This study examined the effects of inhaling urban ambient particles (UAP) during exercise on lung oxidative stress in rats. Rats were exposed to UAP or filtered air during 20 or 60 minutes of swimming exercise. Exposure to UAP for 60 minutes resulted in higher lipid peroxidation and lower catalase activity in the lungs compared to 20 minutes of exposure or filtered air, indicating greater oxidative stress with longer duration of exercise and particle exposure. The findings suggest that exposure to air pollution during exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress in the lungs, especially with longer exercise sessions.
Al rawi 2018-j._phys.__conf._ser._1003_012012Muna AL-rawi
new Schiff base [I] was prepared by refluxing Amoxicillin trihydrate and 4-Hydroxy-
3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in aqueous methanol solution using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The
new 1,3-oxazepine derivative [II] was obtained by Diels- Alder reaction of Schiff base [I] with
phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The reaction of Schiff base [I] with thioglycolic acid in dry
benzene led to the formation of thiazolidin-4-one derivative [III]. While the imidazolidin-4-one [IV]
derivative was produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff base [I] with glycine and triethylamine in
ethanol for 9 hrs. Tetrazole derivative [V] was synthesized by refluxing Schiff base [I] with sodium
azide in dimethylformamid DMF. The structure of synthesized compounds[I-V] was characterized
by their melting points, elemental analysis CHN-S and by their spectral data; FTIR and 1H NMR
spectroscopy. Two cancer cell lines include: (RD) human pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma
and (L20B) the mice intestines carcinoma cell line
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Al rawi 2018-j._phys.__conf._ser._1003_012012Muna AL-rawi
new Schiff base [I] was prepared by refluxing Amoxicillin trihydrate and 4-Hydroxy-
3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in aqueous methanol solution using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The
new 1,3-oxazepine derivative [II] was obtained by Diels- Alder reaction of Schiff base [I] with
phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The reaction of Schiff base [I] with thioglycolic acid in dry
benzene led to the formation of thiazolidin-4-one derivative [III]. While the imidazolidin-4-one [IV]
derivative was produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff base [I] with glycine and triethylamine in
ethanol for 9 hrs. Tetrazole derivative [V] was synthesized by refluxing Schiff base [I] with sodium
azide in dimethylformamid DMF. The structure of synthesized compounds[I-V] was characterized
by their melting points, elemental analysis CHN-S and by their spectral data; FTIR and 1H NMR
spectroscopy. Two cancer cell lines include: (RD) human pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma
and (L20B) the mice intestines carcinoma cell line
An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards 4-Cyano-3-(Methylthio)-5-Oxo-2H-Pyraz...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Synthesis of novel heterocyclic 4-cyano -3-(methylthio)-5-oxo-2H-pyrazole-1(5H)- carbothioamide (3) was prepared by condensing ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-bis (methylthio)acrylate (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) in DMF and catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. Compound (3) has methylthio group at third position, which is replaced by different nucleophiles such as substituted anilines| phenols| hetryl amines| compounds containing active methylene group to afford 3-substituted derivatives of compound (3). All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole 5-Chloroisatin Derivatives via Copper-Catalyzed 1...IJAEMSJORNAL
A facile and simple protocol for the ‘Click’ cycloaddition of organic azides with N-propargylchloroisatine catalyzed by CuI, produces in good yields novel of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substitutedthiazolid...paperpublications3
Abstract: A new series of substituted thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity by means of MTT assay method for improved anticancer activity .The structures of these synthesized compounds were established by means of IR,H NMR analysis.All the compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity .Compounds TH10 & TH19 were found most active due to presence of electron withdrawing groups at appropriate position.
ABSTRACT- Plants of Polygalaceae family are source of several compounds such as xanthones, coumarins, phenols,
triterpenes, steroids, pyrones derivatives and alkaloids. These plants contain chemical compounds with a large spectrum of
biological activities, including anti-depressant and anti-angiogenic. Moutabea guianensis is an Amazonian species
belongs to the Polygalaceae family. In this work, from roots of M. guianensis were isolated a new xanthone,
3,8-dihydroxy-1,2,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone, named moutabeone D, and one known xanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-
methoxyxanthone. Column chromatography on silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC led the isolation of these
compounds. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR).
Key-words- Moutabea guianensis, Polygalaceae, Xanthones
A fresh Good morning to everyone, hope all are doing their preparation very well. Here we are providing you the third installment of NEET question paper 2017- SET C.
Download it and do well.
N-alkylation methods, Characterization and Evaluation of antibacterial activi...IJERA Editor
A series of new 5-Chloroisatin derivates have been synthesized by the method of N-alkylation at room temperature, in the presence of a base and a catalyst with good yields. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by NMR (1H &13C), these new compounds obtained were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The final results revealed that the majority of the compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against various organisms
Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel 5-Chlor...IJERA Editor
The development of potential antibacterial requires the synthesis of a new series of 5- Chloroisatin derivatives incorporating various aromatic aldehydes in the case 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition including Nitrile oxide, as well as the cycloaddition Alcyne-Azide Catalytic with Copper. The charcterization of the structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by means of their IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data. In addition, the antibacterial properties in vitro were tested against certain microorganisms using the disk diffusion technique. A majority of compounds show better activity against several of the microorganisms.
BIO-EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF OMEGA3 ON MICE BRAIN ijbesjournal
In order to investigate the non-auditory bio-effects of aircraft noise exposure on brain, mice in soundproof
chambers were exposed to a previously recorded aircraft-related noise signal for a duration of 1,2 or 3
weeks. For comparison, unexposed control mice have been used. The work plan includes aircraft takeoff
and landing noise which adjusted to a level of 100 dB forthe 4 experimental groups for 2 hours daily. The
recorded noise was analyzed using Audacity software program. The levels of blood glucose and cortisol in
serum were measured. Morphological changes of brain tissue were observed by light microscope. The
results showed that, Takeoff frequency ranged from 3-4 KHz at 100dB, while dominant frequency for
landing was 2-3 KHz. Noise of 100 dB was found to cause significant increases in plasma glucose and
cortisol for exposed mice as compared to no noise exposure. Administration of omega 3 for three weeks
causes a significant improvement in plasma glucose and cortisol. Histopathological changes in brain of
mice exposed to aircraft noise revealed some vesicles and mild to moderate apoptosis and pyknosis of the
nuclei. In conclusion the present study determined that high intensity noise has a direct and clear effect on
physical, biochemical values and thus noise exposure should be well organized
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole 5-Chloroisatin Derivatives via Copper-Catalyzed 1...IJAEMSJORNAL
A facile and simple protocol for the ‘Click’ cycloaddition of organic azides with N-propargylchloroisatine catalyzed by CuI, produces in good yields novel of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substitutedthiazolid...paperpublications3
Abstract: A new series of substituted thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity by means of MTT assay method for improved anticancer activity .The structures of these synthesized compounds were established by means of IR,H NMR analysis.All the compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity .Compounds TH10 & TH19 were found most active due to presence of electron withdrawing groups at appropriate position.
ABSTRACT- Plants of Polygalaceae family are source of several compounds such as xanthones, coumarins, phenols,
triterpenes, steroids, pyrones derivatives and alkaloids. These plants contain chemical compounds with a large spectrum of
biological activities, including anti-depressant and anti-angiogenic. Moutabea guianensis is an Amazonian species
belongs to the Polygalaceae family. In this work, from roots of M. guianensis were isolated a new xanthone,
3,8-dihydroxy-1,2,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone, named moutabeone D, and one known xanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-
methoxyxanthone. Column chromatography on silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC led the isolation of these
compounds. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR).
Key-words- Moutabea guianensis, Polygalaceae, Xanthones
A fresh Good morning to everyone, hope all are doing their preparation very well. Here we are providing you the third installment of NEET question paper 2017- SET C.
Download it and do well.
N-alkylation methods, Characterization and Evaluation of antibacterial activi...IJERA Editor
A series of new 5-Chloroisatin derivates have been synthesized by the method of N-alkylation at room temperature, in the presence of a base and a catalyst with good yields. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by NMR (1H &13C), these new compounds obtained were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The final results revealed that the majority of the compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against various organisms
Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel 5-Chlor...IJERA Editor
The development of potential antibacterial requires the synthesis of a new series of 5- Chloroisatin derivatives incorporating various aromatic aldehydes in the case 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition including Nitrile oxide, as well as the cycloaddition Alcyne-Azide Catalytic with Copper. The charcterization of the structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by means of their IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data. In addition, the antibacterial properties in vitro were tested against certain microorganisms using the disk diffusion technique. A majority of compounds show better activity against several of the microorganisms.
BIO-EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF OMEGA3 ON MICE BRAIN ijbesjournal
In order to investigate the non-auditory bio-effects of aircraft noise exposure on brain, mice in soundproof
chambers were exposed to a previously recorded aircraft-related noise signal for a duration of 1,2 or 3
weeks. For comparison, unexposed control mice have been used. The work plan includes aircraft takeoff
and landing noise which adjusted to a level of 100 dB forthe 4 experimental groups for 2 hours daily. The
recorded noise was analyzed using Audacity software program. The levels of blood glucose and cortisol in
serum were measured. Morphological changes of brain tissue were observed by light microscope. The
results showed that, Takeoff frequency ranged from 3-4 KHz at 100dB, while dominant frequency for
landing was 2-3 KHz. Noise of 100 dB was found to cause significant increases in plasma glucose and
cortisol for exposed mice as compared to no noise exposure. Administration of omega 3 for three weeks
causes a significant improvement in plasma glucose and cortisol. Histopathological changes in brain of
mice exposed to aircraft noise revealed some vesicles and mild to moderate apoptosis and pyknosis of the
nuclei. In conclusion the present study determined that high intensity noise has a direct and clear effect on
physical, biochemical values and thus noise exposure should be well organized
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
ATHLETES’ EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION DURING WORLD ATHLETICS WORLD RELAYS: A PI...Mikel Iceta Hernández
More info at: https://www.kunak.es/sensores-calidad-aire-exterior-rendimiento-uso
Summary:
A comprehensive air quality assessment was carried out during the IAAF World Relays Yokohama 2019, in order to propose and test a methodology aiming to understand the association between air quality, athletic performance and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. It was included on-line and off-line instrumentation for air pollutants and meteorological parameters. Personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was quantified through silicone wristbands, a novel and simple approach to assess potentially toxic organic compounds. Finally, air quality perception and exacerbation of symptoms of already-diagnosed diseases were assessed by athletes through questionnaires during training sessions.
Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Libby Amphibole and Amosite Asbesto...EPL, Inc.
“Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Libby Amphibole and Amosite Asbestos: Effects at 18 Months Post Exposure.” Willson GA (presenter), Dodd DA, Roberts KC, Wall HG, Jarabek AM, Gavett SH. The 33rd Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. June 22-26, 2014.
“Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Libby Amphibole and Amosite Asbestos: Effects at 18 Months Post Exposure.” Dodd DA (presenter), Willson GA, Roberts KC, Wall HG, Jarabek AM, Gavett SH. The 53rd Annual Society of Toxicology Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. March 23-27, 2014.
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"Mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine" appeared in a 2010 issue of Vascular Pharmacology and summarized Stephen M. Black's research into acute lung injury/sepsis.
The Airnergy principle – review and original dataAirnergy AG
The Airnergy principle is a patented method for producing singlet oxygen (1) with the excitation energy subsequently being released in the moist air (2). The principle involves activation of the oxygen and also energising of the water-saturated inhaled air. However,
this is not connected in any way with (familiar) oxygen therapies: Airnergy AG uses the oxygen contained in normal air (e.g. 4 l/min air flow) in its devices and not pure medical oxygen. It is important here that the (claimed) effects are not attributable to the air or the oxygen it contains.
http://en.airnergy.com/products/prices-order/index.html
A standardized aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus modulated airway h...Cây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus HAYATA, a Chinese herb, is a valued folk medicine for fever, pain, and diseases of the lung and liver. Allergic asthma is characterized by increased serum IgE level and inflammation of the airways with high levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). Constriction of airway smooth muscle and evelopment of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are the
most important symptoms of allergic asthma. In our previous study, a standardized aqueous extract of A. formosanus (SAEAF) was used to modulate innate immunity of normal mice. In this study, airway inflammatory infiltrations, including T cell differentiation, cytokine modulation, allergic antibodies
estimation, pulmonary pathology, and enhanced pause (Penh) of AHR were used to evaluate SAEAF treatment of an ovalbumin (OVA)-inhaled airway allergic murine model. The resulting cytokine profiles demonstrated that SAEAF can significantly reduce Th2 polarization after administration of SAEAF in OVA inhalation. These results also suggest that SAEAF modulates cytokine secretion in allergic asthma.
Modulated natural T regulatory cells (CD25+/CD4+, Treg) were also shown to increase immunosuppression in the allergic lung inflammation and further down-regulate airway inflammatory
infiltration in eosinophils and macrophages. Finally, decreased airway anti-OVA IgE secretion and reduced AHR were observed. Our results indicate that the administration of SAEAF can modulate cytokines and T cell subpopulation by regulating inflammatory cell infiltration and modulating the allergic response. & 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserve
Anti-Inflammatory Effect Of Mastruz (Chenopodium Ambrosioides) Extract In Res...inventionjournals
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure acute onset, with bilateral pulmonary infiltrate on chest X-ray and diffuse alveolar damage to pathology, developing non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chenopodium ambrosioides known for its healing effect, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and respiratory stimulant. The objective is to analyze the improvement of respiratory function with inhalation of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract. Fifteen rats were used of the species Rattus norvegicus. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each, the sham group, treated group and the false-operated group. ARDS was induced by the ischemia-reperfusion method of the mesenteric artery in the first two groups, with subsequent inhalation of alcoholic extract of mastruz by the treated group. After 90 minutes, the rats were euthanized and the lungs were removed for histological and morphological analysis. Treatment with alcoholic extract of mastruz led to decreased lung inflammation induced by I/R, since the group treated with inhalation of the extract showed less inflammatory cells in the lung parenchyma compared to the sham group (p <0.05). It is suggested that the alcoholic extract of mastruz reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response and consequently the syndrome of acute respiratory distress arising from the systemic action induced by I / R.
Protective Effect of β-Carotene Extracted From the Cyanobacterium Oscillatori...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Acute Toxicity of Marking Pen Emissions - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Similar to Effects of ambient particles inhalation on lung (20)
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
1. 58
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
June 2014
Volume 17 Number 3
Editor-in-Chief
Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA
Review Board
Todd Astorino, PhD
Julien Baker, PhD
Steve Brock, PhD
Lance Dalleck, PhD
Eric Goulet, PhD
Robert Gotshall, PhD
Alexander Hutchison, PhD
M. Knight-Maloney, PhD
Len Kravitz, PhD
James Laskin, PhD
Yit Aun Lim, PhD
Lonnie Lowery, PhD
Derek Marks, PhD
Cristine Mermier, PhD
Robert Robergs, PhD
Chantal Vella, PhD
Dale Wagner, PhD
Frank Wyatt, PhD
Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal
of the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
Official Research Journal of
the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Effects of Ambient Particles Inhalation on Lung
Oxidative Stress Parameters in Exercising Rats
Thiago Gomes Heck1,3
, Marcelo Rafael Petry2
, Alexandre
Maslinkiewicz2
, Pauline Brendler Goettems-Fiorin1,2
, Mirna Stela
Ludwig1
, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva3
, Pedro Dal Ago2
Claudia
Ramos Rhoden2
1
Research Physiology Group, Post-graduation Program in Integral
Attention to Health, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University
of the Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2
Post-Graduation
Course in Medical Sciences. Federal University of Health Sciences of
Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 3
Laboratory of Experimental
Air Pollution. Medical School – University of São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brazil.
ABSTRACT
Heck TG, Petry MR, Maslinkiewicz A, Goettems-Fiorin PB,
Ludwig MS, Saldiva PHN, Dal Ago P, Rhoden CR. Effects of
Ambient Particles Inhalation on Lung Oxidative Stress Parameters in
Exercising Rats. JEPonline 2014;17(3):58-69. This study examined
the hypothesis that acute exercise exposed to urban ambient particles
(UAP) inhalation could increase oxidative damage in the lung. Wistar
rats were submitted to UAP during a 20 or 60 min swimming exercise.
Longer periods of exercise (60 min exposure to UAP) showed higher
lipid peroxidation (MDA and Chemiluminescence) in the lung and
lower catalase activity. The findings indicate that the exposure of rats
to urban ambient particles during 60 min of swimming exercise results
in higher lipid peroxidation (MDA and Chemiluminesnce) and lower
CAT activity in the lungs. Short-term exposure to particulate matter
during exercise may be a biological risk, while longer periods of an
exercise session with exposure to particles can exacerbate oxidative
stress in the lungs.
Key Words: Exercise, Oxidative stress, Pollution, Particulate Matter
2. 59
INTRODUCTION
Inhalation of urban ambient particles (UAP) produces inflammation in the lungs, promotes
abnormalities of the epithelial barrier permeability (41), impairs respiratory function (5,28,29,44),
increases the secretion of proinflammatory mediators (13,24), and damages the alveolar tissue (14).
Additionally, epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that exposure to UAP increases
cardiorespiratory morbidity, mortality, and the number of hospital readmissions for preexisting
respiratory diseases (2,4,9,11,49).
While studies have concluded that the induced oxidative stress from inhaled UAP associates with
adverse effects in pulmonary function (16,18,31-33), it appears that individuals with preexisting
cardiorespiratory diseases are most susceptible to acute pulmonary responses. Experimental studies
have demonstrated that the mechanisms by which UAP inhalation promotes cardiorespiratory injuries
might be related to important mechanistic differences. The interaction between pollutants and lung
cells may activate pulmonary neural reflexes that initiates modifications in the autonomic nervous
system (32) while concomitantly promoting inflammatory response (33) and oxidative stress (16,20).
Numerous studies indicate that the pulmonary damage elicited by particle inhalation is augmented
during exercise (6,17,37-39), which may act in synergy with the increase in oxygen transport across
the alveolar-capillary surface (35,36). Additionally, high intensity exercise can be associated with an
increase in free radical production and often a transient increase in oxidative stress (19). This
oxidative imbalance is directly related to fatigue sensation (21) and an “open window” of lowered
immunity related to increased upper respiratory symptoms of infection or lung injury (25,26).
In an experimental rat model, we found that UAP showed a significant increase in oxidative stress
and adverse respiratory effects in rats maintained at rest (30). More recently, we observed that the
intratracheal administration of a high amount of particles before a moderate intensity exercise session
promoted oxidative stress in the lungs and heart of rats after a swimming exercise protocol (22).
However, the replication of this effect in an urban environment is not known.
Despite the extensive literature on oxidative stress induced by exercise and also oxidative stress
induced by UAP, few studies have investigated the effects of UAP inhalation during exercise on lung
oxidative parameters. In light of this point, the purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that
urban ambient particles could induce lung stress during an acute moderate exercise session. We also
investigated the effect of the duration of exercise/exposure in the lung oxidative parameters.
METHODS
Animals
Fourty male Wistar rats aged 90 days from the Animal Breeding Unit of Universidade Federal de
Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) were subjects in this study. The animals were kept in
plastic cages (47 cm x 34 cm x 18 cm) under controlled humidity (75 to 85%) with a temperature of 22
± 2°C, a dark-light cycle of 12 hrs (lights on from 7 am to 7 pm). They were fed with a conventional
laboratory diet (Supra-lab, Alisul Alimentos S.A, Brazil) and water ad libitum.
Animal Care
The animals were handled humanely in the performance of this project to minimize the use of animals
and to prevent animal distress. All protocols were approved by the Federal University of Health
Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) Ethical Committee for Research (CPA 017/053).
3. 60
Adaptation to the Water
All rats were adapted to the water before the beginning of the study. The adaptation protocol
consisted of 3 consecutive days of keeping the animals 10 min in shallow water at 30°C to reduce the
rat behavior stress related to water contact. Physical training adaptations were not allowed with this
intervention (22).
Experimental Design
Lung Oxidative Stress Induced by Urban Ambient Particles Inhalation during the Acute
Exercise Session - “Real World” Exposure
After the water adaptation period, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups for UAP inhalation during
exercise: (a) the exercise group in filtered air for 20 min (Exerc 20 min, n = 12); (b) the exercise group
exposed to urban ambient particles for 20 min (Exerc 20 min + UAP, n = 12); (c) the exercise group in
filtered air for 60 min (Exerc 60 min n = 8); and (d) the exercise group in urban ambient particles for
60 min (Exerc 60 min + UAP, n = 8). This study was performed across 5 different days (see Table 1).
At the end of the exercise session, blood samples were obtained to determine lactate concentration.
Then, the lungs were extracted and stored at -80°C for oxidative stress analysis.
Site of “Real World” Exposure
Inhalation chambers were located on the second floor of the Federal University of Health Sciences of
Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) Building, located in Porto Alegre (30°03’45”S, 51°11’15”W), downtown, at a
crossroad with heavy traffic, facing an automated air pollution monitoring station of the State
Environmental Agency, that provides continuous PM10 measurements (beta monitor). Porto Alegre
has a population of approximately 1.5 million inhabitants; it is the central city of a metropolitan
industrialized area of 3.2 million inhabitants. In 2007, the vehicle fleet approximated 1 vehicle for
every 2.7 individuals, and there is a significant increase of 4.5% vehicles per year. The vehicular
traffic is the primary source of air pollution in the large cities of Brazil. They are responsible for
approximately 90% of the CO and PM10 emissions, with air pollution representing a serious problem
in many regions (39). Porto Alegre has ~500 Km2
of total area with 40% of the urban area occupied
by the transportation structure. The city presents thermal inversions frequently, and defined climate
seasons. On average, the temperature varies from 18 and 25ºC. The average of rain days varying
from 3 to 6 d·mth-1
(based on 8 yrs of historical weather readings)(30).
Chamber of Exercise and “Real World” Exposure
The swimming exercise protocol and the air pollution exposure were carried through with the animals
inside of acrylic chambers (30 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm) filled 45 cm with water at 30°C, hermetically
closed with the exception of one entrance (connected to the outdoor environment) and one exit. A
vacuum pump was connected to the exit to pumped outdoor air through the exposure chambers at a
flow rate of 10 L·min-1
. One of the chambers (designated as filtered groups) received a 37 mm Teflon
filter (Millipore, Ireland) in the inlet to avoid the admission of ambient particles major than 2.5 μm;
whereas, the other received atmospheric air without the filter system (designed as polluted groups).
The “Real World” apparatus was adapted from Pereira and colleagues (30). Ambient air condition
during exercise in the “Real World exposure” protocol is listed in Table I, which demonstrates a
regular condition (moderate levels) of urban air pollution during the experiment days.
4. 61
Table 1. Particulate Matter Concentration - Day by Day of “Real World” Exposure.
Date Time of
Exposure/Exercise
UAP
µg/m3
Day 1 20 min 70.03
Day 2 20 min 38.15
Day 3 20 min 102.38
Day 4 60 min 28.42
Day 5 60 min 19.99
Measurement of Exercise Intensity by Blood Lactate Concentration
Caudal venous lactate concentrations were determined before and after exercise by using a Lactate
Analyzer (Accutrend®Plus System, Roche). The results were expressed as mmol·L-1
.
Determination of Lung Oxidative Stress
Tissue Preparation
The lungs from each rat were excised, washed in saline solution and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen.
For the determination of oxidative stress parameters, the lung samples were homogenized (1:7 w/v)
in 120 mmol KCl, 30 mmol sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) added with protease inhibitor 0.5
mmol PMSF (Phenylmethanesulfonyl Fluoride) at 0 to 4°C. The suspensions were centrifuged at 600
g for 10 min at 0 to 4°C to remove nuclei and cell debris. The pellets discarded and the supernatants
were used as homogenates (22,27,30).
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Method (TBARS), Chemiluminescence, and Catalase
Enzyme Activity
Homogenates were precipitated with 10% TCA, centrifuged, and incubated with thiobarbituric acid
(T5500-Sigma) for 60 min at 1000C. TBARS were extracted using butanol (1:1 V/V). After
centrifugation, the absorbance of the butanol layer was measured at 535 nm (6). The amount of
TBARS formed was expressed in nanomoles of malondialdehyde per milligram of protein (nmol
MDA/mg prot). Malondialdehyde standard was prepared from 1,1,3,3,-tetramethoxypropane (Fluka,
USA) (22,27,47,48).
Chemiluminescence (CL) was measured in a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence
mode (LKB Rack Beta Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer 1215, LKB - Produkter AB, Sweden). Lung
homogenates were placed in low-potassium vials at a protein concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mg of
protein·mL-1
in a reaction medium consisting of 120 mmol·L-1
KCl, 30 mmol·L-1
sodium phosphate
buffer (pH = 7.4). Measurements were started by the addition of 3 mmol·L-1
tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
The data were expressed as counts per sec per milligram of protein. Catalase (CAT) activity was
determined by following the decrease at 240 nm-absorbance in a reaction medium containing 50
mmol·L-1
sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2), and 10 mmol·L-1
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) (1). It was
expressed as picomole of H2O2 reduced per sec per milligram of protein (pmol of H2O2/sec/mg prot).
Protein was measured by the method of Bradford (3), using bovine serum albumin (1 mg·mL-1
to 0.1
mg·mL-1
curve) as standard. The results were expressed in mg of protein/mL of homogenized tissue
(22).
5. 62
Statistical Analysis
One-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test were used for the statistical
analysis in blood lactate concentration and all oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, CL, and CAT).
The results are expressed in mean ± standard deviation. The level of statistical significance was set
at 5%. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS (V.18) Software for Windows.
RESULTS
Exposure to urban ambient particles (UAP) during the 20 min of an exercise session (Exerc 20min
group) resulted in no modification in the lung lipid peroxidation (Figure 1A), chemiluminescence
(Figure 1B) or catalase enzyme activity (Figure 1C) when compared to 20 min of exercise in filtrated
air (Exer 20min group). However, 60 min of exercise exposed to UAP showed higher levels of lipid
peroxidation in the lungs (Figure 1A).
After 60 min of exercise, higher QL levels were observed in the lungs compared to the 20 min
exercised groups, with no additional effect of UAP exposure (Figure 1B). After the 60 min exercise
session, catalase activity was higher in the lungs from rats in filtrated air, but this effect was not
observed in the UAP exposure group (Exerc 60min+UAP) that exercised at the same time and
duration (Figure 1C).
Figure 1. Lung Oxidative Stress of Rats Submitted to Exercise Exposed to Urban Ambient
Particles. Lung lipid peroxidation levels measured by (A) MDA concentration and (B) chemiluminescence. (C)
Catalase enzyme activity of lung homogenates from rats submitted to 20 or 60 min of swimming exercise
exposed to urban ambient particles (+UAP). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *Significant
difference (P=0.0013) vs. Exerc 20min. #
Significant differences (P=0.0007) vs. Exerc 20min and Exerc
20min+UAP. †
Significant differences (P=0.0025) vs. all groups. One-Way ANOVA followed by Student-
Newman-Keuls post hoc test.
Blood lactate concentration (mmol·L-1
) was also measured after the acute exercise session. The
results showed that all rats exercised at the same intensity. Blood lactate concentration levels were
similar among the groups with no significant effect by exercise duration (20 min vs. 60 min), and it
was not influenced by exposure to ambient levels of particles (i.e., filtrated vs. UAP exposure) (refer
to Table 1).
6. 63
Table 1. Blood Lactate Concentration after Exercise Exposed to Urban Ambient Particles.
Exerc 20 min Exerc 20 min
+UAP
Exerc 60 min Exerc 60 min
+UAP
Blood Lactate
Concentration (mmol·L-1
)
4.17 ± 0.59 4.39 ± 0.84 4.08 ± 0.75 4.14 ± 0.71
Blood lactate concentration after swimming exercise in rats exercised in filtered air for 20 min (Exerc 20min,
n=12), the exercise group exposed to urban ambient particles for 20 min (Exerc 20min+UAP, n=12), the
exercise group in filtered air for 60 min (Exerc 60min, n=8), and the exercise group in urban ambient particles
for 60 min (Exerc 60min+UAP, n=8). The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. No significant
differences were found among the groups (P=0.7223).
DISCUSSION
In the present study, the rats were exposed to urban air pollution (UAP) or clean (filtered) air during
an acute short-term (20 min or 60 min) swimming exercise session. Their lungs were evaluated for
lipid damage that showed a progressive time-dependent effect of exercise with an increase of lipid
peroxidation and lower catalase activity mediated by UAP exposure. Rats exposed to UAP for 60 min
presented an almost 2-fold higher lipid peroxidation when compared to the rats that swam in clean
ambient air for 20 min and 20% higher than rats that swam in clean ambient air for 60 min. Longer
acute exercise (60 min) showed higher catalase enzyme antioxidant activity only in the rats that
swam in the filtrated environment. This effect in CAT activity was not observed in the rats exposed to
UAP after 60 min of acute exercise. The experimental model used in this study indicates that
combining animal studies with “real world” exposure may be useful in understanding the
pathogenesis of lung injury promoted by urban particles during exercise. Thus, it is reasonable that
the “Real World” Exercise+UAP protocol supports the contention that inhalation of ambient particles
air pollution represents a biological hazard (30).
In our study the UAP did not modify the blood lactate concentration, which is a biomarker of exercise
intensity in experimental models. Previously, we observed that a high concentration of particles did
not modify the blood lactate levels in Residual Oil Fly Ash (ROFA) in an intratracheal instillation
model. Interestingly, although the rats received ROFA administration 20 min before the exercise
session (22), they showed blood lactate levels similar to this study (ROFA study data = 4.08 ± 0.76
vs. Exerc 20min+UAP= 4.39 ± 0.84). As suggested by the literature, the increase in blood lactate
concentration after exercise at values close to 4 mmol·L-1
indicates that the animals reached
moderate intensity that was independent of UAP exposure (15,23,45).
A previous study (30) in our laboratory demonstrated that the effect on pulmonary oxidative stress
during a continuous short-term UAP exposure is time dependent. We observed higher levels of lipid
peroxidation in lung tissue in rats exposed to UAP for 20 continuous hours, but there was no effect in
rats exposed to UAP for 6 continuous hours or 20 intermittent hours (average PM10 concentration =
130 ± 10.0 μg/m3
) (30). In the present study in Porto Alegre (30°03’45”S, 51°11’15”W), we further
explored the possibility of UAP concentrations causing oxidative stress in the lungs by performing a
single short-term 20 min or 60 min of exercise. Since a short-term outdoor exercise period close to
traffic is quite frequent in the urban scenario, we expected that this study could mimic this situation. In
7. 64
our experimental exercise conditions (i.e., 20 to 60 min of exposure to an average of about 50 μg/m3
of urban particles), we found evidence of lipid peroxidation in the lungs only with 60 min of exercise
and exposure (Figure 1A) with lower catalase activity induced by UAP. We also observed in a
separated experiment that a 24-hr later exercise session had no effect on the groups (filtrated vs.
UAP exposure) in MDA concentration, QL or catalase activity (data not shown). Together, the findings
in the present study and the previous studies suggest that in the environmental urban air pollution
levels and the experimental conditions do not result in a permanent or persistent oxidative stress,
although exercise can boost the redox imbalance in the pulmonary tissue induced by PM inhalation.
Since cardiorespiratory demand is considerably increased during exercise, as observed by an
increase in oxygen consumption, there is a significant increase in pulmonary ventilation and tissue
diffusion capacity. These modifications might be important reasons for augmented risk to particles
inhalation damage during exercise (37,39). In fact, it is demonstrated in the literature that the total
amount of ultrafine particles deposited in respiratory tract of humans during moderate exercise is
approximately five times higher than during resting (7). Based on these findings, it is possible to
propose that even short-term exposures to ambient levels of particles influence the capacity of the
lungs to respond adequately to an increase in oxidative demand. Healthy rats can manage this
situation quite well, as demonstrated by the lack of an increase in MDA in 20 min groups vs. the
groups exercised for 60 min. In other words, it is apparent that a healthy organism can repair the
oxidative injury.
The question that needs to be answered is this: How would diseased lungs, when submitted to a high
oxidative load, respond to the same stimulus? In this context, epidemiological data provide
compelling evidence that patients with chronic inflammatory lung conditions (such as chronic
bronchitis and asthma) are more susceptible to adverse fluctuations of ambient particles (34). This
point is in agreement with both the hospitalizations and out of hospital deaths due to ambient particles
(10). Our MDA concentration and catalase activity evaluation indicate that exercising near traffic may
lower lung oxidative defense, and might be a risk to the exposition to low levels of air pollution in
subjects with pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
The fact that UAP induce lipid peroxidation in the resting condition is not novel. Several studies (8,
12,30-32,47,48) have reported that the pulmonary adverse effects of particles might be mediated by
mechanism dependent on oxidant agents, including during exercise session (22). Here, it is important
to point out that the physiological adaptations from regular exercise result in a protective effect
against lung tissue oxidation and inflammation following the acute exposure of diesel particles (43).
This finding may likely be associated with the increase in CAT activity as an defensive effect against
lipid peroxidation (42).
Hence, in this way, chronic exercise (i.e., at a moderate intensity and duration of training) may not
result in lung damage. This is supported by the epidemiologic study that provided evidence that
habitual exercise may prevent premature death attributable to air pollution (46). Thus, the absence of
the increase of CAT activity in the Exerc 60min+UAP group might be a marker of lung injury. Since it
has been reported that acute exercise can enhance mitochondrial CAT activity by ~360% (40), it is
reasonable that the lack of an increase of CAT activity during exercise by UAP exposure requires
complementary studies.
Presently, it is a common recommendation to avoid exercise in parks or in recreational areas close to
busy roadways or industrial sites (37,39). Also, it is useful to limit the exercise session in terms of
hours per day when air pollution is critical. This recommendation is supported by the fact that the rats
required to exercise for longer periods (60 min vs 20 min) may represent a risk for lung oxidative
8. 65
equilibrium between the antioxidant defense and the process of environmental oxidative induction by
UAP.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings in this study indicate that the exposure of Wistar rats to urban ambient particles during
60 min of a swimming exercise resulted in high lipid peroxidation (MDA and Chemiluminesnce) and
lower catalase activity in the lungs. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that short-term exposure to
particulate matter during exercise may represent a risk, and that long periods of an exercise session
exposure to particles can exacerbate the oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).
T.G. Heck and M. Petry were supported by a fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Dr C.R. Rhoden, Dr. P. Dal Lago and Dr. P.H.N. Saldiva are
supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). The authors
declare that they have no conflict of interest. Research Support (PqG-2013 - FAPERGS, process:
002106-2551/13-5 T. G. HECK)
Address for correspondence: Thiago Gomes Heck, PhD, Department of Life Sciences (DCVida).
Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua do comércio, Bairro
Universitário, Ijuí, RS. CEP: 98700-000. Brazil, Email: gomesheck@yahoo.com
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