The male and female reproductive systems both produce gametes (sperm and eggs) to create offspring. The male system includes testes that produce sperm and other organs like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate that all contribute to semen. The female system includes ovaries that produce eggs and the uterus that supports fetal development if fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes. Both sexes develop secondary sex characteristics like body hair and voice changes in males or breast growth in females during puberty.

1. Reproductive System Male and female Produce offspring

2. Male reproductive system Testes Primary sex organ Surrounded by scrotum Produce sperm Haploid Head with chromosomes is the only part that penetrates egg Secrete testosterone

3. Other organs Epididymis Small threadlike tube on the outside of the testis Immotile sperm mature and grow their flagella here Vas Deferens – tube that connects epididymis to the urethra

4. Seminal vesicle Adds fluid with an alkaline pH Adds fructose for food for the sperm Prostate gland Adds an additional alkaline secretion Bulbourethral gland Secretes a mucus like fluid that is added Semen – the combination of the sperm and all the fluids added to it that the urethra conveys out of the body

5. Penis Contains urethra Cavernosa tissues become engorged with blood, cause it to become erect Glans penis is the tip which contains most of the sensory nerve endings Foreskin which covers the glans is often removed at birth - circumcision

6. Male secondary sex characteristics Body and facial hair Voice becomes lower as vocal cords thicken Skin thickens Muscular growth increases Bones thicken

7. Female reproductive system Ovaries Primary sex organ Follicles contain maturing eggs Ovulation – release of egg Secrete estrogen and progesterone Fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine tubes) Egg travels down these toward the uterus Fertilization actually happens here Ectopic pregnancy – egg implants outside the uterus

8. Uterus Muscular organ where fertilized egg implants Has a blood rich lining to support the fetus Starts out the size of a pear, but can grow 20 times its original size Lower end is the cervix, extends into vagina

9. Vagina Fibromuscular tube that receives the penis and semen, also the birth canal Labia (lips) external fleshy genitalia Labia majora – encloses and protects other organs, Labia minora – flattened longitudinal folds along the edge of the vaginal opening Clitoris Located anterior to urethral and vaginal openings Analogous to penis, same type of erectile tissue and nerve endings

10. Secondary sex characteristics Development of breasts and mammary glands Increased deposition of adipose tissue Increased vascularization of the skin, esp during pregnancy

11. Menstrual cycle – the periodic shedding of the lining of the uterus. 28 day cycle on average Menopause – the cessation of menstruation; usually irregular for a few years before it stops completely. Ovulation can be random during this period.