This document discusses different modes of reproduction in organisms. It explains that bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, fungi through spore formation, and hydra through budding. Sexual reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male and female gametes, where the male reproductive organ is the stamen that contains pollen grains, and the female is the pistil containing the ovary. Pollination is when pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma, and can involve insects or other animals as pollinators. After pollination, the pollen tube grows and the male gametes fuse with the egg and polar nuclei to form a zygote and endosperm that develop into an embryo.

3. BACTERIA - BINARY FISSION
FUNGUS -SPORE FORMATION
HYDRA - BUDDING

4. An existing cell divides
to form two cells.
Under favourable
conditions, rapid
multiplication of of
organisms like
bacteria takes place
by binary fission.

5. Spores are minute cells
that can survive in
unfavourable
conditions and develop
into new organisms
under favourable
conditions. This is a
type of asexual
reproduction.

6. Buds are formed in the
parent body. When it
grows, it separates
itself from the parent
body and develops
into a new organisms.

7. The sexual reprodution
is the formation of
new plants through
the fusion of male
and female gametes.

9. •Male
reproductive
organ
•STAMEN
•Female
reproductive
organ
•PISTIL

10.  Bears anthers – it
contains the pollen
grains which produce
male cells / gametes.

11.  Pistil is composed
of stigma, style
and ovary.
 The ovary produce
female cells /
gametes.

12. It is the
transfer of
pollengrai
ns into
the stigma
of the
female
flower.
It is an
example
for
mutualis
m
between
plants and
animals.m
ajority of
them are
insects.

13.  The organisms that helps the plants
to get pollinated is known as
pollinators.
 Certain plants depend on particular
organisms for pollination.
 The shapes and nature of flowers
differ according to the pollinator.
 Most of the plants have more than
one pollinator.
 Wind and water are also comes
under the pollinating agents.

15.  Pollen grains contains 2
nuclei
1. Generative nucleus
2. Tube nucleus

16.  Pollen tube develops from pollen grain that
falls into the stigma.
 This grows towards ovary.
 Generative nucleus divides in the pollentube to
form 2 male gametes.
 Tube nucleus disintegrates at this time.

17.  One male gamete then fuses with egg to form
zygote.
 Another one fuses with the polar nuclei in the
ovary, and endosperm is formed from it.
 Zygote develops into embryo.
 Endosperm becomes the stored food needed for
growth of the embryo.