Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 almost by accident. While experimenting with uranium salts and their effect on photographic plates, he discovered that the plates were exposed even when not in direct sunlight, showing that uranium emitted radiation without an external energy source. This led to his discovery of radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation by a material without external energy. For this discovery, which helped establish the field of nuclear physics, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with the Curies.
Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays in 1895, which led Henri Becquerel to discover that uranium salts cause fluorescence without exposure to light, showing they were radioactive. Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity and isolated the radioactive elements polonium and radium from pitchblende ore. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei accompanied by emission of three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Half-life is used to characterize the rate of radioactive decay, which varies widely from fractions of seconds to millions of years.
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS
The above figure displays a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Today, a CRT is described as a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beams onto a screen tocreate the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (in an oscilloscope), pictures (a television screen, computer monitor), radar targets, or other phenomena.
We now know that cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube (upper image) is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow (lower image), due to electrons emitted from the negative cathode.
The above “official” account presupposes that one knows what an electron is and what are its physical properties (mass and charge). The discovery of the electron opened up a whole new chapter in the understanding of matter. This led to the realization that light and matter could not be fully understood using the classicallaws of physics, and that a totally different way of understanding nature was needed. Thus emerged, beginning in the last years of the 19th century, a completely new description of light and matter. This new description became known as quantum mechanics, and resulted in the quantum theory of atoms, molecules and the chemical bond. This is the historical journey on which we shall embark in this Lecture.
Cathode rays were discovered by Julius Plücker (1801-1868) and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf(1824-1914). Their experimental apparatus depended on two earlier inventions: 1) Volta’s battery; and, 2) a sealed glass tube in which a partial vacuum was maintained. The latter was invented by a German physicist and glassblower, Heinrich Geissler, in 1857.
Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields, and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields.
It was these experiments on cathode rays inside the cathode ray tube that drew the attention of Röntgen. After repeating the above experiments, he began to study the radiation emitted outside the cathode ray tube, using fluorescent chemical sensors, e.g., barium platinocyanide, to detect radiation. His discovery of x-rays on November 8, 1895 was communicated to the Physico-Medical Society of Würzburg later in November, 1895. A translation of his paper appeared two months later on January 23, 1896 in the English journal, Nature. (You can dial up this article on Gallica and read it for yourself).
Paraphrasing Louis XV(1710 – 1774) of France, were he not such a humble, unassuming man,Röntgenmight have said "A.
The document summarizes the contributions of several pioneers of nuclear technology, including:
- Henri Becquerel discovered spontaneous radiation in 1896 and won the 1903 Nobel Prize along with the Curies. Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes, discovering radium and polonium.
- Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha and beta rays in 1899 and the theory of radioactive decay with Soddy in 1901. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize.
- Niels Bohr published the theory combining nuclear theory with quantum theory in 1913.
- Einstein gave the theories of relativity and E=mc2, receiving the 1921 Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect.
The document discusses the history and applications of radioisotopes and nuclear medicine. It describes how radioisotopes were discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It then explains what radioisotopes are and how their atomic structure differs from stable isotopes. Finally, it summarizes some key applications of radioisotopes in medicine, including diagnostic imaging techniques like PET scans and gamma scanning that use radioactive tracers to examine organ function and identify health issues.
Antoine Henri Becquerel was a French physicist born in 1852 into a family of distinguished scientists. He discovered radioactivity in 1896 while investigating phosphorescence of uranium salts, finding that uranium emitted radiation without an external energy source. This discovery of natural radioactivity preceded the discovery of X-rays and marked the beginning of modern nuclear physics. Becquerel's contributions led to the development of uses for radiation in medicine and earned him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Pierre and Marie Curie.
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 almost by accident. While experimenting with uranium salts and their effect on photographic plates, he discovered that the plates were exposed even when not in direct sunlight, showing that uranium emitted radiation without an external energy source. This led to his discovery of radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation by a material without external energy. For this discovery, which helped establish the field of nuclear physics, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with the Curies.
Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays in 1895, which led Henri Becquerel to discover that uranium salts cause fluorescence without exposure to light, showing they were radioactive. Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity and isolated the radioactive elements polonium and radium from pitchblende ore. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei accompanied by emission of three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Half-life is used to characterize the rate of radioactive decay, which varies widely from fractions of seconds to millions of years.
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS
The above figure displays a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Today, a CRT is described as a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beams onto a screen tocreate the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (in an oscilloscope), pictures (a television screen, computer monitor), radar targets, or other phenomena.
We now know that cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube (upper image) is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow (lower image), due to electrons emitted from the negative cathode.
The above “official” account presupposes that one knows what an electron is and what are its physical properties (mass and charge). The discovery of the electron opened up a whole new chapter in the understanding of matter. This led to the realization that light and matter could not be fully understood using the classicallaws of physics, and that a totally different way of understanding nature was needed. Thus emerged, beginning in the last years of the 19th century, a completely new description of light and matter. This new description became known as quantum mechanics, and resulted in the quantum theory of atoms, molecules and the chemical bond. This is the historical journey on which we shall embark in this Lecture.
Cathode rays were discovered by Julius Plücker (1801-1868) and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf(1824-1914). Their experimental apparatus depended on two earlier inventions: 1) Volta’s battery; and, 2) a sealed glass tube in which a partial vacuum was maintained. The latter was invented by a German physicist and glassblower, Heinrich Geissler, in 1857.
Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields, and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields.
It was these experiments on cathode rays inside the cathode ray tube that drew the attention of Röntgen. After repeating the above experiments, he began to study the radiation emitted outside the cathode ray tube, using fluorescent chemical sensors, e.g., barium platinocyanide, to detect radiation. His discovery of x-rays on November 8, 1895 was communicated to the Physico-Medical Society of Würzburg later in November, 1895. A translation of his paper appeared two months later on January 23, 1896 in the English journal, Nature. (You can dial up this article on Gallica and read it for yourself).
Paraphrasing Louis XV(1710 – 1774) of France, were he not such a humble, unassuming man,Röntgenmight have said "A.
The document summarizes the contributions of several pioneers of nuclear technology, including:
- Henri Becquerel discovered spontaneous radiation in 1896 and won the 1903 Nobel Prize along with the Curies. Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes, discovering radium and polonium.
- Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha and beta rays in 1899 and the theory of radioactive decay with Soddy in 1901. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize.
- Niels Bohr published the theory combining nuclear theory with quantum theory in 1913.
- Einstein gave the theories of relativity and E=mc2, receiving the 1921 Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect.
The document discusses the history and applications of radioisotopes and nuclear medicine. It describes how radioisotopes were discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It then explains what radioisotopes are and how their atomic structure differs from stable isotopes. Finally, it summarizes some key applications of radioisotopes in medicine, including diagnostic imaging techniques like PET scans and gamma scanning that use radioactive tracers to examine organ function and identify health issues.
Antoine Henri Becquerel was a French physicist born in 1852 into a family of distinguished scientists. He discovered radioactivity in 1896 while investigating phosphorescence of uranium salts, finding that uranium emitted radiation without an external energy source. This discovery of natural radioactivity preceded the discovery of X-rays and marked the beginning of modern nuclear physics. Becquerel's contributions led to the development of uses for radiation in medicine and earned him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Pierre and Marie Curie.
This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes some of the major contributors to the field, including the Curies and Rutherford. It provides details on the types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements (alpha, beta, gamma) and the different types of radioactivity (natural and artificial). It also discusses various applications of radioactivity in areas like medicine, dating, tracers, sterilization, and more. The document is written by Cookey-Gam Tamuno-OpuBo as part of a physics class assignment on the topic of radioactivity.
General Chemistry For ALL Grade 12 StudentsJoannaBaldago1
The document summarizes the four fundamental forces and radioactivity. It explains that the strong nuclear force binds atomic nuclei together while electric forces try to pull them apart, which can cause alpha decay in larger atoms. Radioactivity occurs when unstable atoms decay, releasing energy. Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity through experiments with uranium, while Marie Curie conducted pioneering research on radioactive elements like polonium and radium.
A short introduction to the discovery, identity and health effects of the three typical radiations found in nature. Suitable for general or pre-AP chemistry.
Dalton's original atomic theory proposed that atoms were indivisible and identical for each element. Later evidence from experiments by scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and James Chadwick modified Dalton's theory by showing that atoms have internal structure consisting of subatomic particles and that isotopes of the same element can have different atomic masses. These discoveries helped establish modern atomic theory and understanding of the structure of atoms and nuclei.
The document summarizes the development of the atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed atoms as indivisible particles, to modern scientists like Rutherford, Thomson, Millikan, and Chadwick. Key events included Dalton proposing atoms combine in whole number ratios (1803), Thomson discovering the electron (1897), Rutherford deducing the nuclear atom from gold foil experiments (1911), and Chadwick discovering the neutron (1932). Together, these scientists experimentally verified atoms and identified the subatomic particles that compose them.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to the atom from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes key contributors such as Democritus proposing atoms, Dalton establishing atomic theory, Rutherford discovering the nucleus, Bohr introducing quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg establishing the uncertainty principle. The development of atomic models progressed from simple spheres to planetary structures to quantum mechanical probability distributions.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to radiation from 1789 to the mid-1900s. Some of the key events include the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, the discovery of radioactivity in uranium in 1896 by Henri Becquerel, and the development of the first atomic model by Niels Bohr in 1913. The document also discusses early uses of radiation in medicine as well as some of the first reported injuries from exposure to X-rays and radiation.
This document discusses the atomic theory and properties of the three states of matter. It covers key scientists and their contributions, including Dalton formulating the atomic theory, Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford naming the types of radiation, and Bohr proposing electron orbitals. The three states of matter - solid, liquid, gas - are compared in terms of particle motion and forces. Phase changes like melting, freezing and evaporation are explained. The development of the modern atomic model and discovery of subatomic particles like the proton and neutron are also summarized.
The document outlines learning objectives that cover topics including the electrical properties of atoms, experiments that led to the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, distinguishing between alpha, beta and gamma radiation, describing the nuclear model of the atom and its parts, writing electron configurations, and explaining how splitting and combining of hydrogen and oxygen relates to energy. The objectives will help students explain atomic structure and properties using concepts from electricity, nuclear physics, and quantum mechanics.
This document discusses the evolution of radiation therapy from its discovery in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It traces developments such as the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity, early radium and x-ray therapies, and the introduction of cobalt-60 and linear accelerators to improve targeting ability. Modern advances discussed include intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), proton beam therapy, and radiosurgery techniques like Gamma Knife and Cyberknife which allow extremely precise high dose radiation treatments.
This document summarizes the contributions of several famous scientists throughout history, including Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, Henri Becquerel, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Rutherford, and Marie Curie. It provides brief biographies of each scientist, highlighting their most important discoveries and contributions, such as Bohr's model of the atom, Einstein's theories of relativity and E=mc2, Becquerel's discovery of natural radiation, Fermi's work leading to controlled nuclear reactions, Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus, and Curie's discovery and isolation of radium and polonium. The document concludes that these scientists have made contributions to mankind that will never be forgotten.
This document profiles several famous scientists and their contributions, including Niels Bohr and his model of the atom's structure, Albert Einstein and his theories of relativity and E=mc2, Henri Becquerel's discovery of natural radiation in uranium, Enrico Fermi's work leading to nuclear fission, Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, and Marie Curie's discovery and isolation of radium and polonium, for which she received two Nobel Prizes. The world is indebted to these scientists and many others for advancing knowledge and changing how people live and think through their groundbreaking work.
This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes how Marie and Pierre Curie furthered research on radioactivity and discovered the elements polonium and radium. It also discusses Ernest Rutherford's experiments with alpha particles that demonstrated the nuclear structure of atoms. The document provides extensive details on types of radiation, radioactive elements, uses of radioactivity in areas like medicine, industry, dating techniques, and more.
The document traces the development of the atomic model from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. Thales of Miletus first proposed that all matter comes from water, while Democritus suggested matter is made of indivisible atoms. John Dalton adopted Democritus' idea of atoms in the early 1800s and founded atomic theory. Niels Bohr then suggested atoms have a planetary structure with electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun. Finally, quantum mechanics models like Schrodinger's wave equation describe electrons as existing in quantized energy levels or orbitals within atoms.
Nuclear physithese slides are related to the introduction of nuclear physics some contents is given which are related to the discovery of nucleus. The history of atoms etc
- The document traces the history of key discoveries and innovations in radio technology from the 18th century to the early 20th century, including Orsted's discovery of electromagnetism, Ampere's work building on this, Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction, and Maxwell's unification of electricity, magnetism and light into electromagnetic theory.
- It discusses early pioneers of radio including Hertz, Branly, Tesla, Bose and their experiments transmitting radio waves wirelessly. Marconi is noted for establishing the first commercial radio telegraph system in the late 1890s. However, the invention of radio involved contributions from many scientists over decades.
Ernest Rutherford was a pioneering physicist born in New Zealand in 1871. He received scholarships that allowed him to study physics, earning multiple degrees. He conducted research at Cambridge University under J.J. Thomson, discovering two types of radiation emitted by uranium, which he called alpha and beta rays. In 1908, Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the atomic nucleus. He determined that alpha particles are helium ions and that atoms are mostly empty space with a tiny, massive, positively charged nucleus. Rutherford discovered the proton in 1917 and proved it is present in all atomic nuclei. He made seminal contributions to the development of atomic and nuclear physics through his experiments and publications.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes some of the major contributors to the field, including the Curies and Rutherford. It provides details on the types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements (alpha, beta, gamma) and the different types of radioactivity (natural and artificial). It also discusses various applications of radioactivity in areas like medicine, dating, tracers, sterilization, and more. The document is written by Cookey-Gam Tamuno-OpuBo as part of a physics class assignment on the topic of radioactivity.
General Chemistry For ALL Grade 12 StudentsJoannaBaldago1
The document summarizes the four fundamental forces and radioactivity. It explains that the strong nuclear force binds atomic nuclei together while electric forces try to pull them apart, which can cause alpha decay in larger atoms. Radioactivity occurs when unstable atoms decay, releasing energy. Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity through experiments with uranium, while Marie Curie conducted pioneering research on radioactive elements like polonium and radium.
A short introduction to the discovery, identity and health effects of the three typical radiations found in nature. Suitable for general or pre-AP chemistry.
Dalton's original atomic theory proposed that atoms were indivisible and identical for each element. Later evidence from experiments by scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and James Chadwick modified Dalton's theory by showing that atoms have internal structure consisting of subatomic particles and that isotopes of the same element can have different atomic masses. These discoveries helped establish modern atomic theory and understanding of the structure of atoms and nuclei.
The document summarizes the development of the atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed atoms as indivisible particles, to modern scientists like Rutherford, Thomson, Millikan, and Chadwick. Key events included Dalton proposing atoms combine in whole number ratios (1803), Thomson discovering the electron (1897), Rutherford deducing the nuclear atom from gold foil experiments (1911), and Chadwick discovering the neutron (1932). Together, these scientists experimentally verified atoms and identified the subatomic particles that compose them.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to the atom from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes key contributors such as Democritus proposing atoms, Dalton establishing atomic theory, Rutherford discovering the nucleus, Bohr introducing quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg establishing the uncertainty principle. The development of atomic models progressed from simple spheres to planetary structures to quantum mechanical probability distributions.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to radiation from 1789 to the mid-1900s. Some of the key events include the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, the discovery of radioactivity in uranium in 1896 by Henri Becquerel, and the development of the first atomic model by Niels Bohr in 1913. The document also discusses early uses of radiation in medicine as well as some of the first reported injuries from exposure to X-rays and radiation.
This document discusses the atomic theory and properties of the three states of matter. It covers key scientists and their contributions, including Dalton formulating the atomic theory, Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford naming the types of radiation, and Bohr proposing electron orbitals. The three states of matter - solid, liquid, gas - are compared in terms of particle motion and forces. Phase changes like melting, freezing and evaporation are explained. The development of the modern atomic model and discovery of subatomic particles like the proton and neutron are also summarized.
The document outlines learning objectives that cover topics including the electrical properties of atoms, experiments that led to the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, distinguishing between alpha, beta and gamma radiation, describing the nuclear model of the atom and its parts, writing electron configurations, and explaining how splitting and combining of hydrogen and oxygen relates to energy. The objectives will help students explain atomic structure and properties using concepts from electricity, nuclear physics, and quantum mechanics.
This document discusses the evolution of radiation therapy from its discovery in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It traces developments such as the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity, early radium and x-ray therapies, and the introduction of cobalt-60 and linear accelerators to improve targeting ability. Modern advances discussed include intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), proton beam therapy, and radiosurgery techniques like Gamma Knife and Cyberknife which allow extremely precise high dose radiation treatments.
This document summarizes the contributions of several famous scientists throughout history, including Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, Henri Becquerel, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Rutherford, and Marie Curie. It provides brief biographies of each scientist, highlighting their most important discoveries and contributions, such as Bohr's model of the atom, Einstein's theories of relativity and E=mc2, Becquerel's discovery of natural radiation, Fermi's work leading to controlled nuclear reactions, Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus, and Curie's discovery and isolation of radium and polonium. The document concludes that these scientists have made contributions to mankind that will never be forgotten.
This document profiles several famous scientists and their contributions, including Niels Bohr and his model of the atom's structure, Albert Einstein and his theories of relativity and E=mc2, Henri Becquerel's discovery of natural radiation in uranium, Enrico Fermi's work leading to nuclear fission, Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, and Marie Curie's discovery and isolation of radium and polonium, for which she received two Nobel Prizes. The world is indebted to these scientists and many others for advancing knowledge and changing how people live and think through their groundbreaking work.
This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes how Marie and Pierre Curie furthered research on radioactivity and discovered the elements polonium and radium. It also discusses Ernest Rutherford's experiments with alpha particles that demonstrated the nuclear structure of atoms. The document provides extensive details on types of radiation, radioactive elements, uses of radioactivity in areas like medicine, industry, dating techniques, and more.
The document traces the development of the atomic model from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. Thales of Miletus first proposed that all matter comes from water, while Democritus suggested matter is made of indivisible atoms. John Dalton adopted Democritus' idea of atoms in the early 1800s and founded atomic theory. Niels Bohr then suggested atoms have a planetary structure with electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun. Finally, quantum mechanics models like Schrodinger's wave equation describe electrons as existing in quantized energy levels or orbitals within atoms.
Nuclear physithese slides are related to the introduction of nuclear physics some contents is given which are related to the discovery of nucleus. The history of atoms etc
- The document traces the history of key discoveries and innovations in radio technology from the 18th century to the early 20th century, including Orsted's discovery of electromagnetism, Ampere's work building on this, Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction, and Maxwell's unification of electricity, magnetism and light into electromagnetic theory.
- It discusses early pioneers of radio including Hertz, Branly, Tesla, Bose and their experiments transmitting radio waves wirelessly. Marconi is noted for establishing the first commercial radio telegraph system in the late 1890s. However, the invention of radio involved contributions from many scientists over decades.
Ernest Rutherford was a pioneering physicist born in New Zealand in 1871. He received scholarships that allowed him to study physics, earning multiple degrees. He conducted research at Cambridge University under J.J. Thomson, discovering two types of radiation emitted by uranium, which he called alpha and beta rays. In 1908, Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the atomic nucleus. He determined that alpha particles are helium ions and that atoms are mostly empty space with a tiny, massive, positively charged nucleus. Rutherford discovered the proton in 1917 and proved it is present in all atomic nuclei. He made seminal contributions to the development of atomic and nuclear physics through his experiments and publications.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
2. BORN: DECEMBER 15, 1852
PARIS, FRANCE
1
ANTOINE
HENRI
BECQUEREL
DIED: AUGUST 25, 1908
(age 55 years)
Le, Croisic, France
Known for: Discovery
of Radioactivity
Awards: Rumford Medal (1900)
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 w/
Pierre and Marie Curie for the
discovery of Radioactivity
3. Becquerel entered the Polytechnic in 1872, then
the government department of Ponts - et -
Chaussées in 1874, becoming an engineer in 1977
and being promoted to chief engineer in 1894
2
EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
In 1888 he acquired his doctorate with his
dissertation on the absorption of light by crystal.
From 1878 he had held an appointment as an
Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, taking
over from his father in the Chair of Applied Physics
of the Conservatoire Des Arts et Metiers
Then in 1892 he was appointed Professor of
Applied Physics in the Department of Natural
History at the Paris Museum
He then later became a Professor at the
Polytechnic in 1895
4. In late February 1896, Henri Becquerel was experimenting with
phosphorescent uranium salt crystals which glow for a time
after exposure to sunlight. He placed the crystals on
photographic paper, and saw that a black shadow was visible
where the crystals were when the paper was developed. He
initially thought the crystals were emitting X-rays when exposed
to sunlight. However, on leaving the crystals on the paper in a
dark cupboard during overcast days, he found shadows were
still visible on the developed paper, and that the process was
independent of sunlight. Marie Curie coined the term "radiation"
in 1898.
NTRODUCTIO
3
6. DISCOVERRY
5
Becquerel's discovery was
confirmed by the Polish
physicist Marie Curic, who
showed that the activity of
uranium sats depended
only em the amount of
uranfim they contained
and not at all on the
physical store or chemical
composition of the salt.
01
We now understand why
this is -radioactive
emissions come from the
nuclei of particular atoms
so they are not affected
by bonding (which
concerns the outer
electrons) or physical
conditions (like
temperature, pressure,
etc.).
02
7. Marie Curie made several other
important discoveries in this field.
She showed that thorium is also
radioactive and noticed that some
ores of uranium, pitchblende and
chalcolite, are more active than
uranium itself. She thought this must
be due to new radioactive elements
inside them and sison discovered
radium and polonium, which are
highly radioactive.
6
01
Because Curie was unaware that
these radiations were dangerous,
she took no safety precautions as
she worked with them, and her
notebooks are still too radioactive
to handle even today! She shared
the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics
with her husband Pierre, and with
Bocquerel
02
MARIE
CURIE
8. 7
There are three types of
radioactive emission, called
alpha, beta, and gamma
radiation.
These can be separated by
electric or magnetic fields.
01
Radioactive emissions cause
ionization, alpha radiation
being most strongly ionizing
and gamma radiation least
strongly ionizing.
Ionization is the property used
to detect and measure
radioactivity
02
EARLY
DISCOVERIES
9. The more strongly ionizing the radioactivity is, the more rapidly it dissipates
its energy when it passes through materials. The ranges for similar energy
emissions are in the order
gamma > beta > alpha
8
03
The activity of a source is independent of physical conditions and chemical
bonding, depending only on the type of atom involved and the number of
these atoms present
04
EARLY
DISCOVERIES
10. Problem
9
Each atom has a nucleus
and radioactive decays
involve nuclear
transformation
Alpha particles are helium nuclei emitted
from the nuclei of some radioactive
atoms. This was shown by stopping the
alpha particles inside a sealed container
where they captured two electrons and
became helium atoms.
Beta particles are electrons emitted from the
nuclei of some radioactive atoms (they are
created in the decay and are not related to
the orbital electrons in any way). This was
shown by measuring thei deflection in a
magnetic field and showing they had the
same charge-to-mass ratio fem) as an
electron
Gamma rays are high-energy
electromagnetic photons emitted from
the muclei of some radioactive atoms
following an alpha or beta decay These
are not deflected in electric or magnetic
fields. Their properties are identical to
those of hard X-rays
EARLY
DISCOVERIES
11. BORN: August 30, 1871
SPRING GROVE, NEW
ZEALAND
10
RUTHERFORD
ERNEST
DIED: October 19, 1973
CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND
(aged 66)
AWARDS AND HONORS:
COPLEY MEDAL (1922)
NOBEL PRIZE (1908)
SUBJECTS OF STUDY:
RUTHERFORD MODEL
ATOM AND RADIOACTIVITY
12. BORN: September 2, 1877
EASTBOURNE, SUSSEX
11
SODDY
FREDERICK
DIED: September 22, 1956
BRIGHTON, SUSSEX
(aged 79)
AWARDS AND HONORS:
NOBEL PRIZE (1921)
SUBJECTS OF STUDY:
CHEMICAL ELEMENT
DISPLACEMENT LAW ISOTOPE
AND RADIOACTIVITY
13. 12
RUTHERFORD AND SODDY WORKED OUT THE RULES FOR
RADIOACTIVE.
ALL DECAYS CONSERVE TWO FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES:
CHARGE
NUMBER OF NUCLEONS
NUCLEAR
TRANSFORMATION
14. Apha decay is the emission of a helium nucleus from
the nucleus of a heavy radioactive element.
13
ALPHA DECAY
Beta decay is the emission of a fast electron from the
nucleus of a radioactive element.
BETA DECAY
NUCLEAR
TRANSFORMATION
15. Hanover University
Gamma rays are emitted when excited nuclei make quantum
jumps to lower energy levels (similar to the photons emitted
by quantum jumps of electrons in atoms, but much higher
energy).
Gamma-ray emission does not affect the type or number of
particles present in the nucleus.
Sometimes excited states are represented using an asterisk.
14
GAMMA RAYS
NUCLEAR
TRANSFORMATION