This study investigated the effects of inhaling residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles on oxidative stress and hemodynamics in exercising rats. The key findings were:
1. Rats that inhaled ROFA before exercise showed increased lipid peroxidation (a marker of oxidative stress) in the lungs and heart compared to those that inhaled saline.
2. However, ROFA inhalation did not significantly alter heart rate, blood pressure, or other hemodynamic responses during exercise compared to saline.
3. While ROFA promoted oxidative stress in the lungs and heart, it did not produce significant changes in cardiovascular function during swimming exercise in rats.
Is cardiac tissue more susceptible than lung to oxidative stressMarcelo Rafael Petry
This study investigated whether the heart tissue is more susceptible than the lung to oxidative effects from long-term exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA). Rats were exposed daily to different doses of ROFA or saline for 90 days. The highest ROFA dose (500 μg) caused an increase in total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicating pulmonary inflammation. This dose also increased catalase activity in the lung and markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and catalase levels) in the heart tissue compared to saline controls. The results suggest the heart may be more susceptible than the lung to oxidative effects from chronic ROFA exposure.
This study examined the effects of inhaling urban ambient particles (UAP) during exercise on lung oxidative stress in rats. Rats were exposed to UAP or filtered air during 20 or 60 minutes of swimming exercise. Exposure to UAP for 60 minutes resulted in higher lipid peroxidation and lower catalase activity in the lungs compared to 20 minutes of exposure or filtered air, indicating greater oxidative stress with longer duration of exercise and particle exposure. The findings suggest that exposure to air pollution during exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress in the lungs, especially with longer exercise sessions.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
Al rawi 2018-j._phys.__conf._ser._1003_012012Muna AL-rawi
new Schiff base [I] was prepared by refluxing Amoxicillin trihydrate and 4-Hydroxy-
3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in aqueous methanol solution using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The
new 1,3-oxazepine derivative [II] was obtained by Diels- Alder reaction of Schiff base [I] with
phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The reaction of Schiff base [I] with thioglycolic acid in dry
benzene led to the formation of thiazolidin-4-one derivative [III]. While the imidazolidin-4-one [IV]
derivative was produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff base [I] with glycine and triethylamine in
ethanol for 9 hrs. Tetrazole derivative [V] was synthesized by refluxing Schiff base [I] with sodium
azide in dimethylformamid DMF. The structure of synthesized compounds[I-V] was characterized
by their melting points, elemental analysis CHN-S and by their spectral data; FTIR and 1H NMR
spectroscopy. Two cancer cell lines include: (RD) human pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma
and (L20B) the mice intestines carcinoma cell line
The document investigates how cis/trans isomerization impacts the in vivo distribution and clearance of two pairs of ozonide antimalarial drug isomers. In vitro experiments showed the trans isomers degraded more rapidly than the cis isomers in rat blood and liver microsomes, despite higher protein binding of the trans isomers. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated the trans isomers had approximately two-fold shorter half-lives and five to nine-fold higher unbound plasma clearance than the corresponding cis isomers. The results emphasize the importance of conformation in determining the in vivo properties of this class of antimalarial drugs.
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
The document summarizes the synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. It presents the objectives, literature review, synthetic scheme, and procedures for synthesizing 14 derivatives. It provides physicochemical and spectral data characterizing the derivatives. The biological evaluation will assess the compounds' antimicrobial, antioxidant, alpha-amylase, and urease inhibitory activities.
1) The study examined the effects of the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane on muscarinic receptor-mediated excitation and contraction of intestinal smooth muscle.
2) It found that isoflurane strongly inhibited the muscarinic cation current in mouse intestinal cells, reducing carbachol-activated current by 63% and GTPγS-induced current by 44%.
3) Isoflurane also inhibited carbachol-induced contractions of ileum and colon smooth muscle tissues by approximately 30%. The results suggest isoflurane acts by inhibiting muscarinic receptors and G-proteins rather than directly blocking TRPC channels.
Is cardiac tissue more susceptible than lung to oxidative stressMarcelo Rafael Petry
This study investigated whether the heart tissue is more susceptible than the lung to oxidative effects from long-term exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA). Rats were exposed daily to different doses of ROFA or saline for 90 days. The highest ROFA dose (500 μg) caused an increase in total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicating pulmonary inflammation. This dose also increased catalase activity in the lung and markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and catalase levels) in the heart tissue compared to saline controls. The results suggest the heart may be more susceptible than the lung to oxidative effects from chronic ROFA exposure.
This study examined the effects of inhaling urban ambient particles (UAP) during exercise on lung oxidative stress in rats. Rats were exposed to UAP or filtered air during 20 or 60 minutes of swimming exercise. Exposure to UAP for 60 minutes resulted in higher lipid peroxidation and lower catalase activity in the lungs compared to 20 minutes of exposure or filtered air, indicating greater oxidative stress with longer duration of exercise and particle exposure. The findings suggest that exposure to air pollution during exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress in the lungs, especially with longer exercise sessions.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
Al rawi 2018-j._phys.__conf._ser._1003_012012Muna AL-rawi
new Schiff base [I] was prepared by refluxing Amoxicillin trihydrate and 4-Hydroxy-
3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in aqueous methanol solution using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The
new 1,3-oxazepine derivative [II] was obtained by Diels- Alder reaction of Schiff base [I] with
phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The reaction of Schiff base [I] with thioglycolic acid in dry
benzene led to the formation of thiazolidin-4-one derivative [III]. While the imidazolidin-4-one [IV]
derivative was produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff base [I] with glycine and triethylamine in
ethanol for 9 hrs. Tetrazole derivative [V] was synthesized by refluxing Schiff base [I] with sodium
azide in dimethylformamid DMF. The structure of synthesized compounds[I-V] was characterized
by their melting points, elemental analysis CHN-S and by their spectral data; FTIR and 1H NMR
spectroscopy. Two cancer cell lines include: (RD) human pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma
and (L20B) the mice intestines carcinoma cell line
The document investigates how cis/trans isomerization impacts the in vivo distribution and clearance of two pairs of ozonide antimalarial drug isomers. In vitro experiments showed the trans isomers degraded more rapidly than the cis isomers in rat blood and liver microsomes, despite higher protein binding of the trans isomers. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated the trans isomers had approximately two-fold shorter half-lives and five to nine-fold higher unbound plasma clearance than the corresponding cis isomers. The results emphasize the importance of conformation in determining the in vivo properties of this class of antimalarial drugs.
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
The document summarizes the synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. It presents the objectives, literature review, synthetic scheme, and procedures for synthesizing 14 derivatives. It provides physicochemical and spectral data characterizing the derivatives. The biological evaluation will assess the compounds' antimicrobial, antioxidant, alpha-amylase, and urease inhibitory activities.
1) The study examined the effects of the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane on muscarinic receptor-mediated excitation and contraction of intestinal smooth muscle.
2) It found that isoflurane strongly inhibited the muscarinic cation current in mouse intestinal cells, reducing carbachol-activated current by 63% and GTPγS-induced current by 44%.
3) Isoflurane also inhibited carbachol-induced contractions of ileum and colon smooth muscle tissues by approximately 30%. The results suggest isoflurane acts by inhibiting muscarinic receptors and G-proteins rather than directly blocking TRPC channels.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
Je ponline april2012kaminagakura_zagattoPaulo Redkva
The document examines whether the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) can predict anaerobic capacity as measured by maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Eleven trained runners completed a RAST and tests to determine MAOD. No significant correlations were found between any RAST variables (peak power, mean power, fatigue index, maximal velocity, mean velocity) and MAOD. The study concludes that RAST does not predict anaerobic capacity in runners as measured by MAOD.
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This document summarizes research on the structure-based design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel peptidic inhibitors of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Peptidic inhibitors were developed based on a known thrombin inhibitor scaffold. Analogs containing D-3,3-diphenylalanine in the P3 position showed improved binding to thrombin's active site and inhibition of platelet aggregation in the low nanomolar range. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed two lead compounds with dissociation constants in the 40-290 nanomolar range. The novel inhibitors show potential as scaffolds for developing anti-thrombotic drugs to treat acute coronary syndrome.
The document summarizes an experiment that investigated the effects of temperature, inhibition, and coenzyme addition on the enzymatic activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). It found that increasing substrate concentration counteracted the inhibitory effects of malonate. Adding the coenzyme NAD+ increased SDH activity by approximately fourfold. Activity was highest near the optimal temperature of 80°C for SDH and much lower at room temperature due to enzyme denaturation at suboptimal temperatures.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a method for determining selenium levels in human blood serum using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Palladium was used as a matrix modifier to minimize interference. Blood serum samples were diluted and spiked with known amounts of selenium. Optimal pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were determined to be 1100°C and 2500°C, respectively. Calibration curves were prepared using the standard additions method to account for matrix effects. The method was validated using certified reference materials, with recoveries ranging from 94.6-100.4%. The method achieved a detection limit of 0.60 μg/L and was applied to determine selenium levels in 83 patient serum samples.
This document describes the synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazone derivatives. Several isonicotinoylhydrazones (compounds 2) and their pyridylmethyleneamino derivatives (compounds 3-5) were synthesized. These compounds were tested for their activity against various mycobacteria strains including M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a clinically isolated M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid. Several compounds showed good activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values as low as 6.25 μg/mL. Some isonicotinoylhydrazones also showed moderate activity against the isoniazid resistant M. tuberculosis strain. The cytotoxicity of the compounds
Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole 5-Chloroisatin Derivatives via Copper-Catalyzed 1...IJAEMSJORNAL
A facile and simple protocol for the ‘Click’ cycloaddition of organic azides with N-propargylchloroisatine catalyzed by CuI, produces in good yields novel of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of 9-anilinoacridine derivatives substituted with oxazine moieties to evaluate their antioxidant and anticancer activities. A series of 9-anilinoacridines were synthesized by reacting 1-[4-(acridin-9-ylamino)phenyl]ethanone with various aldehydes using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques like IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Their anticancer potential was studied against Dalton's lymphoma ascites cell line using trypan blue dye exclusion and
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substitutedthiazolid...paperpublications3
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of substituted thiazolidin-4-ones as potential anticancer agents. A series of 20 substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed using IR, NMR, and other analytical techniques. The compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity against lung, colon, and cervical cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Compounds TH10 and TH19 showed the highest anticancer activity, likely due to the presence of electron withdrawing groups at appropriate positions on the thiazolidin-4-one ring structure.
This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation on marathon runners in Cote d'Ivoire. Ten runners participated in two half-marathons separated by 15 days, taking 5400 mg of spirulina per day during the period in between races. Oxidative stress levels were measured before and after each race via TBARS assays. Results showed oxidative stress levels were reduced by half after spirulina intake compared to no intake, both at rest and after exercise, indicating spirulina's antioxidant properties. Spirulina also led to small increases in weight and blood pressure. The study supports prescribing spirulina to reduce free radical damage in various diseases.
ABSTRACT- Plants of Polygalaceae family are source of several compounds such as xanthones, coumarins, phenols,
triterpenes, steroids, pyrones derivatives and alkaloids. These plants contain chemical compounds with a large spectrum of
biological activities, including anti-depressant and anti-angiogenic. Moutabea guianensis is an Amazonian species
belongs to the Polygalaceae family. In this work, from roots of M. guianensis were isolated a new xanthone,
3,8-dihydroxy-1,2,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone, named moutabeone D, and one known xanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-
methoxyxanthone. Column chromatography on silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC led the isolation of these
compounds. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR).
Key-words- Moutabea guianensis, Polygalaceae, Xanthones
Oxidative stress response of Daphnia magna exposed to silver nanoparticles - ...Tea Crnkovi?
This study evaluated the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Daphnia magna. Four biomarkers were measured: reduced glutathione (GSH) level, reactive oxidative species (ROS) content, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Exposure to AgNPs increased GSH levels and CAT activity, indicating ROS production. ROS levels initially decreased at low AgNP concentrations but increased at higher concentrations. Ag+ ions were more toxic, with ROS levels significantly decreasing after exposure. The results provide evidence that AgNPs can induce oxidative stress in aquatic organisms and affect toxicity through antioxidant responses.
This study investigated the effects of antioxidant supplementation on oxidative stress in patients with intermittent claudication. 16 patients performed a standard walking test before and after taking daily vitamins E and C for 4 weeks. Biomarkers were measured before, during, and after the tests. The study found that oxidative stress, as measured by the ortho-APOH biomarker, significantly increased during reperfusion after the initial walking test but did not increase after 4 weeks of antioxidant supplementation. This suggests that antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in claudicants caused by ischemia-reperfusion from walking.
"Mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine" appeared in a 2010 issue of Vascular Pharmacology and summarized Stephen M. Black's research into acute lung injury/sepsis.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
Je ponline april2012kaminagakura_zagattoPaulo Redkva
The document examines whether the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) can predict anaerobic capacity as measured by maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Eleven trained runners completed a RAST and tests to determine MAOD. No significant correlations were found between any RAST variables (peak power, mean power, fatigue index, maximal velocity, mean velocity) and MAOD. The study concludes that RAST does not predict anaerobic capacity in runners as measured by MAOD.
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This document summarizes research on the structure-based design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel peptidic inhibitors of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Peptidic inhibitors were developed based on a known thrombin inhibitor scaffold. Analogs containing D-3,3-diphenylalanine in the P3 position showed improved binding to thrombin's active site and inhibition of platelet aggregation in the low nanomolar range. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed two lead compounds with dissociation constants in the 40-290 nanomolar range. The novel inhibitors show potential as scaffolds for developing anti-thrombotic drugs to treat acute coronary syndrome.
The document summarizes an experiment that investigated the effects of temperature, inhibition, and coenzyme addition on the enzymatic activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). It found that increasing substrate concentration counteracted the inhibitory effects of malonate. Adding the coenzyme NAD+ increased SDH activity by approximately fourfold. Activity was highest near the optimal temperature of 80°C for SDH and much lower at room temperature due to enzyme denaturation at suboptimal temperatures.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a method for determining selenium levels in human blood serum using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Palladium was used as a matrix modifier to minimize interference. Blood serum samples were diluted and spiked with known amounts of selenium. Optimal pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were determined to be 1100°C and 2500°C, respectively. Calibration curves were prepared using the standard additions method to account for matrix effects. The method was validated using certified reference materials, with recoveries ranging from 94.6-100.4%. The method achieved a detection limit of 0.60 μg/L and was applied to determine selenium levels in 83 patient serum samples.
This document describes the synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazone derivatives. Several isonicotinoylhydrazones (compounds 2) and their pyridylmethyleneamino derivatives (compounds 3-5) were synthesized. These compounds were tested for their activity against various mycobacteria strains including M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a clinically isolated M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid. Several compounds showed good activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values as low as 6.25 μg/mL. Some isonicotinoylhydrazones also showed moderate activity against the isoniazid resistant M. tuberculosis strain. The cytotoxicity of the compounds
Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole 5-Chloroisatin Derivatives via Copper-Catalyzed 1...IJAEMSJORNAL
A facile and simple protocol for the ‘Click’ cycloaddition of organic azides with N-propargylchloroisatine catalyzed by CuI, produces in good yields novel of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of 9-anilinoacridine derivatives substituted with oxazine moieties to evaluate their antioxidant and anticancer activities. A series of 9-anilinoacridines were synthesized by reacting 1-[4-(acridin-9-ylamino)phenyl]ethanone with various aldehydes using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques like IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Their anticancer potential was studied against Dalton's lymphoma ascites cell line using trypan blue dye exclusion and
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substitutedthiazolid...paperpublications3
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of substituted thiazolidin-4-ones as potential anticancer agents. A series of 20 substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed using IR, NMR, and other analytical techniques. The compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity against lung, colon, and cervical cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Compounds TH10 and TH19 showed the highest anticancer activity, likely due to the presence of electron withdrawing groups at appropriate positions on the thiazolidin-4-one ring structure.
This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation on marathon runners in Cote d'Ivoire. Ten runners participated in two half-marathons separated by 15 days, taking 5400 mg of spirulina per day during the period in between races. Oxidative stress levels were measured before and after each race via TBARS assays. Results showed oxidative stress levels were reduced by half after spirulina intake compared to no intake, both at rest and after exercise, indicating spirulina's antioxidant properties. Spirulina also led to small increases in weight and blood pressure. The study supports prescribing spirulina to reduce free radical damage in various diseases.
ABSTRACT- Plants of Polygalaceae family are source of several compounds such as xanthones, coumarins, phenols,
triterpenes, steroids, pyrones derivatives and alkaloids. These plants contain chemical compounds with a large spectrum of
biological activities, including anti-depressant and anti-angiogenic. Moutabea guianensis is an Amazonian species
belongs to the Polygalaceae family. In this work, from roots of M. guianensis were isolated a new xanthone,
3,8-dihydroxy-1,2,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone, named moutabeone D, and one known xanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-
methoxyxanthone. Column chromatography on silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC led the isolation of these
compounds. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR).
Key-words- Moutabea guianensis, Polygalaceae, Xanthones
Oxidative stress response of Daphnia magna exposed to silver nanoparticles - ...Tea Crnkovi?
This study evaluated the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Daphnia magna. Four biomarkers were measured: reduced glutathione (GSH) level, reactive oxidative species (ROS) content, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Exposure to AgNPs increased GSH levels and CAT activity, indicating ROS production. ROS levels initially decreased at low AgNP concentrations but increased at higher concentrations. Ag+ ions were more toxic, with ROS levels significantly decreasing after exposure. The results provide evidence that AgNPs can induce oxidative stress in aquatic organisms and affect toxicity through antioxidant responses.
This study investigated the effects of antioxidant supplementation on oxidative stress in patients with intermittent claudication. 16 patients performed a standard walking test before and after taking daily vitamins E and C for 4 weeks. Biomarkers were measured before, during, and after the tests. The study found that oxidative stress, as measured by the ortho-APOH biomarker, significantly increased during reperfusion after the initial walking test but did not increase after 4 weeks of antioxidant supplementation. This suggests that antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in claudicants caused by ischemia-reperfusion from walking.
"Mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine" appeared in a 2010 issue of Vascular Pharmacology and summarized Stephen M. Black's research into acute lung injury/sepsis.
1) Cigarette smoke exposure in rats led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, as shown by elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
2) Treatment with eucalyptol reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, as demonstrated by decreased contractions of tracheal rings and improved lung function.
3) Eucalyptol also reduced cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by decreasing the influx of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by over 70%.
- 60 apoE-/- mice were exposed to either clean filtered air, concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), 200 ppb ozone (O3), or both CAPs and O3 for 5 hours/day, 4 days/week for 8 weeks.
- Mice exposed to CAPs and CAPs with O3 showed the greatest increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the air control group. The blood pressure increase appeared to be driven by PM exposure rather than the combined exposure to O3.
- Exposure to CAPs significantly raised blood pressure in the atherosclerosis-susceptible mice, while O3 exposure alone had a lesser effect. This highlights the importance of PM exposure in
Protective role of co q10 or l carnitine on the integrity of the myocardium i...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent used for treatment of different cancers and its clinical usage is hindered by the oxidative injury-related cardiotoxicity. This work aims to declare if the harmful effects of DOX on heart can be alleviated with the use of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or L-carnitine. The study was performed on seventy two female Wistar albino rats divided into six groups, 12 animals each: Control group; DOX group (10mg/kg); CoQ10 group (200mg/kg); L-carnitine group (100mg/kg); DOX+CoQ10 group; DOX+L-carnitine group. CoQ10 and L-carnitine treatment orally started 5days before a single dose of 10mg/kg DOX that injected intraperitoneally (IP) then the treatment continued for 10days. At the end of the study, serum biochemical parameters of cardiac damage, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological changes were investigated. CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels. Both corrected the cardiac alterations histologically and ultrastructurally. With a visible improvements in α-SMA, vimentin and eNOS immunohistochemical markers. CoQ10 or L-carnitine supplementation improves the functional and structural integrity of the myocardium.
Keywords: Cardiotoxicity; CoQ10 and L-carnitine; Dox; Vimentin; eNOS.
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis that examines how irradiation can help prevent ischemia and reperfusion injury. The thesis includes four papers that study the effects of irradiation on energy metabolism in rat skeletal muscle and hearts, as well as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in human monocytes. The studies find that irradiation helps preserve high-energy phosphates like ATP and phosphocreatine during ischemia, improves energetic recovery after ischemia/reperfusion, and decreases reactive oxygen species while increasing nitric oxide in monocytes. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the protective effects of irradiation against ischemia/reperfusion injury in various experimental models.
This study investigated the mechanism by which salicylates (aspirin and sodium salicylate) dilate blood vessels. The researchers found that salicylates relaxed contractions induced by most constrictors through inhibiting RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated calcium sensitization. Salicylates inhibited PYK2-mediated activation of RhoA and Rho-kinase, as evidenced by decreased RhoA translocation and MYPT1 phosphorylation. Overexpression of PYK2 induced RhoA translocation and MYPT1 phosphorylation, effects that were inhibited by sodium salicylate. Consistent with these findings, sodium salicylate decreased blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats but not in normotensive rats. The
Oxidative stress is described as the imbalance between pro-oxidants (Reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants levels commonly called redox imbalance. It occurs in a discrete step-wise process of initiation, propagation, and termination stages via the generation of free radicals. These steps bring about effects that have contributed to hypertension through endothelial dysfunction, reduced bioavailability of Nitric oxide, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and reduction of toxic oxidants. Hence, oxidative stress mechanism is implicated in hypertension and thus, the daily intake of antioxidants-containing foods and products to supplement depleted endogenous antioxidants is recommended.
This study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic no HBO, non-diabetic with HBO, diabetic no HBO, and diabetic with HBO. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. HBO groups received 2.8 ATA oxygen for 2 hours daily for 7 days. The study found that HBO exposure increased blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic rats. This suggested that HBO exposure may exacerbate oxidative stress in diabetes through increased reactive oxygen species production.
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
This document summarizes a study that investigated the determinants of oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in an experimental pig model of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The study found that oxygen transfer was positively associated with blood flow and negatively associated with pre-membrane oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide levels, while carbon dioxide transfer was positively associated with blood and gas flows and pre-membrane carbon dioxide levels. Passing blood through the ECMO circuit increased pH and decreased carbon dioxide levels. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide transfers were significantly determined by blood flow.
Effect of mow procedure on physiological and biochemical properties of blood ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
This study aimed to determine if the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) could predict anaerobic capacity as measured by maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) in 11 male middle-distance runners. The runners completed a graded exercise test to determine VO2 max and intensity at VO2 max. They also performed submaximal and supramaximal running tests to calculate MAOD. On a separate day, they performed the RAST, involving 6 short sprint runs. None of the variables from the RAST (peak power, mean power, fatigue index, maximal or mean velocity) were significantly correlated with MAOD. The findings indicate that the RAST does not predict anaerobic capacity in running athletes as measured
Exposure to perchlorate induced the formation of macrophage aggregates in the trunk kidney of zebrafish and mosquitofish. Zebrafish exposed to 18 mg/L perchlorate in water for 8 weeks had a greater percentage of kidney sections occupied by aggregates compared to controls. Male mosquitofish exposed to increasing concentrations of perchlorate up to 92 mg/L also showed more aggregates, significantly different from controls at 92 mg/L. The concentrations causing effects are within ranges found in some contaminated habitats.
1) The study evaluated the effects of oral intake of fixed oil from Caryocar coriaceum (FOCC) on the respiratory system of rats exposed to secondhand smoke.
2) Rats pretreated with FOCC before secondhand smoke exposure showed improvement in all respiratory mechanics variables and lung morphology measurements compared to rats exposed to smoke without FOCC pretreatment.
3) The results demonstrate that FOCC was effective in preventing lung injury in rats exposed to short-term secondhand smoke.
The document summarizes an experiment that exposed mice susceptible to atherosclerosis to different components of ultrafine particles (UFP) to evaluate their effects on oxidative stress. Mice were exposed to either the semi-volatile or non-volatile fraction of UFP for 8 weeks. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl) were measured in mice serum to determine if one fraction induced more stress. Results suggested the semi-volatile fraction containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons caused higher lipid peroxidation, supporting the hypothesis that these components influence oxidative stress more than non-volatile ones.
Integr Cancer Ther-2015-Quinn-1534735415617014Alex Bashore
This study examined the effects of chronic endurance exercise on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced damage in the thymus gland and thymocytes (T-cells). Rats were divided into groups that were sedentary or underwent treadmill training for 10 weeks, followed by injections of either saline or different doses of DOX. Three days later, thymic mass, viable T-cell count, and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. Chronic exercise decreased lipid peroxidation following DOX treatment but did not prevent reductions in thymic mass or T-cell numbers. This suggests that exercise elevates antioxidant defenses in the thymus to reduce oxidative stress from DOX, though it does not fully protect the
The document describes a study that exposed atherosclerosis-prone mice to different components of ambient ultrafine particles (UFP) near a freeway to determine if removing semi-volatile organic compounds from UFP would alter oxidative stress responses. Mice were exposed for 8 weeks to total UFP, denuded UFP, or particle-free organics. Oxidative stress biomarkers were then measured in serum. Results showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation in mice exposed to total UFP and particle-free organics, suggesting lipid modification due to semi-volatile organic compounds. This matched trends in plaque accumulation, indicating lipid modification by these compounds may accelerate plaque buildup by generating oxidized lipids that promote foam cell formation early in
Similar to Residual oil fly ash (rofa) inhalation promotes lung oxidative stress (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
1. 78
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
February 2014
Volume 17 Number 1
Editor-in-Chief
Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA
Review Board
Todd Astorino, PhD
Julien Baker, PhD
Steve Brock, PhD
Lance Dalleck, PhD
Eric Goulet, PhD
Robert Gotshall, PhD
Alexander Hutchison, PhD
M. Knight-Maloney, PhD
Len Kravitz, PhD
James Laskin, PhD
Yit Aun Lim, PhD
Lonnie Lowery, PhD
Derek Marks, PhD
Cristine Mermier, PhD
Robert Robergs, PhD
Chantal Vella, PhD
Dale Wagner, PhD
Frank Wyatt, PhD
Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal
of the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
Official Research Journal of
the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Residual Oil Fly Ash (ROFA) Inhalation Promotes Lung
and Heart Oxidative Stress without Hemodynamic
Effects in Exercising Rats
Thiago Gomes Heck1,3
, Ramiro Barcos Nunes1
, Marcelo Rafael
Petry1
, Alexandre Maslinkiewicz1
, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva2
,
Pedro Dal Lago1,
, Claudia Ramos Rhoden1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade
Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto
Alegre, RS, Brasil, 2
Laboratório de Poluição Experimental, Faculdade
de Medicina– Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP,
Brasil, 3
Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia (GPeF), Departamento de
Ciências da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral
à Saúde (PPGAIS), Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado
do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ), Ijuí, RS, Brasil
ABSTRACT
Heck TG, Nunes RB, Petry MR, Maslinkiewicz A, Saldiva PHN, Dal
Lago P, Rhoden CR. ROFA Instillation Promotes Lung and Heart
Oxidative Stress without Hemodynamic Effects in Exercising Rats.
JEPonline 2014;17(1):78-89. The purpose of this study was to test the
hypothesis that exercise effort could increase oxidative damage
induced by residual oil fly ash (ROFA) inhalation that resulted in
hemodynamic alterations during exercise. Wistar rats that were
submitted to ROFA before 20 min of swimming exercise showed an
increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA and Chemiluminesnce) in the
lungs. The ROFA treatment also increased lipid peroxidation in the
heart. However, the treatment had no influence on heart rate or blood
pressure responses during exercise. These findings indicate that
particulate matter inhalation during exercise may exacerbate oxidative
stress in the heart and lungs without producing significant alterations
in the hemodynamic variables.
Key Words: Exercise, Oxidative Stress, Pollution, Particulate Matter
2. 79
INTRODUCTION
Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that the exposure to particulate matter (PM) increases
cardiovascular complication. In fact, there are several indications that the exposure is associated with
the first cardiovascular event (22), the number of hospital readmissions (41), the increase in blood
pressure (48), and the increased risk of death for cerebrovascular and coronary heart diseases (3).
The mechanisms by which PM inhalation promotes cardiovascular injuries might be related to direct
or indirect actions. Ultrafine inhaled particles accumulated in the lungs are capable of translocating
from the airways into the bloodstream (23) causing systemic inflammation via oxidative stress that
mediates endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis (44) and increases blood coagulability by
activating platelets and coagulation factors such as fibrinogen. Furthermore, the interaction between
pollutants and lung cells may engage the heart by activating pulmonary neural reflexes that initiate
alterations in the autonomic nervous system and/or increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
These inflammatory mediators result in an increase of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants enzyme
activity in the heart of rats (17,29) as well as dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system activity
(15).
Particulate matter has the ability to induce oxidative stress, which is largely mediated by the transition
metal adsorbed at its surface. These metals generate hydroxyl radicals that are able to induce cellular
damage(15). Similar effects after instillation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA –ultrafine particles rich in
transition metals) have been reported Rhoden et al. (29). These effects (i.e., the increase in
inflammation and oxidative stress markers) can also be found in humans (4). There are published
indications that pulmonary damage elicited by particle inhalation is augmented during exercise
through increased lung deposition, which may act in synergism with increased oxygen transportation
across the alveolar-capillary surface (5,32,39). Although the impact of PM on physical performance
has not been well documented, systemic oxidative stress and inflammation induced by the polluting
particles might have a negative impact on cardiovascular function and can be related to the decrease
in physical performance (11). As an example, chronic exposure to outdoor traffic pollution has been
suggested to be associated with the decrease in physical effort along with an increase in risk of
abnormal cardiovascular functionality during exercise (39).
Despite the extensive literature on oxidative stress induced by exercise and PM, relatively few studies
have investigated the cardiorespiratory effects of particles inhalation during exercise on oxidative
parameters. Hence, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise effort could
increase oxidative damage induced by residual oil fly ash (ROFA) instillation while not producing
significant alterations in the hemodynamic responses during exercise.
METHODS
Animals
Fifteen male Wistar rats aged 90 days from the Animal Breeding Unit of Universidade Federal de
Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) were subjects in this study. The animals were kept in
plastic cages (47 cm x 34 cm x 18 cm) under controlled humidity (75 to 85%) with a temperature of 22
± 2°C, a dark-light cycle of 12 hrs (lights on from 7 am to 7 pm). They were fed with a conventional
laboratory diet (Supra-lab, Alisul Alimentos S.A, Brazil) and water ad libitum.
Animal Care
The animals were handled humanely in the performance of this project to minimize the use of animals
and to prevent animal distress. All protocols were approved by the Universidade Federal de Ciências
da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) Ethical Committee for Research (CPA 017/053).
3. 80
Adaptation to the Water
All rats were adapted to the water before the beginning of the study. The adaptation protocol
consisted of 3 consecutive days of keeping the animals 10 min in shallow water at 30°C to reduce the
rat behavior stress related to water contact. Physical training adaptations were not allowed with this
intervention.
Experimental Design
Heart Oxidative Stress and Hemodynamic Alterations Induced by Intratracheal ROFA
Inhalation: One day after the water adaptation period, the carotid of 15 additional rats was
cannulated (as described later). Twenty-four hrs after the cannulation, resting hemodynamic data
were recorded and blood samples were obtained for lactate concentration measurement. Later, the
rats were quickly and lightly anesthetized with ether for intratracheal instillation and divided into 2
groups: (a) Exercise + Saline 100 μL saline (EX-S, n = 8); and (b) Exercise + ROFA 500 μG/100μL
ROFA suspension (EX-RF, n = 7). After 10 min of the instillation, the rats from both groups were able
to perform 20 min of a swimming exercise in a chamber filled 45 cm with water at 30°C. The
hemodynamic parameters were recorded simultaneously during exercise. At the end of the exercise
session, blood samples were obtained for lactate concentration determinations and, then immediately
after, the rats were decapitated for heart extraction and posteriorly stored at -80°C for oxidative stress
analysis.
Characterization of the ROFA
The ROFA consisted of particles retained in the electrostatic precipitator installed in one of the
chimneys of a large steel plant localized in São Paulo city, Brazil. The element composition of ROFA
suspension particles was determined by neutron activation analysis that involved short irradiations of
5 min for the determination of chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), and
strontium (Sr) using a pneumatic transfer system facility under a thermal neutron of 1.4x1012
ncm-2
s-1
.
Longer irradiations of 16 hrs under a thermal neutron flux of about 1012
ncm-2
s-1
were performed for
determinations of arsenic (As), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co),
potassium (K), lanthanum (La), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb),
scandium (Sc), thorium (Th), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). After adequate decay times, the irradiated
samples and standards were measured using a hyperpure detector Model GX2020 coupled to Model
1510 (Perkin Elmer Ortec, Oak Ridge TN, USA) integrated signal processor, both from Canberra
Corporate Headquarters (Meriden CT, USA). Counting times from 200 to 50,000 sec were used,
depending on the half-lives or activities of radioisotopes considered. The radioisotopes measured
were identified according to their half-lives and γ-ray energies. The concentrations of the elements
were calculated using a comparative method. Measurements of the diameters of the particles (largest
diameter) were made using an integrating eyepiece with polarized light microscopy. Each line in the
eyepiece represented a 10 µm length at a magnification of 1000 x. About 230 events for each particle
were measured. ROFA presented 44.6+0.1% of iron; bromine, 1.482+19 µg g-1
; cesium, 16.3+0.3 µg
g-1
; cobalt, 9.90+0.25 µg g-1
; chromium, 107.7+1.4 µg g-1
; lanthanum, 10.3+0.1 µg g-1
; manganese,
3,884+24 µg g-1
; rubidium, 719.7+1.0 µg g-1
; antimony, 2.27+0.9 µg g-1
; arsenic, 154.4+0.8 µg g-1
;
vanadium, 35+4 µg g-1
; and zinc, 491.9+3.1 µg g-1
. Almost all particles had a diameter of less than 10
µm; the means and standard deviations were 1.7+2.56 µm for carbon; 1.2+2.24 µm for transition
metals particles. About 78% of carbon particles and 98% of transition metals particles had a diameter
less than 2.5 µm. This preparation was used in previous studies (46,47).
Hemodynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis
One catheter (PE-10) filled with 0.06 mL saline was implanted in anesthetized rats (85 mg·kg-1
ketamine and 15 mg·kg-1
xylazine) into the carotid artery for direct arterial pressure measurements.
4. 81
After surgery the rats were separated in individual cages and received food and water ad libitum. At
the day of experiment the arterial cannula was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (P23Db,
Gould-Statham), and blood pressure signals were recorded over 20 min at rest by a microcomputer
equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board (CODAS, 2-kHz sampling frequency; Dataq
Instruments, Inc). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in
systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and
heart rate (HR) (24). The hemodynamic data were also evaluated during the 20 min of exercise. We
used the following surgery procedure: Dopalen® (Ketamine 1.16 g·10 mL-1
, Agribrands Ltda, Brazil)
and Anasedan® (Xylazine 2.3 g·100 mL-1
, Agribrands Ltda, Brazil).
Measurement of Exercise Intensity by Blood Lactate Concentration
Caudal venous lactate concentrations were determined before and after exercise by Lactate Analyzer
(Accutrend®Plus System, Roche). The results were expressed as mmol·L-1
.
Determination of Heart and Lung Oxidative Stress
Tissue Preparation: The heart and lungs from each rat was excised, washed in saline solution and
quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. For determination of oxidative stress parameters, the heart and lung
samples were homogenized (1:5 and 1:7 w/v) in 120 mmol KCl, 30 mmol sodium phosphate buffer
(pH = 7.4) added with protease inhibitor 0.5 mmol PMSF (Phenylmethanesulfonyl Fluoride) at 0 to
4°C. The suspensions were centrifuged at 600 g for 10 min at 0 to 4°C to remove nuclei and cell
debris. The pellets discarded and the supernatants were used as homogenates (24,27).
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Method (TBARS), Chemiluminescence, and Catalase
Enzyme Activity: Homogenates were precipitated with 10% TCA, centrifuged, and incubated with
thiobarbituric acid (T5500-Sigma) for 60 min at 1000C. TBARS were extracted using butanol (1:1
V/V). After centrifugation, the absorbance of the butanol layer was measured at 535 nm (6). The
amount of TBARS formed was expressed in nanomoles of malondialdehyde per milligram of protein
(nmol MDA/mg prot). Malondialdehyde standard was prepared from 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane
(Fluka, USA) (24,46,47).
Chemiluminescence (CL) was measured in a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence
mode (LKB Rack Beta Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer 1215, LKB - Produkter AB, Sweden). Heart
homogenates were placed in low-potassium vials at a protein concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mg of
protein·mL-1
in a reaction medium consisting of 120 mmol·L-1
KCl, 30 mmol·L-1
sodium phosphate
buffer (pH = 7.4). Measurements were started by the addition of 3 mmol·L-1
tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
The data were expressed as counts per sec per milligram of protein. Catalase (CAT) activity was
determined by following the decrease at 240 nm-absorbance in a reaction medium containing 50
mmol·L-1
sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2), and 10 mmol·L-1
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) (1). It was
expressed as picomole of H2O2 reduced per sec per milligram of protein (pmol of H2O2/sec/mg prot).
Protein was measured by the method of Bradford (2), using bovine serum albumin (1 mg·mL-1
to 0.1
mg·mL-1
curve) as standard. The results were expressed in mg of protein/mL of homogenized tissue.
Statistical Analyses
The Student’s t-Test was used for the statistical analysis in blood lactate concentration and all
oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, CL, and CAT). The hemodynamic data (HR, MAP, DAP, and
SAP) were also analyzed by the Student’s t-Test and Paired t-Test to compare rest and exercise
hemodynamic data in the same group. The results were expressed in mean ± standard deviation. The
level of statistical significance was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS
(V.18) Software for Windows.
5. 82
RESULTS
ROFA Inhalation did not Influence the Blood Lactate Concentration during Exercise in Rats
Swimming exercise for 20 min promoted an increase in blood lactate levels (mmol·L-1
) in both Saline
(EX-S = 1.82 ± 0.41 at rest vs. 4.01 ± 0.83 after exercise) and ROFA groups (EX-RF = 1.78 ± 0.63 at
rest vs. 4.08 ± 0.76 after exercise) (P<0.05). The ROFA instillation did not promote modifications in
the blood lactate concentration.
ROFA Inhalation Increased Oxidative Stress in Heart and Lungs of Rats Submitted to Exercise
As indicated in Figure 1, rats treated with the ROFA presented an increase in MDA levels (Figure 1A)
(P = 0.0047), and a significant decrease in CAT activity in lung tissue (Figure 1C) (P = 0.0007). The
Chemiluminescense of lung homogenates was not influenced by the ROFA treatment (refer to Figure
1B) (P = 0.3505). In the heart, rats treated with the ROFA presented an increase in MDA (Figure 2A)
(P = 0.03) and Chemiluminescense levels (Figure 2B) (P = 0.015). However, CAT activity (Figure 2C)
was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.087).
Figure 1. Lung Oxidative Stress of Rats Submitted to Exercise after ROFA Instillation. Lipid peroxidation
levels measured by: (A) MDA concentration; (B) chemimiluminescence; and (c) CAT activity of lung
homogenates from rats submitted to 20 min of swimming exercise after Saline (EX-S, n = 8 ) or ROFA (EX-RF,
n = 7) intratracheal instillation. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *Significant differences
(P<0.05) between groups.
Figure 2. Heart Oxidative Stress of Rats Submitted to Exercise after ROFA Instillation. Lipid peroxidation
levels measured by: (A) MDA concentration: (B) chemimiluminescence; and (c) CAT activity of heart
homogenates from rats submitted to 20 min of swimming exercise after Saline (EX-S, n = 8 ) or ROFA (EX-RF,
n = 7) intratracheal instillation. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *Significant differences
(P<0.05) between groups.
6. 83
ROFA Inhalation Had No Influence on Hemodynamic Response during Exercise in Rats
All the hemodynamic data are demonstrated in Table 1. The HR and DAP values and the SAP and
MAP values were similar between the groups during the rest condition. During exercise, there were
no significant differences in the hemodynamic data between the treatment groups. When the rest
condition was compared to the exercise condition, the HR values increased during the exercise
condition, while diastolic, systolic and mean arterial pressure decreased independently of treatment
(Saline or ROFA). The magnitude of the increase in HR and the decrease of the arterial pressure
were similar for the Saline and ROFA groups during the exercise.
Table 1. Hemodynamic Response during Exercise after ROFA Instillation.
Saline (n = 8) Rofa (n = 7)
DAP (mmHg)
Rest 101.1 ± 6.2 103.5 ± 7.8
Exercise 87.9 ± 8.3* 87.3 ± 11.3*
delta -13.2 ± 8.2 -16.2 ± 7.5
SAP (mmHg)
Rest 136.3 ± 10.4 136.7 ± 9.8
Exercise 127.3 ± 9.7* 128 ± 11*
delta -9.0 ± 9.2 -8.7 ± 3.9
MAP (mmHg)
Rest 120.7 ± 6.4 121.7 ± 6.8
Exercise 109.3 ± 9.7* 109 ± 11.4*
delta -11.4 ± 8.7 -12.7 ± 5.8
HR (beats·min-1
)
Rest 370 ± 38 348 ± 14
Exercise 432 ± 15* 416 ± 36*
delta 61 ± 43 68 ± 24
DAP = diastolic arterial pressure, SAP = systolic arterial pressure, MAP = mean arterial pressure, HR = heart
rate at rest and during swimming exercise after Saline (EX-S, n = 8) or ROFA (EX-RF, n = 7) intratracheal
instillation. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *Significant differences (P<0.05) between
exercise and rest values in the same treatment group using the Paired Student’s t-Test.
DISCUSSION
It is well-recognized that the majority of the experimental work regarding adverse effects of PM is
conducted with rats in resting condition. In the present study we submitted rats to ROFA instillation
during exercise. Specifically, the acute response of particles on the rats’ hemodynamic response
during a swimming exercise was studied to evaluate the toxic effects of PM. This study found that
particles promoted heart and lung oxidative stress without modifying the hemodynamic response to
swimming.
In our study it was necessary to measure the intensity of exercise practiced by the animal groups. As
suggested by the literature, the blood lactate concentration was used to mark the intensity of exercise
(14,18,20,40). Kramer et al. (18) and Gobbato et al. (14) determined that values of blood lactate
concentration in rats around 2 mmol·L-1
are consistent with rest conditions while values of 5.5
mmol·L-1
indicate high intensity exercise. This study found an increase in lactate concentration after
7. 84
exercise at values close to 4 mmol·L-1
, indicating that the rats reached moderate intensity lactate
levels independently of treatment groups (14,40).
The administration of particles in the lungs of rodents is a reasonable approach to assess the
potential for and the profile of lung injury. In fact, it is common that a high dose of particles is used to
investigate the mechanisms of pathophysiological lesions (7) and, in this regards, the dose of ROFA
(500 μg) administered in the present study was well above the ambient concentration. In addition, it is
likely that the composition of the ROFA used may not have reflected the urban particles that present
a high contribution of mobile sources (17,28,46,47). Thus, we used ROFA to determine if the rats’
exercise hemodynamic responses would be impaired by heart lipid peroxidation damage induced by
particulate pollution.
Human studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM at rest produces changes in the subjects’
HR, HR variability, blood pressure, and electrical conduction system of the heart in patients with
preexisting cardiovascular disease. Since cardiorespiratory demand is increased during exercise, as
observed by the increase in oxygen consumption (VO2), there is a significant increase in pulmonary
ventilation and diffusion capacity. These physiological adjustments may be linked to an augmented
risk of inhaling particles that result in damage to the cardiorespiratory system during exercise (32,33).
This is an important point, given that the literature indicates that the total amount of ultrafine particles
deposited in respiratory tract of humans during moderate exercise is approximately 5 times higher
than at rest (9).
Given that the studies regarding heart oxidative stress and PM exposure were conducted with rats in
the resting condition, the present study is novel in that it was conducted with rats during exercise.
Thus, it was essential to determine the exercise intensity performed by the rats. Lactate concentration
(in all experiments) and cardiovascular parameters during experiment 2 (Table 1) showed that the
rats were submitted to a similar exercise intensity throughout the study. The findings support an
increase in oxidative stress in the rats’ heart that was induced by PM inhalation. Specifically, it was
observed that ROFA instillation promoted an increase of lipid peroxidation in heart tissue of rats
submitted to acute exercise. The fact that PM induced lipid peroxidation at rest is not novel. Previous
studies (10,27,28,30) have demonstrated that pulmonary and cardiac adverse effects of PM might be
mediated by mechanism dependent on oxidants and autononomic unbalance (13,29). But, the
increased oxidative risk without hemodynamic alterations during exercise after particles exposure is a
new and an important finding.
In the present study, the heart CAT activity of the rats was similar in the treated groups. This finding
disagrees with authors who demonstrated a protective effect of CAT in cardiac myocytes damage
induced by diesel exhaust (25). As an example, in an earlier study (10), we showed that 90 days of
ROFA treatment promoted an increase in heart CAT. Also, Gurgueira and colleagues (17) reported a
21% increase in CAT activity in heart tissue of rats exposed to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs)
for 5 hrs. In contrast, the explanation for the lack of an increase in CAT activity in the present study
might be explained to some extent by the different models (i.e., period and pollution protocols). Also,
the fact that acute exercise per se can increase mitochondrial CAT activity by 358% with a longer
exercise duration and a higher exercise intensity than used in the present study as compared with
rest condition (34). Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the exercise may have masked the PM
effect on CAT activity.
The idea that oxidants generated by PM alter cardiac function is well documented (13,15,17). In fact,
it has been demonstrated that sympathetic and parasympathetic blockers prevent the CAPs-mediated
cardiac adverse effects, thus showing the critical role for autonomic nervous system signaling in
8. 85
preventing damage (29). Similarly, with respect to the published literature (31,42) and ROFA
instillation, the present study indicates that the HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP responses are a function of
the exercise condition that masks the PM effect.
There are some controversial data in the literature regarding hemodynamic parameters in animal
models of exercise. For example, Kramer et al. (18) demonstrated an increase of HR in rats
submitted to a swim test. Yeung et al. (45) found an increase in HR and SAP without alteration in
DAP using a treadmill for 7 min. When evaluating cardiovascular responses during human exercise in
water, Park et al. (26) and Cider et al. (6) found an increase in HR and blood pressure when
compared to resting condition. During water immersion at 30° of temperature, Park et al. (26) showed
a 50% increase in cardiac output, although HR decreased 15%. The water immersion modified other
hemodynamic parameters such as an increase of 8% in SAP, 15% in DAP and decrease of 32% in
total peripheral resistance. Other studies found a decrease in blood pressure (8) or no significant
alterations in these parameters (6,12). Interestingly, a recent review showed that the HR response of
diving and proposed that the HR response of exercise in mammalians are variable because the
suprabulbar control over this reflex behavior. Moreover, underwater submersion results in
bradycardia mediated by parasympathetic neurons and the redistribution of blood flow away from
muscle followed by reperfusion during emersion (21).
In the present study, we observed that rats submitted to short-term moderate exercise activity
increased HR in both groups independently with or without the treatment with ROFA. However,
interestingly, all of the measurements regarding blood pressure were reduced with exercise. Also,
there were no differences between exposure groups. Similar changes in HR and PAM analysis in rats
during the swim exercise suggest that these effects occurred in response to gradual parasympathetic
influence that could be explained by the frequent submerges of the animal (19).
Although there are few studies in the literature associating air pollution adverse effects with exercise
(11,16,39,43), Sharman et al. (32) published a recommendation to avoid exercise practice in parks or
in recreational areas close to busy roadways or industrial sites, which is consistent with exercise
guidelines for people with high blood pressure (33). These authors suggest that it may be desirable to
limit the duration of the exercise session when air pollution is critical. Specifically, the PM may
decrease cardiorespiratory fitness (36) by influencing lung function after exposure (35). However, it is
also important to point out that the acute pollution exposure during a single exercise session is
possibly questionable especially in light of the protective effect that results from chronic exercise
(37,38).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings in this study indicate that the exposure of Wistar rats to ROFA before 20 min of
swimming exercise resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA and Chemiluminesnce) in the
lungs. The ROFA treatment also increased lipid peroxidation in the heart. However, the treatment had
no influence on rats’ heart rate or blood pressure responses during exercise. Thus, it is reasonable to
conclude that the particulate matter inhalation during exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress in the
heart and lungs without producing significant alterations in the hemodynamic variables.
9. 86
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).
T.G. Heck and M. Petry were supported by a fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Dr C.R. Rhoden, Dr. P. Dal Lago and Dr. P.H.N. Saldiva are
supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). The authors
declare they have no conflict of interest.
Address for correspondence: Heck TG, PhD, Department of Life Sciences (DCVida). Universidade
Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua do comércio, Bairro Universitário, Ijuí,
RS. CEP: 98700-000. Brazil, Email: gomesheck@yahoo.com
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