canal stenosis and cord impingement and cord compression at T12 level. She also presented with growth over her right elbow and psoas muscle.
Clinical Features and general Symptoms of COVID-19 Illness and Influenza: Dif...suppubs1pubs1
The document summarizes the clinical features and symptoms of COVID-19 and influenza. While the viruses have similarities, there are differentiating factors. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has an incubation period of up to 14 days, with symptoms like fever, dry cough, and loss of taste and smell. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses and has a shorter incubation period of 5 days, with symptoms like fever, fatigue, and dry cough but no loss of taste or smell. Pneumonia is a common complication of both but presents differently based on the causing virus. Laboratory tests are needed to definitively diagnose the infection.
Meigs syndrome is characterized by the presence of hydrothorax and ascites in the presence of solid, benign ovarian tumors that resolve after tumor removal. Pseudo-Meigs syndrome is defined as hydrothorax and ascites associated with pelvic tumors other than those identified in Meigs syndrome.
The Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among Internal Displaced Persons In Alsalam Ca...suppubs1pubs1
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the largest prevalence of this disease is in Asia (59%) and Africa (26%).
Zeehan Hospital, Zeehan, Tasmania. The First Forty Years, During The Mining B...suppubs1pubs1
The clinical details of the patients admitted to the Zeehan Hospital in Tasmania, Australia from the opening date of the hospital in 1894 for the subsequent forty years during the peak of the mining period in Zeehan are presented. Major features are the frequent but uncompensated industrial fatalities and accidents, outbreaks of infectious diseases in the pre-antibiotic era and the damage to individuals and the environment from severe metal pollution, yet an apparent silence about the issue of clinical lead poisoning.
Zeehan Hospital, Zeehan, Tasmania. The First Forty Years, During The Mining B...suppubs1pubs1
The clinical details of the patients admitted to the Zeehan Hospital in Tasmania, Australia from the opening date of the hospital in 1894 for the subsequent forty years during the peak of the mining period in Zeehan are presented. Major features are the frequent but uncompensated industrial fatalities and accidents, outbreaks of infectious diseases in the pre-antibiotic era and the damage to individuals and the environment from severe metal pollution, yet an apparent silence about the issue of clinical lead poisoning.
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Although pandemics of its scale and geographical coverage are not unprecedented as widely claimed, coronavirus continues to pose novel and complex challenges to governments, businesses, and individuals. Governments had and continue to have obligations to respond speedily with both health and economic policies to prevent irrevocable damages to their respective economies and sovereignties-some more successful than others.
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This document describes a new surgical method for treating congenital polydactyly (extra fingers) of the hand in a 1.5 year old child. The method involves removing an underdeveloped extra finger but preserving its skin. The bones of a more functional extra finger are then transposed to the distal metacarpal bone and fixed with wiring. The preserved skin from the removed finger is used to form the full volume of the new thumb, ensuring good hand function and appearance. The results were an effective grip and aesthetically pleasing thumb reconstruction using tissues from the removed finger.
Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency (ADSL) and Report the First Case from Iransuppubs1pubs1
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is a neurometabolic disorder associated by accumulation of succinylpurines in body fluids that causes encephalopathy. It’s a rare neurological dysfunction with psychomotor retardation and epilepsy. We introduce here a five-and-a-half-year-old patient who was referred to the Neurology Department, Mofid Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
It was Kepler who first asked whether contra-globally bounded homomorphisms can be classified. Hence unfortunately, we cannot assume that M is differentiable and pointwise generic. Therefore this reduces the results of [9] to a well-known result of Sylvester [32, 21]. Now it would be interesting to apply the techniques of [31] to associative, naturally Euclid elements. Thus a central problem in elliptic calculus is the derivation of countable monoids.
A New Radically Improved Model of the Circulation with Important Clinical Imp...suppubs1pubs1
Blood flow is normally controlled by individual tissues, providing the appropriate rate of oxygen delivery (DO2 ). Cardiac output is the result of the addition of all tissue blood flows. Cardiac output is therefore controlled at the tissues, not heart or brain. Complications in anesthesia are from lowered DO2 due to venous relaxation lowering arterial pressure. Arterial blood pressure depends on arterial volume, in turn depending on total blood volume and venous volume control. The usual idea, arterial pressure is controlled by arteriolar tone in therefore incorrect. The bases of these assertions, are outlined in sections 1 and 2, and implications in section 3. Further interesting surgical phenomena receive attention, including carotid endarterectomy effects on hypertension, and potential improvement in treatment of myocardial ischemia.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
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Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
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Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
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It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
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STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
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Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
2. 3. Materials and Research Methods
3.1. Material
Whole acid sulphate soil (not disturbed by cultivation): Heavy al-
kaline soil with pH = 3, 6 - 4, 1; Al3+
= 500 - 800 ppm, although
the plants do not die but the toxicity is also very heavy, from which
people choose resistant alum varieties.
Vietnamese rice varieties
• Select a selection of 15 new rice varieties including new
varieties (IR38) and local varieties (Ca Dung)
• Compare and select toxity-tolerant varieties: including
good alum-tolerant rice varieties, weak alum-resistant
rice varieties (rice varieties living on alum soil during the
research process).
• The indicator tree is also a control plant: Elocharis Dul-
cis: take normal growing plants, transplant into pots with
alum soil.
• With the control variant of soil: Neutral alluvial soil (Tien
river) is not alum or toxic.
So we have 2 control variant: With plants: Good alum-tol-
erant rice transplantation compared to poor alum-resis-
tant rice and compared with indicator plants.
The toxicity and tolerance test of rice increased the tox-
icity levels (Fe2+
, Al3+
, SO4
2-
content increased gradually
compared to the control (alluvial soil: non-toxic).
Experimental arrangement in pots placed in a greenhouse
• Arrangement in pots (diameter r=30cm, height: 50cm,
porcelain and porcelain materials), put in greenhouses
(Poly Etylen)
• Experiment with 5 treatments, 4 replications, sequential-
ly according to latin cell, the level of toxicity: increasing,
with treatments:
• With Al3+
1. Al3+
= 0ppm, 2. Al3+
= 135 ppm, 3. Al3+
= 500, 4. Al3+
=
800ppm and 5. Al3+
= 1000ppm,
• With Fe2+
1. Fe2+
= 0 ppm, 2. Fe2+
= 600 ppm; 3. Fe2+
= 800 ppm; 4.
Fe2+ =
900 ppm; 5. Fe2+
= 1000 ppm.
• Maintaining sufficient alkaline water to flood the soil (5-7
cm)
3.1.1. Arranging field experiments
• Rice plants: On Nhi Xuan acid sulphate soil, plot: 25m2,
soil kept unchanged, no plowing, arranged Experiment 4
times, according to random sequential plot.
• Location: Whole alum soil belongs to Nhi Xuan Farm,
Nhi Xuan commune, Binh Chanh district, Southwest, Ho
Chi Minh City.
• Maintaining alum toxicity by adjusting the natural alum
water in the area.
• Adjust the toxicity through 2 periods: 1: high and 2- low
to identify the reaction of rice physiology and biochemis-
try: the activity of 3 enzymes.
Tracking criteria:
• Growth and development of rice, especially 3-4 stages of
true leaves (roots, stems, leaves, ...)
• Monitoring the development and toxicity of control acid
sulphate soil eco-indicator plant (Eleocharis Dulcis)
• Analysis of activity enzyme of rice plant : Take the sec-
ond leaf (strongest activity leaf )
Analysis criteria:
• Soil and water environment: pH, Fe2+
, Al3+
, SO4
2-
, PO4
3-
by
standr method (TCVN 2013)
• Activation of enzymes in functional leaves in rice: Am-
ylase, Catalase, Peroxydase, Phosphatase Bio- analysic
Method (Standar VN 2009.)
4. Results
4.1. The Effect of Aluminum Toxicity (Al3+
) and Iron (Fe2+
) in
Soil on the Growth of Rice
Al3+
can be toxic even at low concentrations of 1-2ppm (D. Dent-
1986, Le Huy Ba-1982) observed and analyzed on acid sulfate
soil, said on the field when dry soil has a layer of Al2
(SO4
)3
emerg-
es in white, light and porous masses; When it is wet, it will con-
tain mucus which contains 4,26% (Al3+
) and 38,4% (SO4
2-
). Al3+
has symptoms that are not always easy to recognize. For rice, the
symptoms are expressed right at the roots (deformed, dented and
brittle roots, although the color of the roots is not as black as iron
poisoning), if the aluminum toxicity is high, the short rice roots
will lose their hairs and die.
Le Huy Ba's research showed that at a concentration of Al3+
at 135
ppm beginning effect . While in the yield experiment, concentra-
tion of Al#+
at 500 ppm will effect on young rice plant (at rice
plant have 3 real leaf ). Thus, influence of toxic ion is dependen on
environmental condition
In addition, when Al3+
and Fe2+
exist simultaneously, the toxicity
of soil also increases much more than normal [3].
In acid sulphate soils, Fe2+
, Fe3+
combine with S2-
to form FeS
compound which attaches tightly to rice roots, impeding nutrient
uptake in the soil as well as affecting respiration, causing rice roots
to die.
4.1.1. The Effect of Al3+
on Young Rice Plants
Al3+
is a dangerous poison in the true tricuspid phase: at the con-
centration of Al3+
= 135ppm in nutrient Konsac solution has begun
ajsccr.org 2
Volume 2 | Issue 3
3. to have an effect, especially for poorly tolerated varieties, and at
150 ppm there is a sign of death and up to 600 ppm die a lot. At
1,000 ppm in 20 days, the rice dies as softly as it is boiled water.
It is worth noting that the roots are poisoned although the hairs are
shed a lot, the roots are atrophied but the color is still white.
4.1.2. The Influence of Fe2+
on Young Rice Plants
At Fe2+
= 150ppm, the effect has begun to affect and at 600ppm, it
is lethal to the less poisonous young rice varieties. However, man-
ifestations in black roots and high mortality rates. Good poison tol-
erant varieties have a higher tolerance level, but if Fe2+
is at 1,000
ppm, the mortality will occur in both rice varieties very quickly.
When the rice plant has Fe2+
poisoning, it affects the roots (the
number of root hairs is reduced) Unlike Al poisoning, iron root
poisoning is not white but becomes black, as a result of H2
S has
an effect with Fe to form FeS. , attaching to the outer layer of the
rice roots, Fe2+
has decreased but still hinders domestic exchange
processes. Moreover, the tips of the roots often become parrots in
one piece, while the leaves have many spots similar to the disease
of fire injection.
4.1.3. Compare the Effects of Al3+
and Fe2+
Toxins
At Fe2+
= 600ppm, Al3+
= 135ppm rice was damaged. On the other
hand, when the concentration of Fe2+ = 600 ppm, Al3+
= 135ppm,
the harmful effects become many times greater than each individu-
al toxin. This is evident in all indicators and in turn goes from less
poisoned to medium tolerant varieties to fairly toxic ones.
4.2. Effect of Toxic Concentration in Acid Sulphate Environ-
ment on Enzyme Activity of Catalase Enzyme and Indicator
The results in (Figure 1) indicate that the activity of this enzyme
depends primarily on the growth period: They tend to decrease in
both acid sulphate soils and in alum soil; then came the influence
of soil environmental toxins. On the other hand, we see that in acid
sulfate environment, enzyme activity of catalase is always lower
than that on non-acid alluvial soil (average data of 8 varieties).
This comment is at the confidence level with t=4,936 and t0,99
=
2,977. This effect is more significant when we compare between
alum-resistant varieties like Ca Đung and alum-resistant varieties
like IR38 (Figure 1) also with 95% confidence.
While on alluvial soil, the enzyme activity of Enzyme Catalase in
IR38 is always higher than that of Ca Dung, whereas in acid sul-
phate soil, the opposite is true: when toxic concentration increases
(days 35 and 102), activity decreases (toxin). in soil, it is higher
Al3+
= 800-900ppm, SO4
2-
= 0.3-0.35%, pHH2O
= 3.5-3.6) (Figure
2.).
Figure1: Effects of toxic substances in the soil on the activity enzyme Catalase compares between non-toxic soils and acid
sulphate soils.
Figure 2: Effect of toxic concentration in acid sulfate environment to enzyme activity of Catalase enzyme in indicator
(Eleocharis dulcis) and rice plants.
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4. 4.3. Effect of Toxic Substances in Acid Sulphate Soil Envi-
ronment on Enzyme Activity Peroxydase in Indicator Leaves
(Eleocharis Dulcis) and Rice Plants
Unlike Catalase, when the toxicity in acid sulphate environment
increased (at 21, 60 days after sowing), the activity of the Peroxy-
dase enzyme in rice leaves increased again (Figure 3). This rule is
confirmed with high confidence t = 3,400> t0,99
= 2,977.
The study results showed that the activity of the enzyme Peroxy-
dase in the leaves depends on the growth period of the lua: high in
the middle stage (60-70 days). On the other hand, it also depends
on the characteristics of plants and varieties: the Eleocharis dulcis
and Ca Dung alum tolerant varieties are always more active and
more clearly expressed against the toxin than the less tolerant va-
rieties, alum IR38.
Compared with the activity in non-alum alluvial soil, when the
toxicity increased, Ca Dung variety had this activity increased by
+280% (compared to the control), while the IR38 variety increased
only +247% (compared to the control). This was data of Eleocha-
risdulcis - plant indicator for acid sulfate soil, supplemented and
confirmed with absolute confidence (99%). That makes us appre-
ciate, the right role of Peroxydase with alum poison resistance (Ta-
ble 1).
In contrast, in the case of leaves, the peroxydase enzyme in plant
roots living on acid sulfate soil was strongly inhibited of toxins in
the soil environment (Figure 4). That is, when the toxicity in the
soil increases, this enzyme activity in the roots of the leaves is less
resistant to alum and alum tolerance, including in the grass roots.
On the other hand, the enzyme activity in the root plays a small
role: releasing energy, providing for lua, after being poisoned: for
example, on the 87th day when the toxin decreased, this enzyme
activity increased by +63% with Ca Dung and +40,1% with IR38.
Thus, according to the above result, the Enoxydasa enzyme in
leaves plays a role in promoting Nang and Lua plants to fight
against invading toxins. However, this role only appears to be
within a certain limit of the level of toxicity in the soil environment
and the characteristics of different varieties (Table 2).
Table 2. Limiting the toxic effect of Enoxydase enzyme in plant
leaves to toxic substances in the environment, on the 25th day after
planting.
• For Nang grass indicator plants that can tolerate toxic
substances in soil at the highest level with:
Al3+
≤950 ± 31 ppm, Fe2+
≤ 907 ± 44 ppm, SO4
2-
≤ 3209
±48 ppm.
• For Ca dung varieties, resistant to alum well, at the level:
Al3+
≤ 890 ppm, Fe2+
≤ 842ppm, SO4
2-
≤0,26%
• For poorly resistant alum like IR38, it is only at level:
Al3+
≤ 750 ppm, Fe2+
≤ 676ppm, SO4
2-
≤ 0,28%.
Correlation between toxins and P2
O5
in the soil environment and
enzyme activity Peroxydase in plants.
The toxic effect on this enzyme activity and the interaction be-
tween them is partly reflected through the correlation coefficient
(R).
In the above correlation coefficients, it is worth noting: the pos-
itive correlation between this Enxime activity in the leaves of
Nang grass and R = +0,8432. At the same time, we also found a
positive correlation between the activity of the leaves of Ca Dung
alum-tolerant alum with the concentration of Al3+
in the soil envi-
ronment with R = +0,802. On the other hand, it should be noted the
inverse correlation between this enzyme activity in alum-tolerant
luu (IR38) with Al3+
content in soil environment with R = -0,859.
It is the characteristics of alum-resistant plants different from the
alum-resistant plants (Table 3).
Table 1: Toxic in acid sulphate soil environment
Toxic in alum soil environment high low
Al3+
(ppm) 805 465
Fe2+
(ppm) 898 609
SO4
2-
(%) 0.32 0.13
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Volume 2 | Issue 3
5. Figure 3: Effect of toxins in soil environment on Peroxydase activity in rice roots and indicator plants
Figure 4: Effects of toxins in soil environment on Peroxydase activity in rice roots (Ca Dung, IR38, Eleocharis dulcis)
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Volume 2 | Issue 3
6. Table 2: Limiting the toxic effect of Enoxydase enzyme in plant leaves to toxic substances in the environment, on the 25th day after planting.
(t0,95
= 2,447)
Table 3: Correlation coefficient (R) between the concentration of P2
O5
toxins in the soil environment and Enxime Peroxydase (M) activity in the plants.
4.4. Toxic Effect in Acid Sulphate Soil Environment on En-
zyme Phosphatase Activity in Indicator and Rice Plants
Influence Phosphatase in indicator leaves and rice plants.
Toxicity in the acid sulphate environment not only limits the activ-
ity of enzyme Catalaza, Peroxydase in the roots, but also limits the
activity of Phophatase enzyme in the leaves of the indicator plants
and the lua. This is shown when the toxicity increased twice, this
enzyme activity decreased at -21.2% and -53.6%, with Ca Dung
variety; -40.7% and -69.6% for the IR38 variety, while for the
Nang grass indicator plants, there is a decrease of -45% and -18%.
Equally interesting is the discovery of the role of Peroxydase in the
leaves, where this Phophatase enzyme plays an important role in
helping the plant recover after poisoning.
It is confirmed that this rule depends on the type and variety char-
acteristics. They become significant in the case of Ca Dung alum
and indicator plants. For example, on day 87 when the toxicity in
the soil decreased from low to high, this activity in the grass indi-
cator increased by +59.9% and especially in alum-tolerant plants
Ca dung increased by +643%, while the same was tolerated alum
also increased but lower, at only +314% compared to the control.
Another feature to note is that this activity also depends on the
growth time of the later stages than the previous period.
Affects the Phophatase in rice roots
Unlike the leaves, the enzyme Phophatase in roots has very weak
activity (Table 4). A comparison between the two varieties shows
that this enzyme activity in the roots of Nang grass is a poison-tol-
erant adaptive wild plant that has a greater activity than alum-tol-
erant lua (Ca Dung). Alum tolerant lua root is more active than
alum-resistant lua (IR38).
This is manifested in the inequality:
M (Eleocharis Dulcis) > M (Ca Dung) > M(IR38)
(M: Phosphatase enzyme activity in roots)
The data in (Table 5) show that there is a negative and tight cor-
relation between the concentration of Al3+
toxin in the soil and the
Phophatase activity in the leaves, especially for the alum toler-
ant variety less than IR38. This proves that plants have mobilized
Peroxydase into the body to support the vitality of trees. On the
other hand, Phosphatase is inversely and tightly correlated with
the amount of Al3+
in plants. This proves that there is an inverse
and opposite reaction that inhibits each other between the toxin
and Perory dase and phosphatase. Particularly noteworthy is the
correlation between this enzyme activity and the accumulation of
free phosphorus of Ca Dung alum tolerant variety (R = +0.6441),
with 99% confidence.
Table 4: The influence of toxic substances in acid sulphate soil environment on the enzyme activity Phophatase in the roots indicates acid sulphate-re-
sistant and acid-resistant rice plants.
The day after sowing Toxic in soil environment
Acid sulphate soil Non toxic soil
Eleocharis Dulcis
Type of rice plants
Eleocharis Dulcis
Type of rice plants
Cà Dung IR38 Cà Dung IR38
21 high 1.29 1.29 0.96 0.14 3.5 2.21
36 low 0.42 0.34 small 0.42 0.3 0.41
66 high small small small Streaks Streaks Streaks
87 low small small small Streaks Streaks Streaks
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Volume 2 | Issue 3
Total concentration of toxic substances in the environment (ppm) Plant type
Variant Al3+
Fe2+
SO4
2-
Eleocharis dulas Ca Dung IR38
1 100 ± 5 135 ± 4 1000 ± 18 1.65 ± 0.07 1.26 ± 0.07 1.10 ± 0.08
2 450 ± 12 467 ± 18 1500 ± 47 2.47 ± 0.08 1.38 ± 0.04 1.15 ± 0.06
3 750 ± 16 676 ± 24 2108 ± 86 3.28 ± 0.10 1.62 ± 0.05 1.25 ± 0.05
4 890 ± 24 842 ± 32 2606 ± 58 3.30 ± 0.04 1.92 ± 0.10 0.62 ± 0.04
5 950 ± 31 907 ± 44 3209 ± 48 3.85 ± 0.14 1.64 ± 0.06 0.13 ± 0.00
6 1085 ± 525 1050 ±58 3693 ± 92 1.67 ± 0.12 0.10 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.00
7 Non-toxic soil environment (control) 1.51 ± 0.04 1.45 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.05
Correlate M - SO4
2-
M - Fe2+
M - Al3+
M - P2
O5
In the tree leaves roots leaves Roots Leaves Root Leaves Root
Eleocharis Dulcis +0.7204 -0.2015 +0.6344 -0.2104 +0.8432 -0.3215 -0.3467 +0.5241
Cà Dung +0.6843 -0.2254 +0.6278 -0.2447 +0.8023 -0.3254 -0.3670 +0.4632
IR38 +0.3452 -0.4568 +0.4312 -0.5649 +0.6174 -0.8592 -0.2891 +0.3434
7. Table 5: Correlation (R) between toxic concentration in soil environment
and activity (A) of Phosphatase enzyme in alum-resistant and alum-resis-
tant plants.
Plants A - SO4
2-
A -Fe2+
A - Al3+
A - P2
O5
Cà Dung -0.3648 -0.5601 -0.6462 *** +0.6441***
IR38 -0.5001 -0.6239 -0.8972 0.4427
That allows us to deduce that phosphorus and phophatase play a
large role in the mechanism of plant poison resistance to toxins in
the soil environment.
(***: Eleocharis dulcis, A: phosphatase activity)
5. Conclusion
Thus, based on the results of experiments of many years of re-
search from 1979 up to now, it is possible to come to the conclu-
sion:
• High concentrations of toxins in the soil environment
strongly inhibited the activity of Phosphatase enzymes in
the roots, in the indicator leaves, and especially for rice,
especially for plants that are less resistant to alum.
• Enzime Phosphatase in leaves has the effect of provid-
ing energy for the plants to recover from poisoning. The
activity of this enzyme is inversely correlated with the
content of Al3+
in soil and Al3+
in plants. This proves that
the antagonism between enzymes and toxins is evident,
especially with Al3+
toxins.
• Highly toxic in alum soil environment inhibits enzyme
activity Peroxydase in rice roots. Under these conditions,
peroxydase in the root plays a small role in helping the
plant recover.
• We have sufficient basis to confirm that the enzyme
Enoxydase in leaves plays an important role, against the
harmful effects of toxins. When the toxin in the soil, in
plants increased activity of this enzyme also increased
higher than the control.
When the toxicity increases, the Peroxydase in the alum tree leaves
will also increase +280% (compared to the control); while the al-
um-resistant plants did not increase (compared to the control).
When the toxicity decreased, Peroxydase in alum-resistant plants
was also higher than alum-resistant: +643% for alum-resistant rice
compared to the control. The poorly resistant alum variety only
increased +314% (compared to the control).
References
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