The document discusses various research methodologies that can be used for a dissertation or research project. It describes both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, as well as the possibility of combining methods. Key points covered include using primary or secondary data collection, conducting interviews, surveys or case studies, and ensuring the chosen methodology is justified and appropriate for answering the research question.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the common elements, characteristics, and types of research. The two major types are basic research, conducted to add to understanding without practical goals, and applied research, conducted to solve practical problems. Research methodology includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to understand experiences through methods like interviews while quantitative research aims to measure variables and relationships through statistical analysis. Finally, the document discusses important aspects of developing a research proposal such as choosing a topic, constructing a statement of the problem, and writing a clear title.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose of a literature review, which is to summarize and evaluate prior research on a topic. It also outlines different contexts for literature reviews, such as when it is the main focus of research, a preliminary stage, or part of a completed research project. The document offers tips for how to structure an effective literature review, including grouping related studies and focusing on the most relevant aspects rather than individually summarizing every source. It emphasizes the importance of critically analyzing existing research rather than just summarizing. Overall, the document aims to help researchers understand how to properly frame and conduct a high-quality literature review.
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic activity aimed at advancing knowledge by finding out new things. Research methods are the tools and techniques used to conduct research and arrive at valid conclusions. Learning research methods is most useful when combined with applying them in an actual research project. Research aims to generate new knowledge that can convince others of its validity based on sound evidence and analysis.
Qualitative research methods - a data collector's field guideDatum Intel
This document provides an overview of a field guide for qualitative research methods. The field guide was created to train data collection teams in applied public health research projects. It covers the main qualitative research methods used in public health - participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. For each method, it provides practical guidance on logistics, ethics, sampling, data collection and management. The goal is to prepare data collectors to conduct qualitative research systematically and ethically in developing country field sites.
This document provides an introduction to research concepts. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method involves tentative, empirically testable, and publicly shared approaches. Research can be basic, applied, or action-oriented. Qualitative research explores meanings through words and images, while quantitative research analyzes numerical data. Methods include experimental, case study, survey, and time-series designs. Research helps address problems in fields like public administration, through approaches such as needs assessment, process and outcome evaluations.
The hypotheses in these examples are:
1. Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the proportion of male and female smokers in the study population.
2. Alternative hypothesis: A greater proportion of females than males are smokers in the study population.
3. Research hypothesis: A total of 60% of females and 30% of males in the study population are smokers.
4. Research hypothesis: There are twice as many female smokers as male smokers in the study population.
This document discusses inductive research as an alternative approach to theory development where theories are derived from analysis of collected data rather than guiding data collection. It provides an overview of inductive research as a qualitative approach that uses exploratory motives to generate broad generalizations through a flexible design focused on natural settings and in-depth understandings. The document also outlines the process of implementing induction including data collection, examination, and identifying themes to ultimately construct typologies, theories, and models. It notes both the limitations and strengths of inductive research.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the common elements, characteristics, and types of research. The two major types are basic research, conducted to add to understanding without practical goals, and applied research, conducted to solve practical problems. Research methodology includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to understand experiences through methods like interviews while quantitative research aims to measure variables and relationships through statistical analysis. Finally, the document discusses important aspects of developing a research proposal such as choosing a topic, constructing a statement of the problem, and writing a clear title.
This document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose of a literature review, which is to summarize and evaluate prior research on a topic. It also outlines different contexts for literature reviews, such as when it is the main focus of research, a preliminary stage, or part of a completed research project. The document offers tips for how to structure an effective literature review, including grouping related studies and focusing on the most relevant aspects rather than individually summarizing every source. It emphasizes the importance of critically analyzing existing research rather than just summarizing. Overall, the document aims to help researchers understand how to properly frame and conduct a high-quality literature review.
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic activity aimed at advancing knowledge by finding out new things. Research methods are the tools and techniques used to conduct research and arrive at valid conclusions. Learning research methods is most useful when combined with applying them in an actual research project. Research aims to generate new knowledge that can convince others of its validity based on sound evidence and analysis.
Qualitative research methods - a data collector's field guideDatum Intel
This document provides an overview of a field guide for qualitative research methods. The field guide was created to train data collection teams in applied public health research projects. It covers the main qualitative research methods used in public health - participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. For each method, it provides practical guidance on logistics, ethics, sampling, data collection and management. The goal is to prepare data collectors to conduct qualitative research systematically and ethically in developing country field sites.
This document provides an introduction to research concepts. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method involves tentative, empirically testable, and publicly shared approaches. Research can be basic, applied, or action-oriented. Qualitative research explores meanings through words and images, while quantitative research analyzes numerical data. Methods include experimental, case study, survey, and time-series designs. Research helps address problems in fields like public administration, through approaches such as needs assessment, process and outcome evaluations.
The hypotheses in these examples are:
1. Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the proportion of male and female smokers in the study population.
2. Alternative hypothesis: A greater proportion of females than males are smokers in the study population.
3. Research hypothesis: A total of 60% of females and 30% of males in the study population are smokers.
4. Research hypothesis: There are twice as many female smokers as male smokers in the study population.
This document discusses inductive research as an alternative approach to theory development where theories are derived from analysis of collected data rather than guiding data collection. It provides an overview of inductive research as a qualitative approach that uses exploratory motives to generate broad generalizations through a flexible design focused on natural settings and in-depth understandings. The document also outlines the process of implementing induction including data collection, examination, and identifying themes to ultimately construct typologies, theories, and models. It notes both the limitations and strengths of inductive research.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
This document discusses organizing scientific research. It defines research as the intellectual investigation of matters to advance human knowledge. There are different types of research design including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. The logic of research can follow deductive or inductive approaches. A research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved. Methodological design involves methods for data collection, establishing relationships between data and unknowns, and evaluating accuracy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research, including what research is and is not, the research process, common methodologies, and important elements of research proposals. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, and notes key characteristics like originating with a question and requiring a specific plan. The document outlines the typical research process, from raising a question to acquiring and analyzing data to interpreting results. It also contrasts quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and discusses important parts of research proposals like the problem statement, hypotheses, and literature review.
This document outlines different types of research methods. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designed to generate basic knowledge, describe variables of interest, and provide information on potential cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses primary and secondary research methods, quantitative and qualitative frameworks, deductive and inductive processes, different research designs, and the typical steps in the research process from initial exploration to presentation.
This document outlines the research process from start to finish. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation aimed at discovering new information or revising current understanding. It then distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The document describes each step of the research process in detail, including refining an idea based on background research, conducting experiments or investigations, documenting work, evaluating results, and presenting findings. The overall process involves starting with an idea, investigating previous work, refining the idea, doing the core investigative work, evaluating outcomes, identifying future work, and disseminating the research.
This document outlines the stages of a research project and provides resources for students to use. It discusses managing expectations and time, choosing primary or secondary data, designing surveys, analyzing and reporting results, and presenting findings. The document also warns of information overload from vast online resources and recommends starting with specific country, company, industry, or association resources to narrow the scope of research.
There are several types of literature reviews, as outlined by the University of Southern California. Argumentative reviews attempt to persuade the reader of a particular viewpoint. Integrative reviews allow the combination of different methodologies and synthesize existing knowledge to guide practice. Historical reviews examine research over time to place current work in historical context. Methodological reviews draw on conceptual and practical knowledge to highlight ethical issues. Systematic reviews use systematic methods to collect, appraise, and synthesize data qualitatively or quantitatively. Theoretical reviews establish existing theories, relationships between theories, and the degree theories have been investigated to develop new hypotheses.
This document defines research and outlines the key aspects of the research process. It defines research as the systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to increase understanding and answer questions. The stages of the scientific method are described, including assessing existing knowledge, formulating hypotheses, acquiring empirical data, and proposing explanations. The objectives and significance of research are explained. Different types of research are defined, such as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. Finally, the document outlines the typical steps in conducting research, from defining the problem to formulating conclusions.
This document outlines the purpose and process of conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as an evaluation of previous research on a topic to identify gaps and avoid duplication. It discusses the different types of literature reviews and emphasizes that a critical literature review goes beyond description to include analysis and conceptual innovation. It also contrasts systematic reviews, which use transparent and unbiased methods, with narrative reviews, which provide an initial impression of a topic.
How to extract data from your paper for systemic review - PubricaPubrica
Data should be extracted based on previously identified interventions and outcomes developed during the formulation of the study topic, inclusion/exclusion requirements, and search procedure.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
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There are several types of research including: basic research which aims to discover fundamental truths and laws through curiosity-driven studies; applied research which tests basic research theories in practical problem situations; deductive research which derives hypotheses from theories to then make observations; and inductive research which makes observations to identify patterns and derive tentative hypotheses and theories. Research can also be quantitative using methods like surveys and experiments, or qualitative using methods like case studies, interviews and narratives to understand perceptions. Evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs and activities using quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis or qualitative methods like case studies.
This document discusses qualitative research methodologies. It defines qualitative research as focusing on people's experiences and how cultural and social factors influence their behavior. Qualitative research can be used to understand people's feelings, opinions, behaviors, attitudes and problems. Some common qualitative methodologies discussed include grounded theory, thematic analysis, content analysis and discourse analysis. Features of qualitative research mentioned are sampling, data collection through methods like interviews and observation, and triangulation using multiple data sources and methods.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It defines research and nursing research, discusses different types of research methods including quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. It also outlines the purposes of research, classifications of research, steps in the research process, and key considerations for developing a research problem, question, and title.
This document outlines the modules of a research methodology course. Module 1 covers the nature and scope of research methodology, problem formulation, and the value of information. Module 2 discusses Bayesian decision theory and research designs like exploratory, descriptive, and experimental. Module 3 focuses on methods of data collection like surveys and questionnaires. Module 4 examines attitude measurement techniques, survey administration, sampling, and statistical analysis. Module 5 is about analyzing data using software and techniques like ANOVA and clustering.
1) The document outlines the CARS model for writing a research proposal, establishing the importance of technology in daily life and literacy practices.
2) It establishes a niche by noting that while technology is ubiquitous, its uses in the college classroom have been underexplored.
3) The proposed research intends to examine how social media can be used to teach writing by observing and interviewing students and instructors using Facebook in a composition class.
What is the difference between research methodology and research designPhD Assistance
What is the difference between research methodology and research design? - PhD Assistance -
http://www.phdassistance.com/services/phd-research-methodology/
This document outlines the research methodology process. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic way to solve a research problem through various steps, including literature reviews, developing hypotheses, determining sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and preparing a report. The document also covers different types of research such as descriptive vs. analytical and quantitative vs. qualitative research. It provides examples of key aspects of the research methodology process.
Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ in important ways. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis of numeric data from standardized instruments, while qualitative research relies on descriptive analysis of text or image data collected from a small number of individuals. The two approaches also differ in how the research problem is identified, how literature is reviewed, how data is collected and analyzed, and how findings are reported. Common quantitative designs include experimental, correlational, and survey designs, while qualitative designs include grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative, and action research designs. The best approach depends on matching the research questions and goals.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Problems are an inherent part of human existence and no society has ever existed without difficulties. Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover facts and solutions. It involves carefully gathering and analyzing data to validate theories or solve problems. The goals of research are to attain new knowledge, develop general principles, and improve conditions through objective and comprehensive investigation of phenomena. Research can be basic, aimed at developing theory, or applied, aimed at solving practical problems. It plays an important role in development by informing problem analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
1. The document discusses geometric formulas involving spheres, cylinders, and cones. It provides calculations to find volumes and surface areas of these shapes given specific radii or other measurements.
2. Step-by-step workings are shown to solve for unknown side lengths, radii, heights, or volumes by setting up and solving equations based on the geometric formulas.
3. Calculations are provided for a variety of example problems involving spheres, cylinders and cones to demonstrate applying the formulas.
This document discusses organizing scientific research. It defines research as the intellectual investigation of matters to advance human knowledge. There are different types of research design including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. The logic of research can follow deductive or inductive approaches. A research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved. Methodological design involves methods for data collection, establishing relationships between data and unknowns, and evaluating accuracy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research, including what research is and is not, the research process, common methodologies, and important elements of research proposals. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, and notes key characteristics like originating with a question and requiring a specific plan. The document outlines the typical research process, from raising a question to acquiring and analyzing data to interpreting results. It also contrasts quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and discusses important parts of research proposals like the problem statement, hypotheses, and literature review.
This document outlines different types of research methods. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designed to generate basic knowledge, describe variables of interest, and provide information on potential cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses primary and secondary research methods, quantitative and qualitative frameworks, deductive and inductive processes, different research designs, and the typical steps in the research process from initial exploration to presentation.
This document outlines the research process from start to finish. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation aimed at discovering new information or revising current understanding. It then distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The document describes each step of the research process in detail, including refining an idea based on background research, conducting experiments or investigations, documenting work, evaluating results, and presenting findings. The overall process involves starting with an idea, investigating previous work, refining the idea, doing the core investigative work, evaluating outcomes, identifying future work, and disseminating the research.
This document outlines the stages of a research project and provides resources for students to use. It discusses managing expectations and time, choosing primary or secondary data, designing surveys, analyzing and reporting results, and presenting findings. The document also warns of information overload from vast online resources and recommends starting with specific country, company, industry, or association resources to narrow the scope of research.
There are several types of literature reviews, as outlined by the University of Southern California. Argumentative reviews attempt to persuade the reader of a particular viewpoint. Integrative reviews allow the combination of different methodologies and synthesize existing knowledge to guide practice. Historical reviews examine research over time to place current work in historical context. Methodological reviews draw on conceptual and practical knowledge to highlight ethical issues. Systematic reviews use systematic methods to collect, appraise, and synthesize data qualitatively or quantitatively. Theoretical reviews establish existing theories, relationships between theories, and the degree theories have been investigated to develop new hypotheses.
This document defines research and outlines the key aspects of the research process. It defines research as the systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to increase understanding and answer questions. The stages of the scientific method are described, including assessing existing knowledge, formulating hypotheses, acquiring empirical data, and proposing explanations. The objectives and significance of research are explained. Different types of research are defined, such as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. Finally, the document outlines the typical steps in conducting research, from defining the problem to formulating conclusions.
This document outlines the purpose and process of conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as an evaluation of previous research on a topic to identify gaps and avoid duplication. It discusses the different types of literature reviews and emphasizes that a critical literature review goes beyond description to include analysis and conceptual innovation. It also contrasts systematic reviews, which use transparent and unbiased methods, with narrative reviews, which provide an initial impression of a topic.
How to extract data from your paper for systemic review - PubricaPubrica
Data should be extracted based on previously identified interventions and outcomes developed during the formulation of the study topic, inclusion/exclusion requirements, and search procedure.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
There are several types of research including: basic research which aims to discover fundamental truths and laws through curiosity-driven studies; applied research which tests basic research theories in practical problem situations; deductive research which derives hypotheses from theories to then make observations; and inductive research which makes observations to identify patterns and derive tentative hypotheses and theories. Research can also be quantitative using methods like surveys and experiments, or qualitative using methods like case studies, interviews and narratives to understand perceptions. Evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs and activities using quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis or qualitative methods like case studies.
This document discusses qualitative research methodologies. It defines qualitative research as focusing on people's experiences and how cultural and social factors influence their behavior. Qualitative research can be used to understand people's feelings, opinions, behaviors, attitudes and problems. Some common qualitative methodologies discussed include grounded theory, thematic analysis, content analysis and discourse analysis. Features of qualitative research mentioned are sampling, data collection through methods like interviews and observation, and triangulation using multiple data sources and methods.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It defines research and nursing research, discusses different types of research methods including quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. It also outlines the purposes of research, classifications of research, steps in the research process, and key considerations for developing a research problem, question, and title.
This document outlines the modules of a research methodology course. Module 1 covers the nature and scope of research methodology, problem formulation, and the value of information. Module 2 discusses Bayesian decision theory and research designs like exploratory, descriptive, and experimental. Module 3 focuses on methods of data collection like surveys and questionnaires. Module 4 examines attitude measurement techniques, survey administration, sampling, and statistical analysis. Module 5 is about analyzing data using software and techniques like ANOVA and clustering.
1) The document outlines the CARS model for writing a research proposal, establishing the importance of technology in daily life and literacy practices.
2) It establishes a niche by noting that while technology is ubiquitous, its uses in the college classroom have been underexplored.
3) The proposed research intends to examine how social media can be used to teach writing by observing and interviewing students and instructors using Facebook in a composition class.
What is the difference between research methodology and research designPhD Assistance
What is the difference between research methodology and research design? - PhD Assistance -
http://www.phdassistance.com/services/phd-research-methodology/
This document outlines the research methodology process. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic way to solve a research problem through various steps, including literature reviews, developing hypotheses, determining sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and preparing a report. The document also covers different types of research such as descriptive vs. analytical and quantitative vs. qualitative research. It provides examples of key aspects of the research methodology process.
Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ in important ways. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis of numeric data from standardized instruments, while qualitative research relies on descriptive analysis of text or image data collected from a small number of individuals. The two approaches also differ in how the research problem is identified, how literature is reviewed, how data is collected and analyzed, and how findings are reported. Common quantitative designs include experimental, correlational, and survey designs, while qualitative designs include grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative, and action research designs. The best approach depends on matching the research questions and goals.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Problems are an inherent part of human existence and no society has ever existed without difficulties. Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover facts and solutions. It involves carefully gathering and analyzing data to validate theories or solve problems. The goals of research are to attain new knowledge, develop general principles, and improve conditions through objective and comprehensive investigation of phenomena. Research can be basic, aimed at developing theory, or applied, aimed at solving practical problems. It plays an important role in development by informing problem analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
1. The document discusses geometric formulas involving spheres, cylinders, and cones. It provides calculations to find volumes and surface areas of these shapes given specific radii or other measurements.
2. Step-by-step workings are shown to solve for unknown side lengths, radii, heights, or volumes by setting up and solving equations based on the geometric formulas.
3. Calculations are provided for a variety of example problems involving spheres, cylinders and cones to demonstrate applying the formulas.
1. The document discusses different geometric shapes and how to calculate various properties of triangles, quadrilaterals, and other shapes using basic formulas like the Pythagorean theorem.
2. Multiple examples are provided to demonstrate calculating lengths of sides and angles using given values and geometric relationships.
3. Formulas used include calculating the area of triangles, summing the areas of component shapes, and deriving side lengths from angles or other sides.
Microsoft Word es un procesador de texto que permite crear y editar documentos a través de una interfaz gráfica con ventanas y menús. Ofrece diversas opciones de formato de texto incluyendo diferentes tipos de fuentes y estilos de letra.
Demo: How to make air refreshener ?(Powder form & Spray form)Melody Joey
This document provides instructions for making air fresheners in both powder and spray forms. The powder form is made by pouring baking soda into a container, adding 15-20 drops of essential oil, covering it, and gently shaking it before use. The spray form involves stapling paper to the top of a bottle, adding baking soda and essential oil, filling the bottle with water, adding tea tree oil, and shaking to combine.
Prolog is a logic programming language based on mathematical logic. It was invented in 1971 and allows programmers to model human logic and decision making. Prolog uses Horn clauses to express statements and performs backward chaining to prove goals by working backwards from what it is trying to prove to the facts. It is commonly used for intelligent data retrieval, expert systems, and other artificial intelligence applications that require symbolic reasoning.
This document analyzes the transfer process from a student's native language (L1) to their second language (L2). It discusses differences between language development in L1 versus L2. Errors made in L2 development are similar to those in L1 acquisition. The student's cognitive development influences how they process information and can impact their ability to acquire skills like verb tenses. Teachers should use instructional strategies that connect L1 and L2, such as showing similarities between Spanish and English prefixes/suffixes. A variety of assessments and support for literacy and culture can help ELL students transfer skills from L1 to L2.
This document provides a series of rhetorical questions intended to encourage gratitude and perspective. It prompts the reader to consider those who have faced greater hardships in order to appreciate what one has. It suggests enjoying life for what it is and recognizing that while some things may be unfair, others have it much worse. It encourages sharing this message to spread its message of gratitude.
Linear momentum is a property of moving objects that describes how difficult it is to stop the object or change its velocity. It is calculated as the product of an object's mass and velocity (p=mv), so it increases with greater mass or velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity that resists changes, and comparing the momentum of a car and motorcycle traveling at different speeds and masses shows that the car has more momentum even though it is moving slower due to its greater mass. Impulse is a measure of the change in an object's momentum caused by a force over time.
Black box testing is a software testing method that tests the functionality of an application without knowledge of its internal structure or code. It involves testing the software from the user's perspective to identify interface errors, incorrect or missing functions, and errors in data structures or external access. Boundary value analysis is a technique used in black box testing where tests are designed to include input values that fall on the edges of equivalence partitions. Decision table testing uses a matrix format to list causes and their expected effects to help structure test case design.
Tefal is a French cookware and small appliance manufacturer founded in 1956 that invented non-stick coatings for cookware. The document outlines Tefal's background and describes the production process for their ActiFry air fryer. It explains that raw materials are collected by factory workers and the basic form is assembled by machines. Then workers carefully assemble the parts by hand, including setting screws and combining components. Multiple quality checks are conducted before products are packaged and shipped. The conclusion is that finishing a qualified technology product requires time, systematic work, and complex processes involving both machinery and careful human labor that cannot be replaced.
1. The document contains mathematical formulas and equations related to geometry, areas, volumes, and physics.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating the area of a circle, volume of a cylinder, surface area of a cylinder, and other geometric shapes.
3. Variables like r, h, R, F, and π are used in the equations, representing values like radius, height, circumference, force, and pi.
This document discusses how to sum cells in Excel based on their background color. It provides two methods:
1. Using the SUMIF formula and manually typing in the background colors. This is cumbersome for large lists.
2. Using a user-defined function (UDF) called ColorIndex that returns the color index of a cell. This simplifies using SUMIF.
A better approach uses an improved UDF called SumByColor that directly sums the values in a range that match the background color of a reference cell. Users enter the SumByColor function with the reference cell and range to quickly sum cells by color.
The document discusses key elements and steps of the research process. It begins by defining research and different types of research problems. It then outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) identifying a research problem, 2) formulating a hypothesis, 3) reviewing related literature, 4) preparing a research design, 5) conducting actual experimentation, 6) analyzing results and discussion, and 7) formulating conclusions and recommendations. The document also discusses types of research including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It concludes by outlining key elements that should be included in any research paper such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, body, results, discussion, conclusion, and citations.
This document provides guidance on developing the major components of a PhD research proposal, including an introduction and background section, literature review, research methodology, and research design. It discusses key elements like justifying the problem statement, reviewing relevant literature, choosing appropriate research philosophies and designs like case study research, and outlining the data collection and analysis process. The goal is to help students properly structure their proposal and demonstrate readiness for their PhD journey.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as involving the systematic collection and analysis of numeric data. The main types of quantitative research designs are described as descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental. Descriptive design seeks to describe a variable, correlational design explores relationships between variables, quasi-experimental establishes cause-effect relationships without manipulation, and experimental establishes cause-effect through manipulation. The document also discusses key aspects of the research process like developing a hypothesis using the scientific method.
The document discusses key concepts in research methods, including quantitative and qualitative research. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to test hypotheses, while qualitative research uses words to understand phenomena. Some advantages of quantitative research are its validity and reliability, while its disadvantages include difficulties measuring human behavior. Qualitative research allows deep exploration but lacks rigor and generalizability. Overall, the document provides an overview of important research terminology and compares different research approaches.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Research methodology as per the syllabus of CDLU SirsaParveen Vashisth
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives of research which include gaining new insights, determining frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The document also covers the different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual research. Additionally, it discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, the scope of research at different levels, and techniques for defining the research problem.
ilovepdf_merged.pdf- about Media and communicationKonulAzizli
This document discusses key concepts in social science research methods. It defines research as a structured, systematic investigation aimed at increasing understanding through objective analysis of data. Research is guided by theory, which provides frameworks for interpreting findings. The document outlines various aspects of the research process, including developing research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that social research should have practical implications and be influenced by ethical considerations and real-world contexts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
The document discusses several key aspects of the research process that were learned throughout a course, including formulating researchable problems, evaluating research, and synthesizing an understanding of the research process. It also explores ethical issues in research and national research priorities. The writer believes they gained a solid understanding of nursing research and how to improve patient outcomes through evidence-based practice.
Develop three research questions on a topic for which you are suzannewarch
Develop three research questions on a topic for which you are most interest.
Access the "Types of Research Design" site.
Select the appropriate research design for your research questions.
In your own words, explain the purpose of the design, what these type of studies
tell you
and what they
don't tell you
and.
Finally, explain why this design is appropriate for the respective research questions.
A research question is a...
clear
focused
concise
complex
arguable
Instructions for all Forums:
Each week, learners will post one initial post per week. This post must demonstrate comprehension of the course materials, the ability to apply that knowledge in the real world. Learners will engage with the instructor and peers throughout the learning week. To motivate engaged discussion, posts are expected to be on time with regular interaction throughout the week. All posts should demonstrate college level writing skills. To promote vibrant discussion as we would in a face to face classroom, formatted citations and references are not required. Quotes should not be used at all, or used sparingly. If you quote a source quotation marks should be used and an APA formatted citation and reference provided.
Before beginning your paper, you need to decide how you plan to design the study
.
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of design you should use, not the other way around!
De Vaus, D. A.
Research Design in Social Research
. London: SAGE, 2001; Trochim, William M.K.
Research Methods Knowledge Base
. 2006.
General Structure and Writing Style
The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem logically and as unambiguously as possible
. In social sciences research, obtaining information relevant to the research problem generally entails specifying the type of evidence needed to test a theory, to evaluate a program, or to accurately describe and assess meaning related to an observable phenomenon.
With this in mind, a common mistake made by researchers is that they begin their investigations far too early, before they have thought critically about what information is required to address the research problem. Without attending to these design issues beforehand, the overall research problem will not be adequately addressed and any conclusions drawn will run the risk of being weak and unconvincing. As a consequence, the overall validity of the study will be undermined.
The length and complexity of describing research designs in your paper can vary considerably, but any well-developed design will achieve the following
:
Identify the res ...
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data such as text, video, or audio to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It is commonly used in fields like anthropology, sociology, education, and health sciences. Some key characteristics of qualitative research methods include collecting data in natural settings, using multiple data sources like interviews and observations, and producing meaningful inferences. Common qualitative research approaches include in-depth interviews, focus groups, narrative research, phenomenology, ethnography, case studies, content analysis, grounded theory, and record keeping. The process of qualitative data analysis generally involves preparing, organizing, reviewing, coding, and identifying themes in the data.
1. Qualitative research design involves making sequential decisions about questions, data collection, analysis, and presentation to effectively answer the research questions.
2. Case studies aim to precisely describe or reconstruct a case, such as a person, organization, or institution, to understand it in full complexity or make cultural comparisons.
3. Comparative studies examine multiple cases regarding particular aspects to show differences, like views of health across cultures.
The document provides an overview of research methodologies and methods. It discusses the differences between methodologies and methods, with methodologies representing the overall approach and lens for analyzing results, and methods being the specific tools used to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, with qualitative focusing on meanings and in-depth insights while quantitative examines relationships and trends. Key aspects of choosing and conducting qualitative research are outlined, including sampling techniques, common analysis methods like coding and triangulation, and examples of qualitative research questions.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
This document discusses research topics, purpose, and products. It defines research and lists its key characteristics. Research is conducted to create new knowledge, solve problems, validate intuitions, and improve methods. The outcomes or products of research can include new theories, models, analyses, and unexpected findings. Choosing a research topic involves considering feasibility and available resources. The purpose should be clearly explained and justified, and the potential products or contributions of the research should be evaluated.
Qualitative Research and Family Psychology by Jane F. GilgunJim Bloyd
Abstract: Qualitative approaches have much to offer family psychology. Among the uses for qualitative methods are theory building, model and hypothesis testing, descriptions of lived experiences, typologies, items for surveys and measurement tools, and case examples that answer ques- tions that surveys cannot. Despite the usefulness of these products, issues related to gener- alizability, subjectivity, and language, among others, block some researchers from appreci- ating the contributions that qualitative methods can make. This article provides descriptions of procedures that lead to these useful products and discusses alternative ways of under- standing aspects of qualitative approaches that some researchers view as problematic.
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1. Hhhh
research methodology
Definition
Popular Terms
The process used to collectinformation and data for the purpose ofmaking business decisions.The methodology
may include publication research,interviews,surveys and other research techniques,and could include both present
and historical information.
1. A collection ofindividuals who have regular contactand frequentinteraction,mutual influence,common feeling of
camaraderie,and who work together to achieve a common setofgoals.
2. Mathematics:A subdivision ofa set.
Read more:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/group.html
manipulated var...
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representative...
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environmental a...
Use 'research methodology'in a Sentence
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Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html
Methodologies1
Introduction
2. The w ay you approach your question willhave a profound effect upon the w ayyou construct your dissertation, so this section
discusses the types of researchyou might undertake for your dissertation. The use of literature and case studies is considered and
the merits of primary research are debated and advice is given on the use of existing research data. You may not be fond of
statistics, but the potential relevance of a quantitative approach should be considered and similarly, the idea of qualitative analysis
and conducting your ow n research may yield valuable data. The possibilities of using quantitative and qualitative data are also
discussed.
Watch video on approaching methodologies (.wmv)
What approach should I take - qualitative or quantitative?
This video clip contains comments from the follow ing academics:
Dr Iain Garner - Psychology
Alan McGauley - Social Policy
Shaw na McCoy - Criminology
Kevin Bonnett - Sociology
What approach should I take - qualitative or quantitative?
Your approach, researchdesign, and research question are allconnected. 'Approach' means something more than the type of data
you use – it refers to your overallorientation to research and the type of claims you w illmake for your study. Dissertations can be
based on either quantitative or qualitative data, or on a combination of both. How you choose this may depend on your preferences
and abilities, and the suitability of particular approaches to your topic. You need to be able to justify w hy you have chosento use
such data. Quantitative data is particularly usefulwhen you wish to discoverhow common particular forms of behaviour such as
illegal drug use are for a particular age group. Qualitative data is particularly usefulw hen you wish to find out w hy people engage in
such behaviour.
Think about the Research Methods modules you have taken so far. Think about the different kinds of studies you have read for
other modules. There is plenty of scope to use the approaches and methods that you are most comfortable w ith. You need
tojustify your approach and methods and to cite appropriate literature to help you do this.
What if I want to findout about social trends, or the measurable effectsof particular policies?
You w illprobably w ant to use large datasets and undertake quantitative data analysis, and you w illbe adopting a realist approach to
the topic studied. Quantitative dissertations are likely to be nearer to the low er end of the range of approved lengths for the
dissertation (e.g. if the length is to be 5,000-8,000 w ords, dissertations based on quantitative analysis are likely to be closer to 5,000
w ordsin length). They w illalso include tables and figures giving your important findings. Remember that all tables must be carefully
titled and labelled and that sources of your data must be acknow ledged.
What if I want to record people'sviewson an issue, and give them a 'voice'?
You w illprobably w ant to use in-depth qualitative data, and you may w ish to adopt a realist, a phenomenologist, or a constructionist
approach to the topic. Qualitative dissertations w illinclude descriptive material, usually extracts frominterviews, conversations,
documents or field notes, and are therefore likely to be nearer to the upper limit of your w ord range (e.g. 8,000 w ords). The types of
method suitable for a dissertation could include content analysis, a small scale ethnographic study, small scale in-depth qualitative
interview ing.
Whether you choose qualitative or quantitative analysiswill dependon several things:
Your preferred philosophicalapproach (realist, phenomenologist or constructionist).
Your skills and abilities w ith methods of data collection (if needed) and analysis.
The topic or issue you are interested in.
How you frame your research question.
Can I combine qualitative and quantitativemethods?
There are many w ays in w hich qualitative and quantitative data and analysis can be combined. Here are tw o examples.
3. You may be interested in doing an analysis that is primarily quantitative, looking at social trends, or policy implications.
How ever you also want to introduce a 'human touch' by conducting one or severalinterviews asking what these trends
mean to people or how particular individuals experience events. Afterdoing your quantitative analysis, you should include
a chapter or section on the qualitative data you have collected. In your discussion of findings you can use the qualitative
data to help you understand the patterns in the quantitative analysis.
You may be interested in doing an evaluative case study of a process or policy. You willhave a particular focus – a 'case'
that you are looking at. You w illtriangulate methods – i.e. collect data in severaldifferent ways, and some of these data
may be quantitative. You w illanalyse each type of data and describe this, and then w rite a discussion that showshow
each piece of analysis contributes to the overallpicture of w hat is going on.
Your supervisor or research methods tutor may be able to give you detailed examples of these or other w ays to combine methods.
Can my dissertation be entirely literature-based?
Yes. If you decide to do a primarily theoreticaldissertation, it is almost certain that your dissertation willbe entirely literature-based.
This is likely to be the methodology of theoreticalanalysis: selection and discussion of theoreticalmaterial and descriptive material,
in context, and detailed comparison of theories in terms of their applicability. You might ask how usefulcertain concepts or theories
are for understanding particular patterns of behaviour. How usefulis the concept of institutionalracism? Is objectivity in the media
possible? How usefulis subculturaltheory for understanding virtualcommunities? Here, the focus of attention is not so much to
discover something about the social w orld, for example virtualcommunities, as to reach a judgement about the value of key
concepts or theories in understanding that w orld. How the study is approached and how contrasting approachesare drawn upon
needs to be stated very clearly.
A library-based or theoreticalstudy is not necessarily 'easier' than an empirical study, indeed, it may w ellbe harder. Remember that
theoreticalstudies, like data-based studies, need to have their research design spelled out fromthe start.
But even if your dissertation is more empirically focused, it could still be entirely literature-based. You might choose to conduct a
review of a field of w ork. What does the research literature in this field tell us about x? While all dissertations willinclude a literature
review , it is possible to produce a dissertation that is entirely based on a review of the literature. If you do this, it is important to
review the literature froman explicit angle and identify some themes to make the review distinctive. You might, for example, explore
empirical debates in your chosen field across differentcountries or time periods.
What is case study research?
Whilst it is possible for dissertations to be entirely literature-based, the most common form of dissertation takes the form of a case
study. Here the focus of attention is on a particular community, organisation or set of documents. The attraction of this kind of
dissertation is that it stems fromempirical curiosity but is at the same time practical. You may be interested in a w ider question but a
case study enables you to focus on a specific example. A major challenge in case study dissertations is connecting your own
primary research or re-analysis with the broader theoreticalthemes and empirical concerns of the existing literature.
What's an empirical study?
Most dissertations demand either primary or secondary research. In other w ords, you usually have to analyse data that you have
either collected yourself or data that is already available. The reason for this is that the questions dissertations usually address take
the follow ing form: Is x happening? Is x changing? Why is x happening? Why is x changing? These questions demand primary or
secondary analysis of data.
Case Study 9 Think hard before you decide to undertake empirical research:a student's view
What is secondary analysis?
Secondary analysis is w hen you analyse data which was collected by another researcher. It allow s the researcherto explore areas
of interest w ithout having to go through the process of collecting data themselves in the field. The problem w ith using fieldw ork
methods in an undergraduate dissertation, however, is that they are costly in terms of time (w hich is relatively scarce in your final
year!) and possibly your ow n financialresources too. You may choose, therefore, to undertake secondaryresearch, analysing
existing data.
4. Where do I find existing research data?
There are a range of documents that already contain research data that you can analyse. You may, for example, be interested in
exploring w hether gender stereotypes in the media are changing. This might entail content analysis of new spapers, magazines,
video or other media over different time periods. Here you w ould not be collecting your ow n data but instead w ould be analysing
existing documents.
Download Case Study 6 Media research
If you are interested, for example, in doing historicalresearch, you may need to visit archives. Government reports and
autobiographies may also be used as data.
Other documents include officialstatistics, datasets(statisticaldata), and banks of interview transcripts which are allfreely available
to the academic community. Increasingly, documents, databases and archives are readily accessible online. Research Methods
tutors on your course w illbe able to advise on the availability and accessibility of such data sets.
There are some advantages of doing secondary analysis, particularly if you are doing a quantitative study. You w illbe able to w ork
w ith much larger datasets than you could have collected yourself. This has the follow ing advantages:
They allow you to discuss trends and socialchanges.
The data are often collected through a random sample, w hich allows you to generalise to the population under
consideration.
They may also allow you to make comparisons over time, as some datasets are products of longitudinal studies.
Examples of large datasets include the British Crime Survey, and the Youth Cohort Study. Smaller, more targeted
datasets may also be available.
Secondary analysis has disadvantages also: the data w ere collected fora purpose different fromyours.
You have to find out something about that purpose, as w ellas the methods of collection, in order to justify your use of a
secondary dataset.
Collecting you own data - primary research
Quantitative data may also result from non-participant observations or other measurements (e.g. in an experimental design). Also,
sometimes data that are collected through qualitative processes(participant observation, interviews)are coded and quantified. Your
research methods tutor can give you further information on these types of data, but here are some common quantitative data
collection methods and their definitions:
Self-completion
questionnaires
A series of questions that the respondent answers on their ow n. Self-completion questionnaires are good for
collecting data on relatively simple topics, and for gaining a general overview of an issue. Questionnaires need
to have clear questions, an easy to follow design, and not be too long.
Structured
interview s
Similar to a self-completion questionnaire, except that the questions that are asked by an interview er to the
interview ee. The same questions are read out in the same w ay to allrespondents. There w illtypically be a fixed
choice of answ ersfor the respondents.
Structured
observation
Watching people and recording systematically their behaviour. Prior to the observation, an observation
schedule w illbe produced w hich details w hat exactly the researchershould lookfor and how those
observations should be recorded.
If you are conducting a qualitative analysis you are likely to w ish to use at least some original material. This may be collected
through in-depth interview s, participant observation recordingsand fieldnotes, non-participant observation, or some combination of
these. Below are some data collection methods that you might w ant to use for your dissertation:
In-depth
interview s
A w ay of asking questions which allowsthe interviewee to have more controlof the interview . The interview could be
semi-structured, which usesan interview schedule to keep some controlof the interview , but also allow s for some
flexibility in terms of the interview ee’s responses. The interview could be unstructured, here the aim is to explore the
interview ee’s feelings about the issue being explored and the style of questioning is very informal. Or the interview
could be a life history w here the interviewer tries to find out about the w hole life, or a portion of the person’s life.
Focus groups A formof interview ing where there are severalparticipants; there is an emphasis in the questioning on a tightly
5. defined topic; the accent is on interaction w ithin the group and the joint construction of meaning. The moderator tries
to provide a relatively free rein to the discussion.
Participant
observation
This involves studying people in naturally occurring settings. The researcher participatesdirectly in the setting and
collects data in a systematic manner. The researcher willobserve behaviour, listen to conversations, and ask
questions.
Spend some time looking at generalbooks about research - they w illgive you an overview of the data collection methods available
and help you to make the best choice for your project. Bryman (2004) w ould be a usefulstarting point.
For any piece of research you conduct,be it empirically based (quantitative or qualitative) or library based, its methods must be
justified. You need to show in the finaldissertation how you have given consideration to different methods, and w hyyou have
chosen and eliminated these.
STUDENT VOICE: Findings from our research
In our study, supervisorssaw part of their role as someone w ho drawsout students’reasonsfor choosing a particular research
approach. Often in early supervision meetings they ask students to justify their reasons for choosing a library-based or an empirical
study. (Todd, Smith and Bannister 2006, p167).
Your supervisor willw ant you to offerconvincing reasons as to why you’ve chosen the approach you have - so be ready!
If you’re having difficulty making that choice, don’t be afraid to ask your supervisor fortheir advice. This w as particularlyusefulfor
one of our respondents:
STUDENT VOICE
It's been a valuable experience for me it's so different fromother stuff. With other essays you can rush themif you have to ... but this
is so much w ork, you can't rush it. It demands more. (Todd, Bannister and Clegg, 2004, p340)
….My reasons for data collection is literature based as my research question involved sensitive subjects which would have been
unsuitable for primary data collection. (Level6 students at Sheffield Hallam University)
I chose primary data because it w ould enable me to build skills that w ould be usefulfor postgraduate study. (Level6 students at
Sheffield Hallam University)
It w illinvolve primary data, secondary data, quantitative and qualitative research methods, lit review s, theoryand policy studies and
an exploration of alternatives. My dissertation is to be based around the experience of 'poverty', as poverty is the experience.
Theories and policies are not. How ever, to do justice to the subject, theories and policies w illbe included so Iam able to
demonstrate w here failures in the systemmay exist. (Level6 students at Sheffield Hallam University)
Note: Research must be conducted in a sensible and ethical manner; data must be analysed and presented in a rational manner. It
is important that students do not expose themselves or others to dangers or risks w hen conducting research. Students need the
approvalof their dissertation supervisor beforeembarking on any type of fieldw ork(see the section on Research Ethics for more
information).
Will my research be inductive or deductive?
In general, deductive research is theory-testing and inductive research is theory-generating. Often people link deductive research
w ith quantitative experiments or surveys, and inductive research with qualitative interviewsor ethnographic work. These links are
not hard and fast – for instance, experimentalresearch, designed to test a particular theory through developing a hypothesis and
creating an experimental design, may use quantitative or qualitative data or a combination. If your research startswith a theory and
6. is driven by hypotheses that you are testing (e.g. that social class background and socialdeprivation or privilege are likely to affect
educational attainment), it is, broadly speaking, deductive. How ever much research combines deductive and inductive elements.
What's all this about research design?
Research design is vital to conducting a good piece of w ork. At the start of your research you need to set dow n clearly:
Your research focusand research question.
How you propose to examine the topic:
o approach
o methods of data collection
o methods of data analysis
The types and sources of information you need.
How you w illaccessthese sourcesof information (be they people, existing datasets, biographicalaccounts, media articles
or w ebsites, officialrecords).
The proposed outcome of this research (in your case, a dissertation) and the form it w illtake.
A time-frame for all this.
You and your supervisor willdiscuss your design and decide w hetherthe research is 'do-able'. Your universitymay require you to
produce a report (e.g. an 'interim framew orkreport' or a short 'research proposal') that specifiesyour research design. Other people
may have to look at the design to ascertain w hether there are ethicalissues that affect your research.
Summary
Quantitative or qualitative? A quantitative approach willmean you w illneed substantialdatasets, as w ellas the
inclusion of tables and statistics in your finalsubmission. This information could come froma variety of sources -
remember to acknow ledge them! A qualitative approach willprobably mean conducting interview sor focusgroups or
observing behaviour. Askyourself if you are prepared to do this, and think about the best w ay of getting the answersyou
w ant frompeople. Will you stop people in the street? Will you conduct telephone interview s? Willyou send out survey
forms and hope that people return them? Will you be a participant or non participant observer?
Deductive or inductive? Deductive research is theory-testing, which is often linked to datasets, surveysor quantitative
analysis. Inductive research is theory-generating, and is often linked to qualitative interview s.
Empirical or theoretical?An empirical studycould involve close analysis of statisticsor some formof qualitative
research. How ever, a theoreticalstudybrings its own challenges, and you may be called upon to compare theories in
terms of their applicability.
Once you have decided upon your approach, you can w rite out a research design, i.e. how you are going to approach the
project.
Now look a little at the research methods that you have studied. Apart frommatching your research to your generalsense
of objective/subjective reality, it is important to ensure that you match your methodology to the problem you are pursuing.
What kind of data do you need to answ er your question/test your hypothesis? How would you best be able to collect that
data?
Again, consider time and feasibility of the exercise. The ability to manage your time w illbe directly related to your ability to
controlthe boundaries of the study – especially if it is closely linked to your w orkplace.
Now that you have got so far, try to w rite up your research proposalas far as you can. Make sure that you identify w here
your proposalneeds further workand, at the same time, w here you willhave to put your maximum effort. It may be helpful
to draw a criticalpath so that you are clear w hich actions you need to take and in w hat sequence. You willfind it helpful to
plot your research questions on the chart on the next page and ensure that your plans for collecting data really answ er the
question as w ellas avoiding ethical problems.
At this stage you must be really ruthless w ith yourself. How viable is it? What are the threats to the study? Try some 'w hat
if?' questions on yourself. It w illbe better to go backto the draw ing board now, than once the project is underw ay.
IMPORTANT: Whatever approach you settle on, you MUST be able to justify its appropriateness to your topic and
question.
Key Questions
7. Does the data required to answ er your question already exist or willyou have to generate your ow n data?
Can you combine quantitative w ith qualitative methods? e.g. a survey which includes interviewsor a case study that looks
at a situation from numerous angles.
What factors may limit the scope of your research? (time, resources, etc.)
Which method(s) best suit the questions and time you have available to do this study?
Do you know the differences between typesof data, and types of analysis?
Does your project have clear links betw een theory and practice?
Further Reading
ABC analysis
Definition
Popular Terms
An analysis ofa range of items that have different levels of significance and should be handled or controlled
differently. It is a form of Pareto analysis in which the items (such as activities,customers,documents,inventory
items,sales territories) are grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance.'A'
items are very important,'B' items are important,'C' items are marginallyimportant.
For example,the bestcustomers who yield highestrevenue are given the 'A' rating, are usuallyserviced by the sales
manager,and receive mostattention. 'B' and 'C' customers warrantprogressivelyless attention and are serviced
accordingly.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ABC-analysis.html
ResearchApproach
ResearchApproach
Research approach can be divided into three types:
1. Deductive research approach
2. Inductive research approach
3. Abductive research approach
8. Research approach can be divided into three types:
1. Deductive research approach
2. Inductive research approach
3. Abductive research approach
The relevance of hypotheses to the study is the main distinctive point between deductive and
inductive approaches. Deductive approach tests the validity of assumptions (or
theories/hypotheses) in hand, whereas inductive approach contributes to the emergence of new
theories and generalizations. Abductive research, on the other hand, starts with ‘surprising facts’
or ‘puzzles’ and the research process is devoted their explanation.[1]
The following table illustrates the major differences between deductive, inductive and abductive
research approaches in terms of logic, generalizability, use of data and theory.[2]
Deduction Induction Abduction
Logic
Inadeductive inference,
when the premises are
Inaninductive inference,
known premises are used
to generate untested
Inanabductive inference,
known
premises are used to
9. true, the conclusion must also
be true
conclusions generate testable
conclusions
Generalizability
Generalising fromthe
general tothe specific
Generalising fromthe
specifictothe general
Generalising fromthe
interactions betweenthe
specificand thegeneral
Use of data
Data collection isusedto
evaluate propositions or
hypotheses related to an
existing theory
Data collection isusedto
explore a phenomenon,
identify themes and
patterns and create a
conceptual framework
Data collection isusedto
explorea phenomenon,
identifythemesand
patterns, locate these ina
conceptual framework
and testthis through
subsequent data collection
and soforth
Theory
Theory falsificationor
verification
Theory generation and
building
Theory generation or
modification;
incorporating existing
theory where
appropriate, to build new
theory or modify existing
theory
Discussion of research approach is a vital part of any scientific study regardless of the research
area. Within the methodology chapter of your dissertation to you need to explain the main
differences between inductive, deductive and abductive approaches and specify the approach
you have adopted for your research by breaking down your arguments into several points.
Let’s illustrate the application of each research approach for a following study:
Effects of labour migration within the EU on the formation of multicultural teams in UK
organizations
Deductive Research Approach
If you have formulated a set of hypotheses for your dissertation that need to be confirmed or
rejected during the research process you would be following a deductive approach. In deductive
approach, the effects of labour migration within the EU are assessed by developing hypotheses
that are tested during the research process.
10. Dissertations with deductive approach follow the following path:
Deductive process
The following hypotheses can be developed in order to assess the effects of labour migration
within the EU on the formation of multicultural teams in UK organizations using a deductive
approach:
Hypothesis: Labour migration within the EU contributes to the formation of multicultural
teams in UK
Inductive Research Approach
Alternatively, inductive approach does not involve formulation of hypotheses. It starts with
research questions and aims and objectives that need to be achieved during the research
process.
Inductive studies follow the route below:
Inductive process
11. Referring to the example above, the effects of labour migration within the EU on the formation
of multicultural teams in UK organizations can be accessed via finding answers to the following
research questions:
Research question: How does labour migration within the EU effect the formation of
multicultural teams in UK?
Abductive Research Approach
In abductive approach, the research process is devoted to explanation of ‘incomplete
observations’, ‘surprising facts’ or ‘puzzles’ specified at the beginning of the study. Referring to
the research topic of the effects of labour migration on the formation of multicultural teams in
the UK discussed above, you may observe that labour migration within the EU was actually
decreasing the extent of cross-cultural differences within teams in the UK.
Then, your study can be devoted to the explanation of this phenomenon by using qualitative and
quantitative methods of data collection and data analysis in an integrated manner…
My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step
assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research approaches. The e-book
also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research
area to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as research
philosophy, research design, methods of data collection, data analysis and sampling are
explained in this e-book in simple words.
John Dudovskiy
12. [1] Bryman A. & Bell, E. (2015) “Business Research Methods” 4th edition, Oxford University
Press, p.27
[2] Source: Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business
Students” 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited