The document discusses various aspects of requirements engineering including processes, techniques, challenges, and importance. It describes requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management. Key points covered include feasibility studies, types of requirements, characteristics of good requirements, requirements traceability and evolution. Diagrams like use cases, activity diagrams and data flow diagrams are presented as examples of requirements specification outputs.
Objectives:
1. To understand the different processes in the realm of ‘Requirements Engineering’.
2. To see the challenges in requirements development and the importance of getting requirements right in an IT project.
3. To understand the different techniques used in different phases and processes of requirements development and management.
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Objectives:
1. To understand the different processes in the realm of ‘Requirements Engineering’.
2. To see the challenges in requirements development and the importance of getting requirements right in an IT project.
3. To understand the different techniques used in different phases and processes of requirements development and management.
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
An introduction to requirements engineering for students with no previous background in this area. Part of critical systems engineering course, CS 5032.
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
History about software engineering . Tell about what is software engineering requirements model and also tell about the description and definitely about software engineering products protocol
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
3. Importance of Requirements
• Making design decisions without understanding
all the constraints on the system to be developed
results in a system which fails to meet customer’s
expectations
• Costs of correcting errors increases as the design
process advances.
• An error detected in the maintenance phase is 20
times as costly to fix as an error detected in the
coding stage.
5. The Basics
• A requirement mandates that something be
accomplished, transformed, produced or
provided
• Requirements engineering is the discipline
concerned with understanding the externally
imposed conditions on a proposed computer
system, determining what capabilities will meet
these imposed conditions and and documenting
those capabilities as the software requirements
for the computer system.
6. Requirements Engineering Process
• The processes used for RE vary widely
depending on the application domain, the
people involved and the organisation
developing the requirements
Requirements Elicitation Requirements Analysis
Requirements Specification Requirements Verification
Requirements Management
Requirements Engineering
Requirements Elicitation Requirements Analysis
Requirements Specification Requirements Verification
Requirements Management
Requirements Engineering
7. Requirements Engineering Process
• Requirements elicitation : The process through which
clients and developers review, articulate and
understand the needs of the clients and the constraints
on the software
• requires involvement with the client, domain experts,
and end-users in order to establish an the client’s needs
and the constraints on the system. Here we use
techniques such as: (1) Interviews, (2) Questionnaires,
(3) Focus groups, (4) Apprenticing, and (5) modelling.
8. Requirements Engineering Process
• Requirements Analysis : The process of analysing the
needs of the clients in order to arrive at a definition of
the requirements
• aims to deepen our understanding of the constraints
and client needs
• Requirements Specification : The process by which a
document is developed which clearly communicates the
requirements.
• The requirements are captured, or expressed, or
articulated, in a software requirements specification.
9. Requirements Engineering Process
• Requirements Validation : The process of ensuring that
the requirements and the Software Requirements
Specification are in compliance with the needs of the
clients and the system
• techniques here include (1) reviews, inspections and
walkthroughs of requirements, and (2)prototyping.
• Requirements Management and evolution : The
planning and controlling of the requirements
engineering processes. Requirements specification
should evolve with time.
11. Feasibility
• Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally
– Uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing
business or proposed venture
– Opportunities and threats as presented by
the environment.
– The resources required to carry through.
– Ultimately the prospects for success of the proposition
• In its simplest term, the two criteria to judge
feasibility are cost required and value to be attained.
12. Types of Feasibility
• The assessment is based on an outline design of
system requirements in terms of Input, Processes,
Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures.
• Technological feasibility
– carried out to determine whether the company has the
capability, in terms of software, hardware, personnel and
expertise, to handle the completion of the project
– when writing a feasibility report, the following should be
taken to consideration:
• A brief description of the business
• The part of the business being examined
• The human and economic factor
• The possible solutions to the problems
13. Types of Feasibility
• Economic analysis
used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. More
commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the
benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare
them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to
design and implement the system.
Cost-based study:
It is important to identify cost and benefit factors, which can be categorized
as follows:
1. Development costs
2. Operating costs.
This is an analysis of the costs to be incurred in the system and the benefits
derivable out of the system.
Time-based study:
This is an analysis of the time required to achieve a return on investments.
The future value of a project is also a factor.
14. Types of Feasibility
• Legal feasibility
Determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements,
e.g. data processing system must comply with the local Data Protection
Acts.
• Operational feasibility
Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves
the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during
scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the
requirements analysis phase of system development.
• Schedule feasibility
A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed before it is useful.
Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop,
and if it can be completed in a given time period using some methods
like payback period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how
reasonable the project timetable is. You need to determine whether
the deadlines are mandatory or desirable.
15. Types of Feasibility
• Financial feasibility
In case of a new project, financial viability can be judged on the
following parameters:
– Total estimated cost of the project
– Financing of the project in terms of its capital structure, debt equity ratio and
promoter's share of total cost
– Existing investment by the promoter in any other business
– Projected cash flow and profitability
• Other feasibility factors:
– Market and real estate feasibility
– Resource feasibility
– Cultural feasibility
17. • Requirements Elicitation is the process of discovering the
requirements for a system by communication with
customers, system users and others who have a stake in the
system development.
Elicitation
18. • The “Yes, But” syndrome
• The Undiscovered Ruins
• “User and Developer” syndrome
• “The sins of your predecessors”
Challenges of Requirements
Elicitation
19. The “Yes, But” syndrome
• First time users see the system the first reaction is
either, “wow this is so cool” or “Yes, but, hmmmmm,
now that I see it, what about this…? Wouldn’t it be
nice …?
• Anticipate that there will be “yes, buts” and add time
and resources to plan for feedback.
• Tends to be User Interface centric, these tend to be
the touch points of the system by the users.
20. The “Undiscovered Ruins”
syndrome
Teams struggle with determining when they are
done with requirements elicitation.
– Is done when all the requirements are elicited or
have they found at least enough?
– Like asking an archeologist “how many
undiscovered ruins are there?”
21. The “User and the developer”
syndrome
• Users do not know what
they want, or they know
what they want but
cannot articulate it.
• Users think they know
what they want until
developers give them
what they said they
wanted.
• Analysts think they
understand user
problems better than
users do.
• Recognize and appreciate
the user as domain
experts; try different
techniques.
• Provide alternative
elicitation techniques
earlier; storyboard, role
playing, prototypes, and
so on.
• Put the analyst in the
users place. Try role
playing for an hour or a
day.
CharacteristicCharacteristic ResponseResponse
22. The “living with the sins of your
predecessors” syndrome
• Like it or not your users (marketing) and developers
remember what happened in the past.
– Quality programs that promised things would be different.
– The last project where requirements were vague and/or
were delivered short of expectations.
• Need to build trust, slowly. Do not over commit to features,
schedule, or budget.
• Build success by delivering highest priority features early in
the process.
23. The Requirements Elicitation
techniques
• Interviewing and questionnaires
• Requirements workshops
• Braining Storming and idea reduction
• Use Cases
• Role Playing
• Prototyping
EX:
Summary
24. Interview : Context Free Question
• Goal is to prevent prejudicing the user’s response to the
questions.
• Examples:
– Who is the user?
– Who is the customer?
– Are their needs different?
– Where else can a solution to this problem be found?
• Context-free questions
• After context-free questions are asked, suggested solutions
can be explored.
25. Interview : Show Time
• Establish Customer or User Profile
• Assessing the Problem
• Understanding the User Environment
• Recap the Understanding
• Analyst’s Inputs on Customer’s Problems
• Assessing Your Solution (if applicable)
26. Technique : Requirement
workshop
• It gathers all key stakeholders together for a
short but intensely focused period.
• The use of an outside facilitator experienced
in requirements management can ensure the
success of the workshop.
• Brainstorming is the most important part of
the workshop.
27. Technique : Role Playing – variant
on use cases
• Role playing allows stakeholders to experience
the user’s world from the user’s perspective.
• A scripted walkthrough may replace role playing
in some situations, with the script becoming a
live storyboard.
(Class-Responsibility-Collaboration (CRC) cards,
often used in object-oriented analysis, are a
derivative of role playing.)
29. Analysis & Specification
• Requirements analysis :
The process of studying and analysing the
customer and the user/stakeholder needs to arrive
at a definition of software requirements
• Requirements Specification:
o A document that clearly and precisely describes
essential requirements of software and external
interfaces (functions, performance, quality etc.)
o each requirement is specified such that its
achievement is capable of being verified by a
prescribed method like inspection, test.
30. Analysis of Elicitation Results
Analysis of the results of elicitation process helps to
create a better vision of the product and its
specification by:
• Explaining the problem statement better
• Marketing group establishes positioning of the
product
• Stakeholder and user summaries
o user is special case of stakeholder
o identify stakeholder w.r.t development
o identify stakeholder w.r.t system
31. • The precision to which Requirements are
specified is a function of
• Expertise of developers
• Knowledge developers and testers have of the
domain – the more they know, the less specific the
specification needs to be
• Access to a domain representative
• For example, in xp, requirements may be specified in
less detail but there is a customer representative on site
daily.
Requirement Specification
32. Requirements Perspectives
• User requirements
– Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints. Written for customers.
• System requirements
– A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system’s functions, services and
operational constraints. Defines what should be
implemented so may be part of a contract between
client and contractor.
33. Types of Requirements
• Functional requirements :
Statements of services, how the system should react to
particular inputs, what functionalities is to be provided.
Functional requirements are not concerned with how these
functions are to be achieved, just what is to be achieved.
• Non – functional requirements:
deals with attributes, or properties, of the software
rather than functions. We include here aspects of the
software such as its performance, its usability, its reliability,
any safety aspects and a range of other attributes.
• Domain Requirements:
Requirements of the application domain of the system,
reflect characteristics of that domain.
35. Requirements Characteristics
Besides the criteria for individual
requirements, 3 criteria should apply to the
set of requirements as a whole:
• Consistent
• Non redundant
• Complete
36. The Output
A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) – A formal
Document as the OUTPUT of the Specification stage.
it is a complete description of the behavior of a system to be
developed.
INCLUDES:
Functional Requirements
Non- Functional Requirements
Constraints
Design Strategy
Quality and Standards
Architecture
Development Methodology
41. Requirements Validation
Validation:
ensures that the software being developed will satisfy it
stakeholders
– Requirements Validation checks the software
requirements specification against stakeholders
goals and requirements
Verification:
ensures that each step followed in the process of building the soft
ware yields the right products
– Requirements Verification checks the consistency of
the software requirements specification artifacts and other
Software development products (design, implementation, ...) again
st the specification
44. Definition
Requirements management is the process of
documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on
requirements and then controlling change and communicating to
relevant stakeholders.
It is a continuous process throughout a project.
A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product
or service) should conform.
46. CASE Tools
IBM Rational DOORS®
Requirements management, traceability, and impact analysis
capabilities for more formal, rigorous requirements engineering
purposes, primarily suited to organizations creating manufactured
systems and products
IBM Rational Requirements Composer
Helps teams to define requirements more effectively and manage them
efficiently across the project lifecycle to gain better business outcomes
through light-weight requirements practices
IBM Rational RequisitePro®
Requirements management, traceability, and impact analysis
capabilities for project teams, primarily suited to organizations creating
application software
47. Software Evolution
• The priority of requirements from different
viewpoints changes during the development
process.
• System customers may specify requirements
from a business perspective that conflict with
end-user requirements.
• The business and technical environment of the
system changes during its development.
48. Classification for changing
requirement
• Enduring requirements. Stable requirements
derived from the core activity of the customer
organisation.
• Volatile requirements. Requirements which
change during development or when the
system is in use.
49. Classification for changing
requirement
• Enduring requirements. Stable requirements
derived from the core activity of the customer
organisation.
• Volatile requirements. Requirements which
change during development or when the
system is in use.
50. Requirements Traceability
Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the
life of a requirement.
It should be possible to trace back to the origin of each
requirement
and
Every change made to the requirement should therefore be
documented in order to achieve traceability.
Even the use of the requirement after the implemented features
have been deployed and used should be traceable[4].