Requirements elicitation is the process of discovering, reviewing, documenting, and understanding the user's needs and constraints for the system.
Requirements analysis is the process of refining the user's needs and constraints.
Requirements specification is the process of documenting the user's needs and constraints clearly and precisely.
Requirements verification is the process of ensuring that the system requirements are complete, correct, consistent, and clear.
Requirements management is the process of scheduling, coordinating, and documenting the requirements engineering activities (that is, elicitation, analysis, specification, and verification)
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
In this Business Analysis training session, you will learn about Requirement Elicitation Techniques. Topics covered in this session are:
• Requirements Engineering
• Project Scope
• Landscape of Requirements
• Properties of Requirements
• Types of Requirements
• Stakeholder
• Requirements Elicitation
• Techniques
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/become-a-business-analyst-with-hands-on-practice/
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
In this Business Analysis training session, you will learn about Requirement Elicitation Techniques. Topics covered in this session are:
• Requirements Engineering
• Project Scope
• Landscape of Requirements
• Properties of Requirements
• Types of Requirements
• Stakeholder
• Requirements Elicitation
• Techniques
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/become-a-business-analyst-with-hands-on-practice/
In this advanced business analysis training session, you will learn Requirement Elicitation. Topics covered in this session are:
• What is Elicitation?
• The elicitation methodology
• The stakeholder connection
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Brainstorming
• One-to-One Interview
• Group Interview
• Document Analysis
• Focus Group
• Interface Analysis
• Observation/Social Analysis
• Prototyping
• Use case and scenarios
• Requirements reuse
• Pre-Project Activity
• Request for Proposal
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/advanced-business-analyst-training/
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
In this advanced business analysis training session, you will learn Requirement Elicitation. Topics covered in this session are:
• What is Elicitation?
• The elicitation methodology
• The stakeholder connection
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Brainstorming
• One-to-One Interview
• Group Interview
• Document Analysis
• Focus Group
• Interface Analysis
• Observation/Social Analysis
• Prototyping
• Use case and scenarios
• Requirements reuse
• Pre-Project Activity
• Request for Proposal
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/advanced-business-analyst-training/
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
The concepts and processes on how to perform project scope management according to PMBOK Guide 6th edition. You'll find key concepts and terms, plan scope management, collect requirements, define scope, create WBS, validate scope, and control scope.
Agile Requirements Engineering by Abdulkerim CorboBosnia Agile
Requirements engineering (RE) is a defined and systematic approach to the process of finding, documenting, validating and managing requirements in order to deliver successful and customer-oriented software. Specifically, it is an activity of finding the needs and wishes of stakeholders and transforming them into useful data for future use.
This presentation provides answers to the questions: What is RE? Who works on RE? When is RE needed? What are the main activities of RE? Is Agile RE possible?
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the resources of a computer system and provides a platform for running applications. Its primary functions include resource management, process management, memory management, file system management, and user interface. There are many different types of operating systems, such as desktop operating systems like Windows and macOS, server operating systems like Linux and Windows Server, and embedded operating systems like those used in mobile phones and other small devices. The choice of operating system depends on the type of device, the intended use, and other factors.
What is a Database?
Database creation steps
Benefits of using Database
Types of Table Relationships
What is a Database model
Database Management System
Users of Database
MS Access
Program, Language, & Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming vs Procedure Oriented Programming
About C
Why still Learn C?
Basic Terms
C Stuff
C Syntax
C Program
Algorithm
What is an algorithm?
How are mathematical statements and algorithms related?
What do algorithms have to do with computers?
Pseudo Code
What is pseudocode?
Writing pseudocode
Pseudo Code vs Algorithm
Components of Data Communication
Characteristics of Data Transmission
Communication Media
Communication Speed
Communication Hardware
Communication Software
OSI Model
Introduction
Syed Zaid Irshad
Rules (that You have to Follow)
Book Introduction
10 Chapters
Theoretical Chapters are 6
Practical Chapters are 4
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Information Technology
Introduction of Computer
Definition
Characteristics
Parts of Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Ports
Language Translator
Compiler
Interpreter
Generations of Programming Language
Ages of Computers
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Chapter 2: Information Networks
Types of Network
LAN
WAN
MAN
GAN
Topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Hybrid
File Transfer Protocol
World Wide Web
Chapter 3: Data Communication
Standards
Transmission
Simples
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Chapter 4: Applications and Use of Computers
Difference Between Application and Use
Impacts of Computers
Chapter 5: Computer Architecture
Address of Memory Locations
Instruction Format
Fetch and Execute
Chapter 6: Security, Copyright and The Law
Computer Crime
Computer Viruses
Computer Privacy
Software Piracy and Law
Chapter 7: Operating System
User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
Chapter 8: Word Processing
Introduction to MS Word
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Chapter 9: Spreadsheet
Introduction to MS Excel
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Formulae
Project
Chapter 10: Internet Browsing and Using E-mail
Create Email ID
Send Mail
Download File
Upload File
Study Plan
Every Tuesday we perform Practical
Every Friday Half of the Lecture will be used as question answer session
Rest of the days are for Theoretical Stuff
Make WhatsApp Group for class where we can share stuff related to the Subject
1st Year Computer Science Book
Sindh Text Book Board Introduction
Introduction
Syed Zaid Irshad
Rules (that You have to Follow)
Book Introduction
10 Chapters
Theoretical Chapters are 6
Practical Chapters are 4
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Information Technology
Introduction of Computer
Definition
Characteristics
Parts of Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Ports
Language Translator
Compiler
Interpreter
Generations of Programming Language
Ages of Computers
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Chapter 2: Information Networks
Types of Network
LAN
WAN
MAN
GAN
Topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Hybrid
File Transfer Protocol
World Wide Web
Chapter 3: Data Communication
Standards
Transmission
Simples
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Chapter 4: Applications and Use of Computers
Difference Between Application and Use
Impacts of Computers
Chapter 5: Computer Architecture
Address of Memory Locations
Instruction Format
Fetch and Execute
Chapter 6: Security, Copyright and The Law
Computer Crime
Computer Viruses
Computer Privacy
Software Piracy and Law
Chapter 7: Operating System
User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
Chapter 8: Word Processing
Introduction to MS Word
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Chapter 9: Spreadsheet
Introduction to MS Excel
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Formulae
Project
Chapter 10: Internet Browsing and Using E-mail
Create Email ID
Send Mail
Download File
Upload File
Study Plan
Every Tuesday we perform Practical
Every Friday Half of the Lecture will be used as question answer session
Rest of the days are for Theoretical Stuff
Make WhatsApp Group for class where we can share stuff related to the Subject
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. 2
Requirements Elicitation
• Determining the system requirements through
consultation with stakeholders, from system
documents, domain knowledge, and market
studies
• Requirements acquisition or requirements
discovery
3. 3
Requirements Analysis and Negotiation - 1
• Understanding the relationships among various
customer requirements and shaping those
relationships to achieve a successful result
• Negotiations among different stakeholders and
requirements engineers
Requirements analysis and negotiation
activity is performed by
4. 4
Requirements Analysis and Negotiation - 2
• Incomplete and inconsistent information needs to be tackled here
• Some analysis and negotiation needs to be done on account of
budgetary constraints
5. 5
Requirements Specification
• Building a tangible model of requirements using
natural language and diagrams
• Building a representation of requirements that can
be assessed for correctness, completeness, and
consistency
Requirements specification includes
6. 6
Requirements Document
• Detailed descriptions of the required software system
in form of requirements is captured in the
requirements document
• Software designers, developers and testers are the
primary users of the document
7. 7
Requirements Validation
• It involves reviewing the requirements model for consistency and
completeness
• This process is intended to detect problems in the requirements
document, before they are used as a basis for the system
development
8. Requirement Validation
• Certifies that the requirements document is an
acceptable description of the system to be
implemented
• Checks a requirement document for
• Completeness and consistency
• Conformance to standards
• Requirements conflicts
• Technical errors
• Ambiguous requirements
9. Analysis and Validation
• Analysis works with raw requirements as elicited
from the system stakeholders
• “Have we got the right requirements” is the key
question to be answered at this stage
• Validation works with a final draft of the
requirements document i.e., with negotiated and
agreed requirements
• “Have we got the requirements right” is the key
question to be answered at this stage
• http://reqtest.com/requirements-blog/do-requirements-management-right-from-
the-start-who-does-what-and-why/
10. • Requirements validation is the process of certifying
the requirements model for correctness against the
user's intention
• As such requirements validation helps to do the right
thing in contrast with the careful following of a
modeling approach which helps in doing the thing
right.
11. Validation Inputs and Outputs
Requirements
Validation
Requirements
document
Organizational
knowledge
Organizational
standards
List of problems
Agreed actions
12. 12
Requirements Document
• Should be a complete version of the document, not an unfinished
draft. Formatted and organized according to organizational standards
16. 16
Agreed Actions
• List of agreed actions in response to requirements problems. Some
problems may have several corrective actions; some problems may
have no associated actions
17. 17
Requirements Reviews
• A group of people read and analyze the
requirements, look for problems, meet and discuss
the problems and agree on actions to address
these problems
18. Importance of Requirement Validation
• It cost approximately 100 times more to correct
customer reported requirement error than to
correct an error during requirement development.
• It took an average 30 minutes to fix an error
discovered during the requirement phase while it
took 5-17 hours to identify same defect during
system testing.
• In one analysis of 34 safety incidents, “44% had
inadequate specification as their primary cause
19. Types of Testing
• Acceptance testing is based on user requirements
• System testing is based on functional requirements
• Integration testing is based on system architecture
• Unit testing is based on module design
21. Reviewing Requirements
• Reviewing requirement documents is a
technique used for identifying ambiguous or
unverifiable requirements. Informal and formal
reviews approaches are used for reviewing
requirements
• Informal reviews are used to educate other
peoples about the product and collecting
unstructured feedback
• Formal reviews follows well defined process
and produce report that identifies the
material, the reviewers and the judgment
of review team. The best type of formal
review is the inspection.
22. Formal Review Process
Plan review
Distribute
documents
Prepare for
review
Hold review
meeting
Follow-up
actions
Revise
documents
23. 23
Review Activities - 1
• Plan review
• The review team is selected and a time and place for the
review meeting is chosen
• Distribute documents
• The requirements document is distributed to the review
team members
24. 24
Review Activities - 2
• Prepare for review
• Individual reviewers read the requirements to find conflicts, omissions,
inconsistencies, deviations from standards and other problems
• Hold review meeting
• Individual comments and problems are discussed and a set of actions to
address the problems is agreed
25. 25
Review Activities - 3
• Follow-up actions
• The chair of the review checks that the agreed actions have been carried
out
• Revise document
• The requirements document is revised to reflect the agreed actions. At this
stage, it may be accepted or it may be re-reviewed
27. 27
Requirements Clarification
• The requirement may be badly expressed or may have accidentally
omitted information which has been collected during requirements
elicitation
28. 28
Missing Information
• Some information is missing from the requirements document. It is
the responsibility of the requirements engineers who are revising the
document to discover this information from system stakeholders
29. 29
Requirements Conflict
• There is a significant conflict between requirements. The
stakeholders involved must negotiate to resolve the conflict
30. 30
Unrealistic Requirement
• The requirement does not appear to be implement-able with the
technology available or given other constraints on the system.
Stakeholders must be consulted to decide how to make the
requirement more realistic
31. 31
Pre-review Checking - 1
• Reviews are expensive because they involve a number of people
spending time reading and checking the requirements document
32. 32
Pre-review Checking - 2
• This expense can be reduced by using pre-review checking where one
person checks the document and looks for straightforward problems
such as missing requirements, lack of conformance to standards,
typographical errors, etc.
• Document may be returned for correction or the list of problems
distributed to other reviewers
34. Inspection Process
• Software inspection can detect almost 50% to
90% defects
• Inspection is costly and time consuming
• Inspection is a well defined multi-stage process.
It involves a small team of trained participants
who carefully examine a work product for defects
and improvement opportunities.
• Participants:
• Author of work product and peers of author
• Author of any predecessor work product
• People who will do work based on the item being
inspected
• People who are responsible for work products
that interface with the items being inspected.
36. Defects Checklists
• They draw attention of inspectors on the typical
kind of errors that may be in the inspected
product.
• Defect checklist for use case documents
• Defect checklist for SRS
37. Entry Criteria
• The entry criteria set some clear
expectations for authors to follow while
preparing for an inspection.
• Following are some suggested entry criteria
for requirement document:
• Document conform to standard template
• Document has been spell-checked
• Layout errors are removed
• Predecessor or reference documents are
attached
• Line numbers are printed
• All open issues are marked as TBD
38. Exit Criteria
• Inspection process should define the exit
criteria that must be satisfied before the
moderator declares the inspection complete.
• All issues raised during the inspection have
been addressed.
• Any changes made in the document and
related work products were made correctly
• The revised document has been spell
checked
• All TBDs have been resolved
41. Prototyping
• Prototypes for requirements validation demonstrate the
requirements and help stakeholders discover problems
• Validation prototypes should be complete, reasonably
efficient and robust. It should be possible to use them in
the same way as the required system
• User documentation and training should be provided
43. Prototyping Activities
• Choose prototype testers
• The best testers are users who are fairly experienced and
who are open-minded about the use of new systems. End-
users who do different jobs should be involved so that
different areas of system functionality will be covered
• Develop test scenarios
• Careful planning is required to draw up a set of test
scenarios which provide broad coverage of the
requirements. End-users shouldn’t just play around with
the system as this may never exercise critical system
features
44. Prototyping Activities
• Execute scenarios
• The users of the system work, usually on their own, to
try the system by executing the planned scenarios
• Document problems
• Its usually best to define some kind of electronic or
paper problem report form which users fill in when they
encounter a problem
45. User Manual Development
• Writing a user manual from the requirements forces
a detailed requirements analysis and thus can reveal
problems with the document
• Information in the user manual
• Description of the functionality and how it is implemented
• Which parts of the system have not been implemented
• How to get out of trouble
• How to install and get started with the system
46. System Models
• For some projects, system models may be developed
based on the agreed set of requirements
• These models may be data-flow models of the
system’s functionality, object models, event models,
entity-relation models, process models, simulation
models etc
• Validation of system models is an essential part of the
validation process
• Some checking is possible with automated tools
47. Testing Requirements
• Research has shown that at least 50% of the
total software cost is comprised of testing
activities
• Test cases that are based on functional
requirements or derived from user requirements
help make the expected system behaviors
tangible to the project participants
• Each requirement should have a test case
– How to assess whether the requirement was
successfully implemented
• Typically a set of (future) functions in the
code will be tested by a test cases
48. Test Case Example
• The title "Registration Page" shall be left aligned at the top of the
page.
• The title "Registration Page" is left aligned at the
top of the page.
• The words "Registration Page" shall be spelled correctly.
• The words "Registration Page" are spelled
correctly.
• The words "Registration Page" shall be in 26 point type.
• The words "Registration Page" are in 26 point type
• The words "Registration Page" shall be in sans serif type
• The words "Registration Page" are in sans serif
type