This document discusses the insecticidal effects of mixtures of potassium soap and pyrethroids on the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) found in potato plants. Key points:
- PLRV is a virus transmitted to potato plants by whiteflies, causing leaf curling, stunting and yield reduction.
- Individual applications of potassium palmitate soap or pyrethroid insecticides were not very effective at controlling whiteflies.
- A mixture of potassium palmitate soap and pyrethroids was found to have enhanced insecticidal efficacy compared to individual components.
- Mixtures with a pH between 9.73-10.44 were most effective after 4 weeks of application, resulting in 45-59
IRJET- Phytochemical Screening and Effect of PH in the Antimicrobial Acti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis at varying pH levels. Ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas) using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Testing the extracts at different pH levels from acidic to alkaline showed increased antimicrobial activity with increasing pH. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly and economically viable plant protection products. It discusses how commonly used synthetic pesticides damage the environment. The researchers synthesized mixtures of potassium palmitate/pyrethroids and potassium stearate/pyrethroids as non-persistent insecticides against whiteflies on bean plants. Physical characterization techniques were used to analyze the formulations. Results showed the formulations were effective against whiteflies and viruses they transmit with minimal environmental impact. The formulations have potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling whiteflies and diseases on bean crops.
This document discusses the effects of chemical fertilizers and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth of citronella plants (Cymbopogon winterianus). It outlines an experiment to evaluate how different amounts of GA3, conventional fertilizer, and slow-release fertilizer impact the vegetative characteristics, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in citronella plants. The experiment involves applying various concentrations of GA3 and fertilizers to citronella plant slips and measuring their effects on the plant's physical and chemical properties over time.
This document reports on a study that characterized the bioactive compounds alkaloids and flavonoids in the methanolic root extract of Napoleona imperialis, a plant used in folk medicine to treat wounds and hypertension. Gas chromatography was used to identify and quantify flavonoids and alkaloids in the root extract. The results showed that the extract contained higher concentrations of the flavonoids epicatechin and lunamarine than other flavonoids and alkaloids tested. The presence of these antioxidant compounds, particularly flavonoids, provides rationale for the traditional medicinal uses of the plant in wound healing and as an antihypertensive.
This document summarizes a study that developed three ragi-based premixes - a control (Mix C) and two antioxidant-rich mixes (Mix A and Mix B) enriched with curry leaves and/or amla. The vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, polyphenol, and antioxidant content of the mixes was analyzed and compared. Mixes A and B had higher levels of antioxidants like vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and polyphenols compared to Mix C. All three mixes showed moderate to high free radical scavenging activity, with Mixes A and B exhibiting significantly higher antioxidant activity than Mix C. Sensory evaluation of mathris prepared with the mixes
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
Optimization and Production of Itaconic Acid from Estuarine Aspergillus terre...BRNSS Publication Hub
Itaconic acid (IA) is an organic acid. It is used in medicine, resins, agriculture, and polymer production. In the present study, sediment sample was collected aseptically from Vellar estuary, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. About 1.6 × 102 to 6.1 × 103 colony forming units/g density of fungal strains were isolated and screened for IA production. As a result of the tested strains Aspergillus terreus was observed as the most potential strain. Optimization was done at different temperatures (25–45°C), in different pH (5.0–7.0). The impact of salinity on IA production was evaluated using various salinity (5–25 ppt), carbon sources (1% w/v of glucose, sucrose, dextrose, and maltose), nitrogen sources (0.5% sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium nitrate), and cheaper sources (1% w/v molasses, jackfruit waste, wheat bran, and coconut oil cake). As a result optimized culture condition for IA production was 1% w/v of glucose - best carbon source, 1% w/v molasses - best cheaper carbon source, 0.5% of sodium nitrate - best nitrogen source, salinity - 20 ppt, temperature - 40°C, and pH - 5.5 and incubation time – 96 h. Compared to glucose (0.41 mg/ml) production of IA was high when molasses (0.61 mg/ml) was used as carbon source, it is also economically good. Mass scale culture was done using molasses instead of glucose with an optimized parameter. After mass scale culture, IA production was 6.3g/l.
1) The study compared the production of biosurfactants by two bacterial strains (Strain 1 and Strain 2) using different carbon sources and concentrations.
2) The results showed that Strain 1 produced more biosurfactants than Strain 2. Dextrose as a carbon source at a concentration of 1.5% resulted in the highest biosurfactant yield for both strains.
3) Increasing the concentration of carbon sources from 0.5% to 1.5% generally increased biosurfactant production, indicating that higher concentrations favored biosurfactant production by the bacteria.
IRJET- Phytochemical Screening and Effect of PH in the Antimicrobial Acti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis at varying pH levels. Ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts of Hibiscus Mutabilis leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas) using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Testing the extracts at different pH levels from acidic to alkaline showed increased antimicrobial activity with increasing pH. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly and economically viable plant protection products. It discusses how commonly used synthetic pesticides damage the environment. The researchers synthesized mixtures of potassium palmitate/pyrethroids and potassium stearate/pyrethroids as non-persistent insecticides against whiteflies on bean plants. Physical characterization techniques were used to analyze the formulations. Results showed the formulations were effective against whiteflies and viruses they transmit with minimal environmental impact. The formulations have potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling whiteflies and diseases on bean crops.
This document discusses the effects of chemical fertilizers and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth of citronella plants (Cymbopogon winterianus). It outlines an experiment to evaluate how different amounts of GA3, conventional fertilizer, and slow-release fertilizer impact the vegetative characteristics, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in citronella plants. The experiment involves applying various concentrations of GA3 and fertilizers to citronella plant slips and measuring their effects on the plant's physical and chemical properties over time.
This document reports on a study that characterized the bioactive compounds alkaloids and flavonoids in the methanolic root extract of Napoleona imperialis, a plant used in folk medicine to treat wounds and hypertension. Gas chromatography was used to identify and quantify flavonoids and alkaloids in the root extract. The results showed that the extract contained higher concentrations of the flavonoids epicatechin and lunamarine than other flavonoids and alkaloids tested. The presence of these antioxidant compounds, particularly flavonoids, provides rationale for the traditional medicinal uses of the plant in wound healing and as an antihypertensive.
This document summarizes a study that developed three ragi-based premixes - a control (Mix C) and two antioxidant-rich mixes (Mix A and Mix B) enriched with curry leaves and/or amla. The vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, polyphenol, and antioxidant content of the mixes was analyzed and compared. Mixes A and B had higher levels of antioxidants like vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and polyphenols compared to Mix C. All three mixes showed moderate to high free radical scavenging activity, with Mixes A and B exhibiting significantly higher antioxidant activity than Mix C. Sensory evaluation of mathris prepared with the mixes
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
Optimization and Production of Itaconic Acid from Estuarine Aspergillus terre...BRNSS Publication Hub
Itaconic acid (IA) is an organic acid. It is used in medicine, resins, agriculture, and polymer production. In the present study, sediment sample was collected aseptically from Vellar estuary, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. About 1.6 × 102 to 6.1 × 103 colony forming units/g density of fungal strains were isolated and screened for IA production. As a result of the tested strains Aspergillus terreus was observed as the most potential strain. Optimization was done at different temperatures (25–45°C), in different pH (5.0–7.0). The impact of salinity on IA production was evaluated using various salinity (5–25 ppt), carbon sources (1% w/v of glucose, sucrose, dextrose, and maltose), nitrogen sources (0.5% sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium nitrate), and cheaper sources (1% w/v molasses, jackfruit waste, wheat bran, and coconut oil cake). As a result optimized culture condition for IA production was 1% w/v of glucose - best carbon source, 1% w/v molasses - best cheaper carbon source, 0.5% of sodium nitrate - best nitrogen source, salinity - 20 ppt, temperature - 40°C, and pH - 5.5 and incubation time – 96 h. Compared to glucose (0.41 mg/ml) production of IA was high when molasses (0.61 mg/ml) was used as carbon source, it is also economically good. Mass scale culture was done using molasses instead of glucose with an optimized parameter. After mass scale culture, IA production was 6.3g/l.
1) The study compared the production of biosurfactants by two bacterial strains (Strain 1 and Strain 2) using different carbon sources and concentrations.
2) The results showed that Strain 1 produced more biosurfactants than Strain 2. Dextrose as a carbon source at a concentration of 1.5% resulted in the highest biosurfactant yield for both strains.
3) Increasing the concentration of carbon sources from 0.5% to 1.5% generally increased biosurfactant production, indicating that higher concentrations favored biosurfactant production by the bacteria.
Phytochemical Screening, Assessment of Mineral Content and Total Flavonoid Co...ijtsrd
In this research work, the Dalbergia Lanceolaria L., Myanmar name Thit pagan was selected to qualify and quantify the flavonoids present in it. The stem bark of Thit pagan was collected from Minbu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar. Firstly, the preliminary phytochemical test of this selected plant was carried out which gave positive for glycoside, flavonoid, polyphenol phenolic, sugar, saponin, tannin, terpene, alkaloid, and lipophenol test. Furthermore, the mineral contents of selected sample were measured by EDXRF method. Moreover, the total flavonoids of selected sample were extracted with 95 EtOH. This extract was checked for qualitative test of flavonoids. It responds positive for Ferric Chloride test, Shinoda's test and Lead Acetate test respectively. In addition, total flavonoid content of Dalbergia Lanceolaria L. was evaluated by the aluminum chloride AlCl3 method using UV Visible spectrophotometer UV 1800, SHIMADZU, UV spectrophotometer at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content of this selected sample was determined as 41.17 0.11 mg quercetin equivalent QE per gram dry weight. Arnt Win | Aye Mon Thida Nyo | Swe Swe Mon | Sabai Phyu "Phytochemical Screening, Assessment of Mineral Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Stem Bark of Dalbergia Lanceolaria L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26776.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/26776/phytochemical-screening-assessment-of-mineral-content-and-total-flavonoid-content-of-stem-bark-of-dalbergia-lanceolaria-l/arnt-win
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
The document discusses a study on using seaweed to reduce the toxicity of industrial effluents. Seedlings of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making effluents, which caused reductions in plant growth and biochemical characteristics. The effluents were then mixed with seaweed powder and the toxicity was reduced. When the plants were treated with the seaweed-treated effluents, their morphometric, pigment, and biochemical characteristics increased compared to treatment with effluents alone. The seaweed was found to effectively adsorb and reduce the toxicity of the effluents.
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition of two banana varieties: dwarf and tall. The study found that salt stress influenced the lipid composition differently between the two varieties. For the dwarf variety, triglyceride and diglyceride levels were not affected by increasing salt concentration, but monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more influenced. For the tall variety, triglycerides were absent even in control plants not exposed to salt stress, and membrane lipids seemed less affected than in the dwarf variety. The results indicate that the lipid composition of the tall variety is less sensitive to salt stress than the dwarf variety.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
Antioxidant activity of hedera helix l. extracts and the main phytoconstituentspharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant activity of extracts from Hedera helix stems and identified phytochemicals in the most active extract. Ethyl acetate, methanol, dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts were tested for antioxidant effects using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antioxidant activity at 84.95% due to compounds like flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of these compounds in the ethyl acetate extract, suggesting they contribute to its antioxidant properties.
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microorganisms from dairy effluent for use in activated sludge treatment. Fifteen bacterial isolates were obtained from dairy plant effluent samples. The isolates were characterized based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and enzymatic properties. Several isolates showed amylase, urease and gelatinase activity. Most isolates were able to utilize glucose and other carbohydrates. Through characterization, microorganisms were identified that could potentially break down dairy effluent organic pollutants in activated sludge treatment.
This document discusses plant polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites found in plants. It focuses on polyphenols found in tea, mulberry, tulsi, algae, and their extraction methods, highest concentrations in foods, and health benefits. Some key applications of polyphenols discussed are their anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Analytical instrumentation used to study polyphenols includes HPLC/MS, GC/MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and therapeutic potential of plant polyphenols.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe veraWan Syafawani
This document analyzes the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera against clinical pathogens. It identifies 26 bioactive phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Aloe vera using GC-MS analysis. It also finds that Aloe vera exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and the highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. However, further research is needed to better understand the effects of oral ingestion and define the clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera.
The Mode of Action of herbicides is important for understanding the management , classification and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance , which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management .
1. The document discusses the application of radiation-produced oligo chitosan as a plant growth promoter through field tests in Indonesia.
2. It describes how shrimp and crab shells from Indonesia's seafood industry can be processed into chitosan and then oligo chitosan using radiation technology.
3. Field tests on crops like chili peppers, potatoes, and carrots showed that spraying oligo chitosan on the soil and plants led to increased yields and improved plant growth compared to untreated control crops.
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) E...sin74
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of chamomile extracts alone and in combination with tetracycline against bacteria that cause wound infections. It found that ethanol and methanol chamomile extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth but not E. coli, Proteus, or Klebsiella. All combinations of chamomile extracts with tetracycline showed strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus, demonstrating a synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and antibiotic. This synergistic effect could provide new treatment approaches for wound infections and help combat rising antibiotic resistance.
IRJET- Scavenging Efficiency of Azolla Pinnata in Effluent as Remediation AgentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata to remediate effluent from a sugar cane industry. Key findings include:
1) Azolla pinnata showed significant growth in diluted effluent (25% concentration) and helped reduce levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and suspended solids.
2) Parameters like chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and seed germination increased for Azolla grown in diluted effluent, indicating uptake of nutrients promoted growth.
3) Treated effluent supported Azolla biomass production and was suitable for irrigation, while the biomass could be used as fertilizer due to accumulated
Effect of some organic acids on some fungal growth and their toxins productionijabjournal
The effect of eight organic acids (propionic, acetic, formic, lactic, tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic acids) as antifungal agents on the growth of four fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxysporum) were studied. The high acidity appeared for oxalic acid being 0.14 at the high concentration (10%), while the lowest acidity recorded for propionic acid and acetic acid being 2.71 and 2.56 at the low concentration (5%). It was observed that, there was no relationship between the efficacy of organic acid and its final pH. Acetic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on A. flavus being 45.21%, but tartaric acid (5%) and citric acid (5%) gave the same lowest inhibition effect (0.42%).
The lowest value of mycelium dry weight (MDW) of P. purpurogenum was 5.92 g/l when acetic acid was
used (10%), but the highest value was 9.38 g/l when tartaric acid (5%) was used. Formic acid (10%) had a
strong effect on the inhibition growth of R. nigricans being 28.65%, similar to propionic acid (10%), acetic
acid (10%), lactic acid (10%), tartaric acid (10%) and citric acid (10%) being 26.57%, 26.38%, 26.19%,
23.53% and 24.48%, respectively. But malic acid (5%) and oxalic acid (5%) were having a week effect on
R. nigricans being 5.31% and 6.45%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on F.
oxysporum being 34.45% and the lowest value was in the case of tartaric acid (5%) being 1.68%. Four
treatments were used to determine aflatoxin B1 production. The highest inhibition (50%) was observed by
R. nigricans in the presence of formic acid (10%). Acetic acid in 10% level inhibited the toxic secretion of
A. flavus and P. purpurogenum to become 25% and 40%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) gave 35% inhibition of toxin production in the presence of F. oxysporum.
Phytochemical Screening, Assessment of Mineral Content and Total Flavonoid Co...ijtsrd
In this research work, the Dalbergia Lanceolaria L., Myanmar name Thit pagan was selected to qualify and quantify the flavonoids present in it. The stem bark of Thit pagan was collected from Minbu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar. Firstly, the preliminary phytochemical test of this selected plant was carried out which gave positive for glycoside, flavonoid, polyphenol phenolic, sugar, saponin, tannin, terpene, alkaloid, and lipophenol test. Furthermore, the mineral contents of selected sample were measured by EDXRF method. Moreover, the total flavonoids of selected sample were extracted with 95 EtOH. This extract was checked for qualitative test of flavonoids. It responds positive for Ferric Chloride test, Shinoda's test and Lead Acetate test respectively. In addition, total flavonoid content of Dalbergia Lanceolaria L. was evaluated by the aluminum chloride AlCl3 method using UV Visible spectrophotometer UV 1800, SHIMADZU, UV spectrophotometer at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content of this selected sample was determined as 41.17 0.11 mg quercetin equivalent QE per gram dry weight. Arnt Win | Aye Mon Thida Nyo | Swe Swe Mon | Sabai Phyu "Phytochemical Screening, Assessment of Mineral Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Stem Bark of Dalbergia Lanceolaria L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26776.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/26776/phytochemical-screening-assessment-of-mineral-content-and-total-flavonoid-content-of-stem-bark-of-dalbergia-lanceolaria-l/arnt-win
Engineering escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to free fatty acidszhenhua82
Fatty acids (FAs) are promising precursors of advanced biofuels. This study investigated conversion of acetic acid (HAc) to FAs by an engineered Escherichia coli strain. We combined established genetic engineering strategies including overexpression of acs and tesA genes, and knockout of fadE in E. coli BL21, resulting in the production of similar to 1 g/L FAs from acetic acid. The microbial conversion of HAc to FAs was achieved with similar to 20% of the theoretical yield. We cultured the engineered strain with HAc-rich liquid wastes, which yielded similar to 0.43 g/L FAs using waste streams from dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and similar to 0.17 g/L FAs using effluent from anaerobic-digested sewage sludge. C-13-isotopic experiments showed that the metabolism in our engineered strain had high carbon fluxes toward FAs synthesis and TCA cycle in a complex HAc medium. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the possibility for coupling the waste treatment with the biosynthesis of advanced biofuel via genetically engineered microbial species.
The document discusses a study on using seaweed to reduce the toxicity of industrial effluents. Seedlings of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making effluents, which caused reductions in plant growth and biochemical characteristics. The effluents were then mixed with seaweed powder and the toxicity was reduced. When the plants were treated with the seaweed-treated effluents, their morphometric, pigment, and biochemical characteristics increased compared to treatment with effluents alone. The seaweed was found to effectively adsorb and reduce the toxicity of the effluents.
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition of two banana varieties: dwarf and tall. The study found that salt stress influenced the lipid composition differently between the two varieties. For the dwarf variety, triglyceride and diglyceride levels were not affected by increasing salt concentration, but monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more influenced. For the tall variety, triglycerides were absent even in control plants not exposed to salt stress, and membrane lipids seemed less affected than in the dwarf variety. The results indicate that the lipid composition of the tall variety is less sensitive to salt stress than the dwarf variety.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
Antioxidant activity of hedera helix l. extracts and the main phytoconstituentspharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant activity of extracts from Hedera helix stems and identified phytochemicals in the most active extract. Ethyl acetate, methanol, dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts were tested for antioxidant effects using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antioxidant activity at 84.95% due to compounds like flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of these compounds in the ethyl acetate extract, suggesting they contribute to its antioxidant properties.
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microorganisms from dairy effluent for use in activated sludge treatment. Fifteen bacterial isolates were obtained from dairy plant effluent samples. The isolates were characterized based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and enzymatic properties. Several isolates showed amylase, urease and gelatinase activity. Most isolates were able to utilize glucose and other carbohydrates. Through characterization, microorganisms were identified that could potentially break down dairy effluent organic pollutants in activated sludge treatment.
This document discusses plant polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites found in plants. It focuses on polyphenols found in tea, mulberry, tulsi, algae, and their extraction methods, highest concentrations in foods, and health benefits. Some key applications of polyphenols discussed are their anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Analytical instrumentation used to study polyphenols includes HPLC/MS, GC/MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and therapeutic potential of plant polyphenols.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe veraWan Syafawani
This document analyzes the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera against clinical pathogens. It identifies 26 bioactive phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Aloe vera using GC-MS analysis. It also finds that Aloe vera exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and the highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. However, further research is needed to better understand the effects of oral ingestion and define the clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera.
The Mode of Action of herbicides is important for understanding the management , classification and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance , which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management .
1. The document discusses the application of radiation-produced oligo chitosan as a plant growth promoter through field tests in Indonesia.
2. It describes how shrimp and crab shells from Indonesia's seafood industry can be processed into chitosan and then oligo chitosan using radiation technology.
3. Field tests on crops like chili peppers, potatoes, and carrots showed that spraying oligo chitosan on the soil and plants led to increased yields and improved plant growth compared to untreated control crops.
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) E...sin74
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of chamomile extracts alone and in combination with tetracycline against bacteria that cause wound infections. It found that ethanol and methanol chamomile extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth but not E. coli, Proteus, or Klebsiella. All combinations of chamomile extracts with tetracycline showed strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus, demonstrating a synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and antibiotic. This synergistic effect could provide new treatment approaches for wound infections and help combat rising antibiotic resistance.
IRJET- Scavenging Efficiency of Azolla Pinnata in Effluent as Remediation AgentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata to remediate effluent from a sugar cane industry. Key findings include:
1) Azolla pinnata showed significant growth in diluted effluent (25% concentration) and helped reduce levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and suspended solids.
2) Parameters like chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and seed germination increased for Azolla grown in diluted effluent, indicating uptake of nutrients promoted growth.
3) Treated effluent supported Azolla biomass production and was suitable for irrigation, while the biomass could be used as fertilizer due to accumulated
Effect of some organic acids on some fungal growth and their toxins productionijabjournal
The effect of eight organic acids (propionic, acetic, formic, lactic, tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic acids) as antifungal agents on the growth of four fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxysporum) were studied. The high acidity appeared for oxalic acid being 0.14 at the high concentration (10%), while the lowest acidity recorded for propionic acid and acetic acid being 2.71 and 2.56 at the low concentration (5%). It was observed that, there was no relationship between the efficacy of organic acid and its final pH. Acetic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on A. flavus being 45.21%, but tartaric acid (5%) and citric acid (5%) gave the same lowest inhibition effect (0.42%).
The lowest value of mycelium dry weight (MDW) of P. purpurogenum was 5.92 g/l when acetic acid was
used (10%), but the highest value was 9.38 g/l when tartaric acid (5%) was used. Formic acid (10%) had a
strong effect on the inhibition growth of R. nigricans being 28.65%, similar to propionic acid (10%), acetic
acid (10%), lactic acid (10%), tartaric acid (10%) and citric acid (10%) being 26.57%, 26.38%, 26.19%,
23.53% and 24.48%, respectively. But malic acid (5%) and oxalic acid (5%) were having a week effect on
R. nigricans being 5.31% and 6.45%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) has the highest inhibitory effect on F.
oxysporum being 34.45% and the lowest value was in the case of tartaric acid (5%) being 1.68%. Four
treatments were used to determine aflatoxin B1 production. The highest inhibition (50%) was observed by
R. nigricans in the presence of formic acid (10%). Acetic acid in 10% level inhibited the toxic secretion of
A. flavus and P. purpurogenum to become 25% and 40%, respectively. Lactic acid (10%) gave 35% inhibition of toxin production in the presence of F. oxysporum.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.
Study on Characterization of Various Biofilms Prepared by Starch Isolated fro...ijtsrd
In the present study, the rhizome of Maranta arundinacea L., Arrowroot, was selected for a rich source of starch for the preparation of biofilm. Firstly, some physicochemical properties of the selected sample were determined by AOAC method. Furthermore, the elemental analysis of the selected sample was carried out by Energy Dispersive X ray Fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. Moreover, antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts were examined by Agar well diffusion method on six tested organisms. And then, the qualitative determination of starch tests such as Iodine test and Tannic acid test were done. In addition, starch from Arrowroot powder was isolated and confirmed by FT IR spectrum. Finally, starch biofilms were prepared by using isolated starch and various ratios of plasticizers PVA, PEG, and Sorbitol. The characterizations of seven kinds of prepared biofilms were measured. Aye Mon Thida Nyo | Arnt Win | Baby San Chit Su | Mar Pi Myint | Phyu Phyu Khaing "Study on Characterization of Various Biofilms Prepared by Starch Isolated from Maranta Arundinacea L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26588.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/26588/study-on-characterization-of-various-biofilms-prepared-by-starch-isolated-from-maranta-arundinacea-l/aye-mon-thida-nyo
This document is a manuscript submitted for publication in the Veterinary World journal. It summarizes the manuscript titled "Pesticide residues in milk and their effect on livestock & human being" written by Mukesh K. Raikwar, Subir K. Nag, Manoj Singh and Puneet Kumar. The manuscript discusses various topics including the classification and sources of pesticides, how pesticide residues enter milk, their health impacts on livestock and humans, and maximum residue limits recommended for milk. The submission letter requests the editor to consider the manuscript for publication and acknowledges payment of subscription and submission fees upon acceptance.
The document summarizes a study that tested for the presence of nitrogen-containing pesticides and insecticides in various fruits and vegetables like apples, grapes, brinjal, and tomatoes. Samples of the fruits and vegetables were crushed and extracted with alcohol. The extracts were then tested using Lassigne's test, which involves fusing the extract with sodium and testing the filtrate for the presence of cyanide ions, indicating the presence of nitrogen and thus pesticides. All fruit and vegetable samples showed positive results, suggesting the presence of nitrogenous pesticides in all tested foods. The study demonstrates a method for detecting pesticide residues in foods.
IRJET-Plant Regeneration by Somatic Embryogenesis in Azadirachta Indica A.Jus...IRJET Journal
1) The study investigated somatic embryogenesis in neem (Azadirachta indica) as a potential method for high rate propagation.
2) Leaf and stem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators like BA and 2,4-D formed callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA stimulating earlier callus formation.
3) Only BA induced somatic embryo formation from the callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA responding faster than 1.0 mg/L BA. The highest number of somatic embryos formed was 180 from stem explants on 1.0 mg/L BA.
1) The document describes research on enriching a bacterial consortium capable of degrading the organochlorine pesticide lindane.
2) The consortium was enriched for 9 months using mixtures of commercial formulations of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides.
3) This enriched consortium was able to degrade between 55.6-90.45% of 5-30 ppm lindane within 6 days, with optimal degradation occurring at 30°C and pH 6.
Fertilizers, plant fhormones and pesticides.pptxjames487278
Soil nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for plant growth. Fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients removed from soil during harvesting. Common fertilizers include ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium phosphates. Biofertilizers containing microorganisms can reduce chemical fertilizer use while improving soil health. Plant growth hormones regulate processes like cell elongation and fruit ripening. Common hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
IRJET - Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chick Pea (Cicer Arietinum): P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on chickpea seeds and seedlings. The researchers found that priming chickpea seeds with different concentrations of IONPs:
- Improved seed germination rates compared to unprimed seeds and was similar to seeds primed with water.
- Did not significantly impact chlorophyll content or seedling growth compared to the control groups.
- Increased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants in chickpea leaves at higher IONP concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/L.
- Showed no phytotoxic effects on the seeds and seedlings, unlike iron chloride and iron oxide which
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of soap-based pesticides containing potassium laurate or potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum against the tomato disease Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) caused by aphids. Tomato plants arranged in 26 rows were sprayed biweekly or weekly with solutions of different pH combinations of the soap-potassium and pyrethrum mixtures. Results showed that a mixture of potassium laurate and pyrethrum at pH 7.52 was the most effective at controlling CMV, with 62% mortality of aphids. Potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum had lower effectiveness, with the highest mortality of 52% at pH 7.78. Therefore,
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of soap-based pesticides containing potassium laurate or potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum against the tomato disease Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) caused by aphids. Tomato plants arranged in 26 rows were sprayed biweekly or weekly with solutions of different pH combinations of the soap-potassium and pyrethrum mixtures. Results showed that a mixture of potassium laurate and pyrethrum at pH 7.52 was the most effective at controlling CMV, with 62% mortality of aphids. A potassium myristate-pyrethrum mixture at pH 7.20 was also effective but less so than the potassium laurate combination.
This document discusses a study that screened fungal rot isolates from cocoa for their ability to dissolve phosphate and grow on different media. Nine fungal rot isolates were collected from cocoa plants and tested for phosphate dissolving ability in Pikovskaya broth media using a spectrophotometer. Isolate BPB had the highest ability to dissolve phosphate, followed by isolates JT, BPG, and BPE1. The isolates were also tested for growth on three solid media - Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and Malt Peptone Agar. Malt Peptone Agar best supported the fungal mycelial growth compared to the other two media.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
IRJET- Ascertaining the Removal Efficiency of Lemna Minor in Froth Diminution...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the removal efficiency of the duckweed species Lemna minor in reducing pollutants that cause foaming in wastewater. Lemna minor was inoculated into three wastewater samples and its removal efficiency of various pollutants like LAS, BOD, COD, phosphates, and nitrates was determined over 7 days. The removal efficiency ranged from 69-99% for different pollutants and samples. The dissolved oxygen of the water increased with treatment time. Lemna minor was effective at uptake of pollutants and can be used as a low-cost phytoremediation agent to reduce foaming in wastewater.
This community service project aimed to raise awareness about avoiding chemical usage on fruits and vegetables. Through surveys of farming and fruit ripening communities, the group found that while chemicals increase crop yields, they accumulate in foods and can cause health issues. Organic farming provides a chemical-free alternative that maintains nutritional quality. The group concluded limited chemical use combined with organic practices could reduce risks to consumers while supporting agricultural production.
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chitosan on controlling powdery mildew disease and yield of Rambutan variety Malwana Special. The pathogen causing powdery mildew was identified as Oidium nephelii. Greenhouse tests determined that 40 ppm of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, and copper chitosan effectively controlled the disease. A field study compared these chitosan treatments to wettable sulfur and an untreated control. Chitosan fungicide resulted in the lowest disease severity and highest fruit weight. All chitosan and sulfur treatments increased fruit number per bunch compared to the control. Chitosan fungicide and wettable sulfur provided effective control of
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
The document analyzes trace metal levels in various alcoholic beverages commonly consumed in Agra, India using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations were found to vary between beverage types. The highest copper and iron levels were detected in brandy and whisky, likely due to the use of copper stills in production. All metal levels measured were below regulatory limits. The study aims to provide data on essential mineral intake from alcoholic beverages and ensure metal levels do not pose health risks.
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in sediments from the Yamuna River in Agra, India. Heavy metal concentrations (of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, Co, Fe) were measured at 12 sites along the river. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd were found to be higher than levels from other river basins worldwide and in India. Comparison to effect guidelines showed concentrations above levels that could negatively impact aquatic life. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between certain metal pairs, possibly indicating common sources like urban runoff. Various indices were calculated to assess environmental risk and sediment pollution levels, showing sediments ranging from moderately to dangerously polluted. Anthropogenic
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Available online at www.joac.info
ISSN: 2278-1862
Journal of Applicable Chemistry
2013, 2 (3): 518-525
(International Peer Reviewed Journal)
Insecticidal effect of the mixture of Potassium soap and Pyrethroids on
Potato Leaf roll Virus (PLRV) found on Potato Plants
Jain Dheeraj*, Jaison Susan and Sidhardhan Nisha
*School of Chemical Sciences, St. John’
s College Agra (U.P), INDIA
Email: jaind44@yahoo.co.in
Received on 18th
April and finalized on 28th
April 2013.
_____________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The potato is best known for its carbohydrate content. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following
rice, wheat and maize.Plant pests and diseases are the major contributors to biotic stresses that limit
realization of yield potential of crop-plants [1]. The annual losses of crop produce in India are estimated
at 25%. This indicates importance and need for strengthening of the existing bio-security system more so
with the advances in agriculture, and changes in agricultural practices, in climatic conditions, and in
indigenous pests, evolving into more virulent forms over the years. The diseases continue to spread over
large areas. Diseases like Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) of potato plants are caused by whiteflies directly
or indirectly were treated by insecticidal soaps (Potassium palmitate and pyrethroides), Potassium
palmitate and pyrethroides. These three insecticides were applied weekly and bi-weekly on the whiteflies
and note down the results after fourth week of application. A specific insecticide formulation consisting
potassium palmitate soaps and pyrethroides together exhibits effective combination to provide enhanced
insecticidal efficacy and residuality as compared with the individual components [2]. They are effective
against soft bodies insects like whiteflies, aphids, and spider. These soap based insecticides of different
concentrations were prepared and applied on the plants having whiteflies. The synthesized soap
compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral studies and molar conductance
measurements.
Keywords: Soap, fatty acid, I.R, whiteflies, insecticidal soap, non-persistent insecticides.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, India faced losses of over Rs 11,800 million due to late blight of potato caused by
whiteflies and Aphids; affecting potato field over 1.4 million hectares [3]. One-hundred and fourteen virus
species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae).The tremendous increase in crop yields
associated with the ‘green’ revolution has been possible in part by the discovery and utilization of
chemicals for pest control. The potato contains vitamins and minerals, as well as an assortment of
phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and natural phenols. Chlorogenic acid constitutes up to 90% of the
potato tuber natural phenols. Whiteflies are small sucking insect related to aphids, leafhoppers, and
mealybugs [4]. They are usually found on the undersides of young leaves and have the capacity for rapid
reproduction when conditions are favorable. When leaves are disturbed in infected crops, clouds of white
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flying insects indicate their presence. Warm weather, nearby whitefly host crops or weeds and poor
hygiene in protected cropping structures increase the risk of whitefly infection. Whitefly can damage
plants by sucking sap from the plants, causing reduced growth, leaf yellowing, stunting, and yield
reduction. Damage is similar to that caused by aphids. Sticky, sugary secretions called honeydew from
whitefly can result in the development of sooty mould, which in turn affects the photosynthetic (food-
producing) abilities of the leaves. Adults and nymphs are usually found feeding on the underside of leaves.
When synthetic pyrethroids [5] mixed with potassium salt of fatty acids, it is found to be an effective
combination to provide enhanced insecticidal efficacy and residuality. These soap based insecticides of
different concentrations were prepared and applied on the plants having whiteflies. This soap based
insecticides which is easy to handle and to apply or safe to use.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The acid was purified by distilling under reduced pressure. The purity of acid was checked by determining
their boiling / melting points. The purified palmitic acid M.P. 61o
C and B.P. 50o
C.
Preparation of Potassium salt of fatty acids (Soap): Potassium salts of fatty acids (soap) were prepared
by refluxing equivalent amounts of corresponding fatty acids and aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide
for 6-8 hours on a water bath. The soap was purified by recrystallisation with benzene-methanol mixture
and dried under reduced pressure. The purity of the soap was checked by the determination of their melting
point. The melting point of purified potassium palmitate was 117o
C. The specifications of Potassium
palmitate are given in table1.
K__
OH + C15H31COO ___
H C15H31COOK + H2O
Pot. Hydroxide Palmitic Acid Potassium palmitate(Soap)
Table 1: specifications of Potassium palmitate
Appearance White granular powder
Free fatty acids 3 % Max.
Moisture 10 % Max.
Free alkali 5 % Max.
Feel Soapy
PH
of 10 % aqueous
solution
10
Solubilty Slow in cold water / alcohol, freely soluble in hot
solvents.
Pyrethroids: Pyrethrum/Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides. Pyrethrum powders are
made directly from the flowers of a species of Chrysanthemum and pyrethrins are the active compounds
from the pyrethrum flower. Pyrethroids are synthesized pyrethrins. These materials disrupt the nervous
system of insects and cause paralysis [6]. They are fast acting and often used for their “knock-down”
effects to quickly reduce large insects pest population. They are moderately toxic to humans and other
mammals and break down quickly from sunlight, moisture and oxygen, leaving no residues [7,8].These
natural pyrethrins have the disadvantage that they are rapidly decomposed by light. The structure is shown
in fig.1
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Fig.1 The Structure of pyrethroid
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the IR spectrum of potassium salts of fatty acids, the absorption bands of C-H stretching vibrations viz.
the symmetrical vibration of CH2 at 2860-2850 cm-1
, the asymmetrical stretching vibration of CH2 at 2920-
2910 cm-1,
the asymmetrical stretching vibration of CH3 at 2960-2940 cm-1
and the deformation of CH2 at
1498-1320 cm-1
are observed in the spectra of potassium salts of fatty acids as well as in fatty acid. The
evenly spaced progressive bands near 1350-1188 cm-1
which are characteristic of the hydrocarbon chain of
acid remain unchanged on preparing the carboxylate from the corresponding fatty acid. The absorption
bands observed near 2660-2640, 1700, 930-900, 575-530 cm-1
, in the spectra of fatty acid have indicated
the presence of localized –COOH group in the form of dimeric structure and the existence of
intermolecular hydrogen bonding between two molecules of the acid.
The appearance of two absorption band of carbonyl group corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric
vibrations of carboxylate ion near 1470-1410 and 1560-1540 cm-1
respectively in the spectra of potassium
salts of fatty acids indicate that there is a complete resonance in the C-O bonds of carbonyl group of the
carboxylates molecules and the two bonds become identical with the force constant assuming the value
intermediate between those of normal double and single bonds. It is therefore concluded that the
resonance character of the ionized carboxyl group is retained in these metal carboxylates and the fatty
acids exist with dimeric structure through hydrogen bonding whereas the metal-to-oxygen bonds in these
metal carboxylates are ionic in character. It is therefore concluded that the soap molecules do not show
appreciable aggregation below the CMC and there is a marked increase in the aggregation of the soap
molecules at this definite soap concentration. The CMC (critical micelle concentration) of potassium
palmitate is 3.1×10-3
dm3
L-1
. Many samples of various concentration having different pH have been
prepared by mixing potassium palmitate and pyrethroids of different dilution (%), and then sprayed on
plant to check the efficacy of this insecticidal spray on daily and bi-weekly interval.
Fig. 2 I R Spectra of potassium palmitate
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APPLICATIONS
Application of Insecticides: We applied individually Potassium palmitate, pyrethroides and mixture of
Potassium palmitate and pyrethroides. These three insecticides were applied weekly and bi-weekly on the
whiteflies and note down the results after fourth week of application. After the single application of
potassium palmitate these was little impact on plants whiteflies, table 2. Pyrethroids are highly toxic to
insects like whiteflies [9], aphids but also has an adverse effect on the plants and environment, Table 3.
After fourth week of application some whiteflies were dead but not much improvement in the plants leaf as
they were still affected and unhealthy. So we made a formulation of potassium soap (palmitate) and
pyrethroides [10].
Table 2. Impact of Potassium palmitate (CMC 3.1 × 10-3
gm dm-1
) on Whiteflies
Sr.
No
Plant
pH value of
potassium
palmitate
Effect on plants
(after weekly
application)
Effect on plants
(after bi-weekly
application)
Toxicity
1 First plant 7.90 No impact
Needs frequent
application
Less toxic
2
Second
plant
8.30 No impact
Needs frequent
application
Less toxic
3 Third plant 8.50 No impact
Needs frequent
application
Less toxic
4 Fourth plant 8.76 No impact
Needs frequent
application
Less toxic
5 Fifth plant 8.95 No impact
Needs frequent
application
Less toxic
6 Sixth plant 9.10 No impact Less effective Less toxic
7
Seventh
plant
9.30 No impact Less effective Less toxic
8
Eighth
plant
9.65 No impact Less effective Less toxic
Table3. Impact of pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrum) on whiteflies
Sr.
No
Plants
pH value
of
pyrethroid
s
Effect on plants (after
weekly application)
Effect on plants
(after bi-weekly
application)
Toxicity
1 First plant 7.90 Needs frequent
application
Effective Toxic
2 Second plant 8.30 Needs frequent
application
Effective Toxic
3 Third plant 8.50 Needs frequent
application
Effective Toxic
4 Fourth plant 8.76 Needs frequent
application
Effective More toxic
5 Fifth plant 8.95 Needs frequent
application
Effective More toxic
6 Sixth plant 9.10 Less effective Effective More toxic
7 Seventh plant 9.30 Less effective Effective More toxic
8 Eighth plant 9.65 Less effective Effective More toxic
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In first row there were two sections and each section have fifteen plants affected by a disease potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) which is caused by whiteflies. Leaflets roll upwards from the margin and progress
towards the midribs until the entire lamina is involved. Leaflets are thick leathery brittle and rattling sound
when disturbed. Few tubes cluster around the stem. These are the main symptoms of PLRV disease caused
by whiteflies (pictures 1-4).
We have prepared fifteen spray solutions of mixture of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids of different
concentration having pH 8.68, 8.76, 8.94, 9.09, 9.32, 9.66, 9.71, 9.73, 9.80, 9.96, 10.13, 10.29, 10.44,
10.69, and 10.80. The second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth plants were treated with the insecticidal solution
containing potassium palmitate and pyrethroids having pH 8.68, 8.76, 8.94, 9.09 and 9.32 showed the
same symptoms of PLRV (potato leaf roll virus). The leaflet roll upwards from the margin and infected
plants are stunted and have a light yellow to pale green color, few tubes cluster around the stem. After the
bi-weekly and weekly application of these solutions and even the fourth weeks of the application. There
was not much impact on plant status. These spray solution need frequent application. As their mortality
was also very low and do not have good efficacy against whiteflies. Seventh, eighth plants which were
treated with the insecticidal solution having pH 9.66, 9.71 of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids showed
less impact even after the fourth week of bi-weekly and weekly application as their mortality was not high.
Ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth, plants were treated with the solution having pH
9.73, 9.80, 9.96, 10.13,10.29 and 10.44 of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids. They have curling of leaf
and infected plants are stunted have a light yellow to pale green color. After the fourth week of application
of bi-weekly in the beginning and weekly (after two weeks of application), the mortality of these solutions
were also greater than the other solution of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids, the leaves were healthy
and plants were growing normally. So there solutions having pH 9.73-10.44 of potassium palmitate and
pyrethroids were found to be effective for controlling potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) disease. Fifteenth and
sixteenth plants of this section were treated with the soap solution of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids
having pH 10.69-10.80 were suffering from the same disease and having same symptoms. Their leaflets
are malformed, tubers develop necrosis. Even after the fourth week application their mortality rate was low
and could not control the whiteflies. So, the plants did not grow normally and there leaves were healthy
only with the repeat application of the soap solution. We found that the insecticidal solution of potassium
palmitate and pyrethroids having pH 9.73-10.44 were effective [11]and their mortality were high for
controlling PLRV disease of potato plants (Table 4.)
Pic.1. Potato healthy plants Pic.2. Whiteflies present on Potato plants
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Pics.3-4. Potato Leaf roll virus (PLRV) symptoms
Table 4. Impact of mixture of potassium palmitate (CMC 3.1 × 10-3
gm dm-3
) and
pyrethroids on potato plants (PLRV)
Sr.
No
First row
(section :2)
Concentration
of pyrethroids
pH value of
potassium
palmitate (CMC 3.1
× 10-3
gm / dm3
)
and pyrethroids
spray
Effect on plants
%
mortality
1 First plant ------- ------- ------- -----
2 Second plant 1 8.68 Not effective 28
3 Third plant 2 8.76 Not effective 30
4 Fourth plant 3 8.94 Not effective 31
5 Fifth plant 4 9.09 Not effective 33
6 Sixth plant 5 9.32 Not effective 35
7
Seventh plant 6 9.66
Need frequent
application
38
8
Eighth plant 7 9.71
Need frequent
application
40
9 Ninth plant 8 9.73 Effective 45
10 Tenth plant 9 9.80 Effective 48
11 Eleventh plant 10 9.96 Effective 50
12 Twelfth plant 11 10.13 Effective 55
13 Thirteenth plant 12 10.29 Effective 59
14 Fourteenth plant 13 10.44 Effective 44
15 Fifteenth plant
14 10.69
Need frequent
application
40
16 Sixteenth plant
15 10.80
Need frequent
application
38
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CONCLUSIONS
A specific insecticide formulation consisting of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids found to be an
effective combination for PLRV disease in potato plants to provide enhanced insecticidal efficacy and
residuality. It is effective to control of a broad range of whiteflies in PLRV disease in potato plants table4.
These insecticides reduce pest populations kill the pest but not other organisms. Break down quickly and
have low toxicity to human and other mammals. The use of insecticides has greatly enhanced agricultural
productivity but it has positive impact on the environment as well as on the plant also. They are
moderately toxic to humans and other mammals and break down quickly from sunlight, moisture and
oxygen, leaving no residues. We found that the insecticidal solution of potassium palmitate and
pyrethroids having pH 9.73-10.44 were effective and their mortality were high for controlling PLRV
disease of potato plants(Graph-1).
(Graph: 1) Concentration VS Mortality of Potassium Palmitate and Pyrethroids (PLRV)
pH Value Mortality of potassium palmitate
We therefore conclude that mixture of soap based insecticide containing pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrum)
is an eco-friendly, safe. This insecticidal soap solution having potassium salt of fatty acid and pyrethroids
fulfills the main objectives of inventing an eco-friendly pesticide against whiteflies.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Swanson, Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 2006, 13(3), 5–17.
[2] R.G. Belz, Pest Manage. Sci. 2007, 63, 308.
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Next Step, 2000.
[4] J.H. Martin, Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)- their systematic history and the
resulting problems of conventional taxonomy, with special reference to descriptions of
aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus, 1758), 2003.
[5] Anonymous. Method for determination of synthetic pyrethroids in agricultural and food
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[6] J.R. Bloomquist, Biochem. Physiol, 1993, 106c, 301-314.
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28 30 31 33 35
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