1. 1 | P a g e
ASTU
School of civil engineering and architecture
Department of architecture and urban planning
Basic architectural design II
Assignment no 1
Group 3
Prepared by:
1. Esmael musa…………UGE/18776/11
2. M
3. M
4. M
5. M
6. m
Submitted to:
Date: 2021.16.03
2. 2 | P a g e
Abstract
Residential houses should indeed meet the basic human needs such as safe and relaxing places. With
qualities of useful proportioning of places to meet the near ideal arrangement that’s both aesthetically
and functionally on the top of its performance. That is the underlying fact that raises the question for
the client as well as the engineers developing the residential house
3. 3 | P a g e
Introduction
In today’s world residential buildings should be aesthetically attractive, efficient in engineering and
should be in the range of the clients purchasing power, thus it raises the big question which is how to
optimize the piece of land so that it accommodates the basic client needs and ideas as well as the
regulation in that area, but the most important factor to consider is that how to arrange the elements of
residential housings according to their relationships, in terms of their shapes as well as the
arrangements , including the optimum sizes. There for we will focus on the following factors should be
considered for the best outcome that’s in harmony with its surrounding as well as with its self.
4. 4 | P a g e
Introduction to residential buildings
House: is a single-unit residential building, which may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to
a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical,
and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems
to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses may have doors or locks
to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers.
Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and
bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a separate dining room, or
the eating area may be integrated into another room.
The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family
unit of some kind, although households may also be other social groups, such as roommates or, in a
rooming house, unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or
similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family
dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for
vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or front yard, which
serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat.
5. 5 | P a g e
Areas in the house are classified in to three zones, which are the following
1. PRIVATE ZONE
2. SERVICE ZONE
3. SOCIAL ZONE
Each have very distinguishable character that identifies them as a particular unit of a house,
1. PRIVATE ZONE: Provide quiet, comfortable areas for sleeping and relaxing. Also provides a
private place to bathe and dress. The bedroom and bathrooms is the core of the private zone.
Three purposes of the private zone:
Sleeping
Bathing
Dressing
2. SOCIAL ZONE: This part of the home is used for activities and entertainment. The living room
and dining room is the core of the social zone.
3. SERVICE ZONE: This is where household work is done. This is typically the busiest and nosiest
area in the home. The kitchen is the core of the service zone. It also includes garages, laundry,
and workshop space.
Elements of service zones:
1. Alcove: is a small recessed section of a room or an arched opening. The section is partially
enclosed by such vertical elements as walls, pillars and balustrades.
Found especially on luxurious houses and used for the purpose of sitting the head of the table at
ceremonial gatherings. Not much common in our country.
2. Attic: is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building, an attic
may also be called a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the top floor
of a building and the slanted roof, they are known for being awkwardly shaped spaces with
exposed rafters and difficult-to-reach corners.
6. 6 | P a g e
3. Basement: is one or more floors of a building that are completely or partly below the
ground floor. It generally is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the
boiler, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-conditioning system are
located; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system and cable television
distribution point.
4. Garage: is a walled, roofed structure for storing a vehicle or vehicles that may be part of
or attached to a home ("attached garage"), or a separate outbuilding or shed ("detached
garage"). Residential garages typically have space for one or two cars, although three-car
garages are used. When a garage is attached to a house, the garage typically has an entry
door into the house, called the person door or man door, in contrast with the wider and
taller door for vehicles, called the garage door, which can be raised to permit the entry and
exit of a vehicle and then closed to secure the vehicle. A garage protects a vehicle from
precipitation, and, if it is equipped with a locking garage door, it also protects the vehicle
from theft and vandalism.
7. 7 | P a g e
5. Kitchen: is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling
or in a commercial establishment. A modern middle-class residential kitchen is typically
equipped with a stove, a sink with hot and cold running water, a refrigerator, and worktops
and kitchen cabinets arranged according to a modular design. Many households have a
microwave oven, a dishwasher, and other electric appliances. The main functions of a
kitchen are to store, prepare and cook food (and to complete related tasks such as
dishwashing). The room or area may also be used for dining (or small meals such as
breakfast), entertaining and laundry. The design and construction of kitchens is a huge
market all over the world. Garage access nearby, dining area access
6. Laundry room: is a room where clothes are washed and dried. In a modern home, a
laundry room would be equipped with an automatic washing machine and clothes dryer,
and often a large basin, called a laundry tub, for hand-washing delicate articles of clothing
such as sweaters, and an ironing board. A typical laundry room is located in the basement of
older homes, but in many modern homes, the laundry room might be found on the main
floor near the kitchen or upstairs near the bedrooms. Another typical location is adjacent to
the garage and the laundry room serves as a mudroom for the entrance from the garage. As
the garage is often at a different elevation (or grade) from the rest of the house, the laundry
room that serves as an entrance from the garage that may be sunken from the rest of the
house. This prevents or reduces the need for stairs between the garage and the house.
8. 8 | P a g e
7. Workshop/office: is a room, rooms or building which provides both the area and tools
(or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods.
Also can be used as a home office, it shouldn’t be viewable from entry should have a good
flow of circulation , as well as access to bath room and kitchen, should not have direct views
to private zones.
8. greenhouse: is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such
as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.These structures
range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known
as a cold frame. The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly
warmer than the external temperature, protecting its contents in cold weather.
9. Lobby: is a room in a building used for entry from the outside. Sometimes referred to as a
foyer, reception area or an entrance hall, No direct views into the private zones or work
zones from the entry. Should not open directly into living area, should have a coat closet,
ability to imperse the veiwes , should have enough ligthing,
9. 9 | P a g e
10. Recreation room: (also known as a rec room, rumpus room, play room, playroom, or
ruckus room) is a room used for a variety of purposes, such as parties, games and other
every day or casual use.
11. VERENDAH: it waiting or recreation area attached with bed room or other rooms it attached
to bed room family room and other rooms It serves as a passage giving an independent
access to other rooms of the house and sitting in the evenings or by night after dinner. Its
serves to look the outside of the building. Uses sun blocks To protects the wall of the house
from being heated by exposure to the sun rays. it is suitable put verandah on east and
north.
Spatial relationship between service zones and other zones in
residential housing:-
Kitchen
The work triangle: The Work Triangle The work triangle evaluates kitchens efficiency. It is
formed by drawing an imaginary line connecting the sink, range, and refrigerator. These are the
core of the 3 work centers.
Kitchens some homes have their kitchen and dining area in separate rooms this is called a
closed plan. But today, more and more kitchens open into the dining room or family room, this
is called an open plan. It is great for families who are very large or like to entertain and have
guests. Cooks can continue to prepare food and still visit with guests or monitor children.
Kitchens Depending on the home and its occupants, the kitchen may house additional work
spaces. Small office space is commonly seen in today’s modern kitchen. In small homes/
apartments the kitchen and laundry may be combined.
Kitchens the kitchen should always be located near the dining room.
This is where food is served, if they are far from one another, it is more likely that a mess will be
made when serving food. If there is a garage, the kitchen should be located near that entryway
for ease in loading and unloading items.
Kitchens If there is an outdoor entertaining area, like a patio or deck, there should be easy
access from there to the kitchen as well. In American culture the family BBQ is popular; some
homes have an outdoor kitchen centered on the BBQ grill.
Common Kitchen Layouts
One-Wall: Frequently used in cottages & apartments Advantages- Fits into a narrow
space. Can be screened off, if needed. Ideal for kitchens with limited floor and wall area.
Lower cost. Disadvantages much running around. Ensure that the walk way space is at
least 1200mm to allow two people to pass one another. And to allow drawers or
cupboard doors to be opened. Limited amount of cabinet space Not very interesting
10. 10 | P a g e
ADVANTAGES: Fits into narrow space Can be screened off, if needed Ideal for kitchens
with limited floor or wall area Less expensive
L-Shaped: Two work centers are located along one wall and the third on the adjoining
walls Not suitable for large kitchens Efficient work flow Less running around Modest
cost
DISADVANTAGES: Less room to share with assistant cooks
Advantages: Efficient work flow. Less running around. Opens up floor space for eating
area. Modest cost..
Corridor: Located on two walls opposite each other. Usually small to medium size Ideal
for long, narrow rooms Not recommended for heavy throughway traffic Open space
between the cabinets should be at least 4in .
U-Shaped: Most popular design Retains a high level of efficiency. No traffic through the
kitchen to other areas of the house Work triangle is compact & functional Medium in
size with open spaces between the legs of the “U” being 5 or 6 feet
Peninsula: Popular because it provides plenty of work space. Easily joined to the dining
room using the peninsula as a divider Peninsula may be used as a cooking center
Island: Modification of the straight line, the L-shaped, or the U-shaped design Island
may house the sink, cooking center, or food preparation Maybe serve as a countertop or
snack bar Island must be accessible from all sides At least 4’ of clearance should be
allow on all sides
12. 12 | P a g e
Space relationships and area requirements
13. 13 | P a g e
Kitchen:
The kitchen should be provided in rear corner of the building but NE corner is the best. It should be
connected with dining room and should have one approach from outside also.
If possible, the kitchen should be so located that sun light should come in the morning hours, when it is
used most.
It should have windows for good ventilation and chimney for smoke escape. The window space should
be min. of 15% of floor area.
Sink should be provided for washing and sufficient number of shelves should also be provided.
Sometimes storeroom and kitchen are combined together, if less space is available.
Standard size of kitchen rooms may range from: 2500mm (8ft) X 3900mm (13ft) to 3000mm (10ft) X
3600mm (12ft)
Store Room:
Store rooms should be located near the kitchen and should have sufficient number of racks.
Standard size of store room may range from: 2500mm (8ft) X 2500mm (8ft) to 3000mm (10ft) X
3000mm (10ft)
Pantry:
Pantry is a small room adjacent to dining room for keeping cooked food. It should have sufficient
numbers of cup-boards and shelves. For ordinary building, kitchen serves the purpose of pantry.
Size of pantry may range from: 2500mm (8ft) X 3000mm (10ft)
Office Room:
Office rooms should be on one side of front verandah, disconnected from other rooms. Sometimes an
office room serves the purpose of guest room and vice versa.
Standard size of office room may be: 3000mm (10ft) X 3600mm (12ft)
Verandah:
The best location for verandah is south and west. If the frontage of the building is east then they are
located in east also. The verandah also serves the purpose of a waiting room. It segregates the private
apartment from the entrance area. The veranda should shade the walls of the building during greater
part of the day. For this it is necessary that it must not have openings of a height greater than 2:3rd of
the floor width. Each house should have one front and rear verandah. If space doesn’t permit, the rear
verandah can be omitted. Verandah have width ranging from 1800mm (6ft) to 3000mm (10ft)Verandah
opening should always have a chajja projection for protection from sunlight and rain water.
14. 14 | P a g e
Height Regulation for Rooms
Kitchen
The height of the kitchen measured from the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling should not
be less than 2.75m except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the floor.
However, according to OBC, kitchen height should be 2.3 m over at least 75% of the required
floor area with a clear height of at least 2.1 m at any point over the required area.
Minimum floor area required is not less than 5.5 m2. But OBC specify that kitchen room
shall have at least 4.2m2
of floor area
It should not be less than 1.8min width at any part. With a separate storeroom, the area
may be reduced to 4.5m2
.
Mechanical ventilation must be provided (exhaust fan).
Ensure that appliances can all open without interfering with one another, and that
standing space is provided.
Bathrooms, water closets and stores
The height of all such rooms measured from the floor in the ceiling should not be less than
2.4m.
In the case of a passage under the landing, the minimum headway may be kept as 2.2m.
According to OBC, bathroom minimum height of 2.1 m in any area where a person would be in
a standing position
15. 15 | P a g e
The size of bathroom should not be less than 1.5m x 1.2m or 1.8 m2.
If it is combined with water closet, its floor area should not be less than 2.8 m2.
the minimum floor area of a water closet should be 1.1 m2.
Ledge
It shall have a minimum head room of 2.2m. A ledge in a habitable room shall not cover more than 25%
of the floor area of the floor on which it is constructed
It should not interfere with the ventilation of the room under any circumstances.
Hallways
Minimum height should be 2.1 m
Hallways shall have a width of at least 860 mm except where the overall width of the building is less
than 4.3 m, and this may be reduced to 710 mm
16. 16 | P a g e
Kitchen furniture
Kitchen table. Kitchen chairs. Area rugs. Draperies, rods, brackets, valances, curtains, shutters. Blinds or
window shades. Lighting – overhead, lamps, sconces and light bulbs. Kitchen hutch, kitchen buffet.
Kitchen bar stools, counter stools……etc
Office furniture
Desks, Storage cabinets, Bookcases
Store room furniture’s:
Shelves, utility desks etc…
Garage furniture’s
Stools, desks, holders, mirrors ….. etc.
Laundry room furniture’s
Washing machine, drier, baskets, ironing stool, rope hanger…. Etc
Relationships between service zones and the rest of the house
Kitchen: The connection between dining room and kitchen is of prime importance. A double-swing door
leading directly from one to the other is most convenient of all. A pantry between dining room
and kitchen has the advantage of cutting off odors and noise;
And if equipped with a sink and a china cupboard, table dishes and silver can be washed and stored
there, leaving the kitchen free for other work.. - The plans above of rectangular kitchens show carefully
studied arrangements. Note the easy access from range to dining room, sink to dining room, and
refrigerator to pass closet.
17. 17 | P a g e
The relation of the kitchen to other centers, indoors and outdoors, where the homemaker works herself
or supervises others, is another point to consider. Laundry and furnace room, for instance, should be
easily reached from the kitchen.....
There should also be easy access from the kitchen to the entrance doors, to stairs to the
second floor and to the cellar, to telephone, and to toilet. In a house with a center hall there can almost
always be arranged a short route from the kitchen to the front door that does not lead through living
room or dining room.
Is the kitchen to have the prevailing wind in winter or the prevailing breeze in summer? Is it to have sun
in morning, afternoon, or throughout most of the day? What shall be the outlook from the windows? ....
These are also important questions which should influence the location of the kitchen. The answers
depend partly on climate and partly on personal preference. In a hot climate the kitchen should if
possible open onto a screened porch, and in any case the outlook should be made pleasant. A trellis of
vines, a hedge, or a row of Lombardy poplars are an effective screen for many undesirable features. The
sand box or swing for the children can often be located in view of a kitchen window so that an eye can
be kept on them at play.
Aspect: Arrangements in such a way that the occupants to enjoy natural gifts such as sunshine,
breeze, scenery/view, etc.
The following table shows the sun rise pattern throughout the year and respective service rooms
together
18. 18 | P a g e
Flooring requirements of service zones:
Kitchen:
1. Waterproof Vinyl Kitchen Flooring
2. Vinyl Sheet Kitchen Flooring
3. Engineered Wood Kitchen Flooring
4. Wood-Look Kitchen Flooring
5. Wood-Look Kitchen Flooring
Office room:
1. Vinyl in the home office
2. Wood in the home office
3. Laminate in the home office
Laundry rooms:
1. Waterproof Vinyl Kitchen Flooring
2. Vinyl Sheet Kitchen Flooring
Garage:
1. Marble flooring
2. Waterproof Vinyl Kitchen Flooring
3. Vinyl Sheet Kitchen Flooring
Lighting requirements for service zones:
Generally speaking service zones should have enough lighting systems available
since they are the busiest regions inside the home so as to avoid accidents and
other occurring.
