This document provides an overview of various research methodologies in library and information science. It discusses analytical bibliography, which examines physical attributes of written works to study authenticity. It also covers bibliometrics, which uses quantitative analysis and statistics to describe publication patterns. Specific bibliometric laws like Lotka's law, Bradford's law, and Zipf's law are explained. Other areas covered include citation analysis, content analysis, historical research, and stylostatistics. The document concludes by distinguishing academic research degrees from funded research projects.
Metrics envelop number of subject domains, e.g., general relativity under physics, networking, mathematics, software analysis, etc. --- STATISTICS
Enumerated in the slides are the different metric fields in information science.
Metrics envelop number of subject domains, e.g., general relativity under physics, networking, mathematics, software analysis, etc. --- STATISTICS
Enumerated in the slides are the different metric fields in information science.
Review of literature is necessary for research.We can find so many advance thing which are already proven though research by searching the review article only.
According to W.R. Borg
“The literature of any field forms the foundation upon which all future will be built. If we fail to build the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and naïve and will often duplicate work that has already been done better by someone else”
Bibliometrics literally means "book measurement" but the term is used about all kinds of documents (with journal articles as the dominant kind of document).
What is measured are not the physical properties of documents but statistical patterns in variables such as authorship, sources, subjects, geographical origins, and citations.
Review of literature is necessary for research.We can find so many advance thing which are already proven though research by searching the review article only.
According to W.R. Borg
“The literature of any field forms the foundation upon which all future will be built. If we fail to build the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and naïve and will often duplicate work that has already been done better by someone else”
Bibliometrics literally means "book measurement" but the term is used about all kinds of documents (with journal articles as the dominant kind of document).
What is measured are not the physical properties of documents but statistical patterns in variables such as authorship, sources, subjects, geographical origins, and citations.
Print source literature 24 March 2023.pptxsanjaychavan62
Hi i am Dr. Sanjay Chavan, i am share my ppts on print source literature for newcomer researcher in chemistry who is seeking for research give idea about literature reviews and defiantly this power point presentation is very help full. before the research work learnt about the research methodology with respective subject is very essential so this is very effective information for the newly enter this field.
Scientometric Mapping of Library and Information Science in Web of Science 8638812142
This is a presentation on Scientometric Study done in Library and Information Science Research as per the data downloaded from Web of Science. This is a presentation of MPhil dissertation submitted to Department of Library and Information Science, Mizoram University under Prof SN Singh.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Jayroe Bibliometrics for Dummies 2008Bibliometrics (or bibliometry) is included with other mathematical and statistical analysis methods
under the umbrella of informatics/information science. Bibliometrics has been used for almost a century
as a descriptive and evaluative science.1
The term “bibliometrics” was coined by Alan Pritchard in 1969.
Prior to this, the field had been labeled “statistical bibliography” by British librarian E. Wyndham Hulme in
1922
The most popular term “Comparative Librarianship” was first used in 1954, when Chase Dane published two articles based on his experience of a study group at the GLS (Graduate Library school) of the University of Chicago.
Are you gearing up to do specialized research for a grant proposal or your own scholarly work? Learn what a literature review is and how to develop one using University Libraries.
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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3. Introduction
Research is composed of two words “re” and
“search”, which means to search again or it is a
careful investigation to understand or re-examine
the facts or to search for new facts or to
modify older ones in any branch of knowledge.
The term research is also used to describe an
entire collection of information about a particular
subject, but it is in general used by the students
of higher schools.
4. Research in common parlance refers to search for
knowledge; one can also define research as a
scientific and systematic search for pertinent
information on as specific topic. Some people
consider research as a movement, a movement
from the unknown to known. It is actually a
voyage of discovery. Thus research is an
endeavor to discover, develop and verify
knowledge.
9. Topic ideas
• E-book usage
• Usability studies of
– Online tutorial(s)
– ‘My Library” portals
• Analysis of library web sites or library
instruction sites or pathfinders by best
practices
• Student learning outcomes in LIS
programs
11. Analytical Bibliography
• Analytical bibliography is the study of physical
characteristics of books, manuscripts, maps, and other
written materials with the goal of shedding light on such
matters as the authenticity of individual items and the
chronology of different versions of particular works.
– Though the techniques of analytical bibliography were largely
developed in order to study books and manuscripts of
considerable age (e.g., early printings of Shakespeare's plays),
the techniques are applicable to materials of more recent origin.
12. Contd………
• Physical characteristics that can be
studied include:
– Paper and ink chemistry
– Watermarks
– Collation
– Binding
– Typefaces, even down to the level of
individual distinctive pieces of type
– Spelling variations
13. Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics
• First, a definition: "Bibliometrics is a type
of research method used in library and
information science. It utilizes quantitative
analysis and statistics to describe patterns
of publication within a given field or body
of literature. Researchers may use
bibliometric methods of evaluation to
determine the influence of a single writer,
for example, or to describe the relationship
between two or more writers or works."
14. Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics
• Laws of Bibliometrics. One of the main
areas in bibliometric research concerns
the application of bibliometric laws. The
three most commonly used laws in
bibliometrics are: Lotka's law of scientific
productivity, Bradford's law of scatter, and
Zipf's law of word occurrence."
15. Contd….
• Lotka's Law. Named after Alfred J. Lotka, this law "describes the frequency
of publication by authors in a given field." It states that in a given field the
number of authors who make n contributions to the field is approximately
1/n2 of the number who make a single contribution, and that the typical
proportion of those making just one contribution is about 60% of the authors
in the field. "This means that out of all the authors in a given field, 60
percent will have just one publication . . . 15 percent will have two
publications (1/22 times .60), 7 percent of authors will have three
publications (1/32 times .60), and so on." It can be shown that only about
6% "of the authors in a field will produce more than 10 articles" apiece.
16. Contd…..
• Bradford's Law. Named after Samuel C. Bradford, a British librarian,
"Bradford's Law serves as a general guideline to librarians in determining
the number of core journals in any given field. It states that journals in a
single field can be divided into three parts, each containing the same
number of articles: 1) a core of journals on the subject, relatively few in
number, that produces approximately one-third of all the articles, 2) a
second zone, containing the same number of articles as the first, but a
greater number of journals, and 3) a third zone, containing the same
number of articles as the second, but a still greater number of journals. The
mathematical relationship of the number of journals in the core to the first
zone is a constant n and to the second zone the relationship is n². Bradford
expressed this relationship as 1:n:n². Bradford formulated his law [in 1934]
after studying a bibliography of geophysics. . . . Bradford's Law is not
statistically accurate, strictly speaking. But it is still commonly used as a
general rule of thumb."
17. Contd……
– Zipf's Law. Named after George K. Zipf, a Harvard professor of
philology, this law describes the distribution of frequencies of words in
ordinary prose:
• Suppose that you have a reasonably lengthy text, that you count the
frequencies of the distinct words in the text, and that you then arrange the
distinct words in decreasing order of frequency. Next, you assign rank 1 to
the first word in the resulting list, i.e., the most frequent word; rank 2, to the
next most frequent word; rank 3, to the third most frequent word; and so on.*
• Zipf's Law says that the product of the rank of a word in this list multiplied by
its frequency will be approximately constant. That is, r x f = C, where r is the
rank of a word, f is the frequency of the word, and C is a constant. (C will
depend mainly on the size of the particular text you have counted, but
certain other characteristics of the text also help to determine C.)
18. Contd……
• Another important area of bibliometrics, Citation Analysis, "uses
various methods . . . in order to establish relationships between
authors or their work. Here is a definition of citation analysis, and
definitions of co-citation coupling and bibliographic coupling, which
are specific kinds of citation analysis."
– Citation Analysis. "When one author cites another author, a
relationship is established. Citation analysis uses citations in scholarly
works to establish links. Many different links can be ascertained, such
as links between authors, between scholarly works, between journals,
between fields, or even between countries. Citations both from and to a
certain document may be studied. One very common use of citation
analysis is to determine the impact of a single author on a given field by
counting the number of times the author has been cited by others. One
possible drawback of this approach is that authors may be citing the
single author in a negative context (saying that the author doesn't know
what s/he's talking about, for instance)."
19. Contd…..
– Co-Citation Coupling "is a method used to establish a subject
similarity between two documents. If papers A and B are both cited by
paper C, they may be said to be related to one another, even though
they don't directly cite each other. If papers A and B are both cited by
many other papers, they have a stronger relationship. The more papers
they are cited by, the stronger their relationship is."
– Bibliographic Coupling "operates on a similar principle, but in a way it
is the mirror image of co-citation coupling. Bibliographic coupling links
two papers that cite the same articles, so that if papers A and B both
cite paper C, they may be said to be related, even though they don't
directly cite each other. The more papers they both cite, the stronger
their relationship is.“
20. Contd….
• The best known facilitation of citation analysis is that of the
Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), which publishes several
citation indexes to journals in various fields.
– ISI’s Web of Science includes
• Science Citation Expanded
• Social Sciences Citation Index
• Arts & Humanities Citation Index
– For I-School students, access to ISI journals is available through
UT-Austin Library Online (UTLOL), via “
Databases and Indexes to Articles”.
• Web Applications of Bibliometrics
– Cybermetrics. "Recently, a new growth area in bibliometrics has been
in the emerging field of webmetrics, or cybermetrics as it is often called.
Webmetrics can be defined as using of bibliometric techniques in order
to study the relationship of different sites on the World Wide Web. Such
techniques may also be used to map out (called "scientific mapping" in
traditional bibliometric research) areas of the Web that appear to be
most useful or influential, based on the number of times they are
hyperlinked to other Web sites."
21. Content Analysis
• In the social sciences and humanities, content analysis is the analysis
of texts of various types including writing, images, recordings and
cultural artifacts. Content analysis includes both qualitative and
quantitative approaches. Content analysis is used for a variety of
purposes including attribution of texts to authors, testing of
hypotheses, theory building, and evaluation research.
• In the social sciences, content analysis is a method for studying the
content of written texts and artifacts.[1] Earl Babbie defines it as "the
study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites,
paintings and laws".[2]
• Content analysis is a scholarly method in the humanities by which
texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning.[3] This
latter subject includes philology, hermeneutics, and semiotics.
22. Historical Research
• Historical research is that which utilizes
historical sources like documents remains,
etc. to study event or ideas of the past
including the philosophy of the person and
groups at any remote point of time.
23. Stylostatistics
Using several stylostatistical techniques and employing
inferential statistical analysis, Mosteller and Wallace
were able to conclude, "In summary, we can say with
better foundation than ever before that Madison was
the author of the 12 disputed papers." Historians
have generally accepted the Mosteller and Wallace
findings as conclusive.
The Mosteller and Wallace book provides a brief history
of the Federalist Papers plus a masterful explanation
of stylostatistical techniques and their application to
the problem of uncovering the authorship of the
disputed papers
24. Conclusion
• The research projects are different from
that of academic research degree in
regards to different scale of time,
resources and extent, pioneering qualities
and rigor. Research project actually
involves a group work on a pre-assigned
topic by the funding agency; it has wide
scope in regards to the greater resource
availability.