This document summarizes a report on water quality monitoring of the Narmada River in Gujarat, India from 2013-2015. It was conducted by Rajat Kumar Gupta under the guidance of Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI). The objectives were to monitor physico-chemical parameters at various locations, analyze trends over time, establish correlations between parameters, and compare results to water quality standards to assess the status of the river. Water samples were collected regularly from 15 locations along the Narmada River and analyzed for parameters like pH, BOD, COD, DO etc. The results were then used to classify water quality and identify pollution hotspots in the river.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
The document provides an overview of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) conducted for the Durgawati Reservoir Project in Kaimur District, Bihar, India. It first defines EIA and explains its importance. It then outlines the typical steps in an EIA process, including screening, scoping, impact assessment, mitigation measures, public consultation, reporting, decision making, and monitoring. The document presents details of the Durgawati Reservoir Project and the methodology used to assess its environmental impacts. It finds that 53.125% of impacts are positive and 46.875% are negative, with most negative impacts on biodiversity. It recommends mitigation and monitoring measures.
The document presents a major project presentation for a sewage treatment plant. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, scope of the project, methodology, design, materials, equipment, chemicals, expenditures, working procedure, conclusion, and references. The methodology section includes plans, schematic diagrams, and detailed drawings. The design considers an effluent quantity of 15 cum/day and treats the sewage to meet quality standards for parameters like pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and O&G. The project involves civil works like tanks and equipment like bar screens, pumps, filters using technologies like anaerobic digestion to treat the sewage to permissible limits for safe disposal.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Thermal treatment of msw and energy recoveryKundan Das
Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste involves processes like combustion, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis to treat waste at high temperatures. This document discusses the types of incinerators and components, the combustion process, energy recovery potential from waste, and methods to treat flue gases and reduce air pollutants before emission. Thermal treatment allows for energy recovery from waste but also produces toxic ash and requires expensive air pollution control systems.
India is facing a severe water crisis due to increasing demand and mismanagement of water resources. According to the UN, water scarcity will worsen in the coming decade. The document discusses causes of water scarcity in India such as overuse, pollution, religious activities, and climate change. It also shows effects like long lines for drinking water and pollution in rivers due to religious activities. Over 300 districts across 13 states are affected by shortages of drinking water according to the Indian government.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
The document provides an overview of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) conducted for the Durgawati Reservoir Project in Kaimur District, Bihar, India. It first defines EIA and explains its importance. It then outlines the typical steps in an EIA process, including screening, scoping, impact assessment, mitigation measures, public consultation, reporting, decision making, and monitoring. The document presents details of the Durgawati Reservoir Project and the methodology used to assess its environmental impacts. It finds that 53.125% of impacts are positive and 46.875% are negative, with most negative impacts on biodiversity. It recommends mitigation and monitoring measures.
The document presents a major project presentation for a sewage treatment plant. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, scope of the project, methodology, design, materials, equipment, chemicals, expenditures, working procedure, conclusion, and references. The methodology section includes plans, schematic diagrams, and detailed drawings. The design considers an effluent quantity of 15 cum/day and treats the sewage to meet quality standards for parameters like pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and O&G. The project involves civil works like tanks and equipment like bar screens, pumps, filters using technologies like anaerobic digestion to treat the sewage to permissible limits for safe disposal.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Thermal treatment of msw and energy recoveryKundan Das
Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste involves processes like combustion, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis to treat waste at high temperatures. This document discusses the types of incinerators and components, the combustion process, energy recovery potential from waste, and methods to treat flue gases and reduce air pollutants before emission. Thermal treatment allows for energy recovery from waste but also produces toxic ash and requires expensive air pollution control systems.
India is facing a severe water crisis due to increasing demand and mismanagement of water resources. According to the UN, water scarcity will worsen in the coming decade. The document discusses causes of water scarcity in India such as overuse, pollution, religious activities, and climate change. It also shows effects like long lines for drinking water and pollution in rivers due to religious activities. Over 300 districts across 13 states are affected by shortages of drinking water according to the Indian government.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Bangalore water supply resources_Schools India Water Portal_2011India Water Portal
Bangalore faces increasing water shortages as its population grows rapidly. The city's water supply comes primarily from two sources - 21% from groundwater and 79% from surface water sources like the Cauvery River. However, nearly half of the city's water is lost due to leaky infrastructure. While the water board treats over 1 billion liters of water and sewage daily, the amounts of sewage generated and treated water available are both insufficient to meet current demand, leading to a deficit of over 600 million liters per day. Unless action is taken to conserve water resources through rainwater harvesting, reducing waste, and other measures, the water crisis in Bangalore is expected to worsen as the population continues to rise.
Energy & Environment Notes by Prof SDManeSuresh Mane
The document outlines the syllabus for an energy and environment course. Module IV focuses on various types of environmental pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal and nuclear pollution. It defines each type of pollution, discusses causes and effects, and methods for control and prevention. The module also covers solid waste management, disaster management, and the role of individuals in preventing pollution with case studies.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
This document summarizes a case study on sewage treatment and reuse. It discusses the objectives of conserving water and reusing treated water effectively. It describes the various treatment processes used, including primary treatment involving screening and settling, secondary treatment using UASB reactors and lagoons, and disinfection. The case study then analyzes a specific research study on treating sewage in India using activated sludge, chlorination, and dual media filtration. It provides results showing reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, and coliform during treatment. The conclusion states that dual media filtration helps further treat sewage water to allow reuse rather than discharge, preserving natural resources and the environment.
This document discusses techniques for rainwater harvesting, including surface storage and groundwater recharge. There are two main techniques - storing rainwater on the surface for future use through structures like tanks, ponds, check dams and weirs, and recharging groundwater by directing rainwater into the subsurface through methods like recharge pits, trenches, dug wells, and recharge shafts filled with gravel and sand. Rainwater harvesting has several advantages, including providing sustainable and reliable water supplies, recharging groundwater aquifers, and overcoming water scarcity issues.
The document provides an overview of water resources management in the state of Gujarat, India. Some key points:
- Gujarat has a total geographical area of 19.6 million hectares and culturable area of 12.4 million hectares. The state's ultimate irrigation potential is 6.75 million hectares.
- Major sources of water include surface water sources like dams and canals totaling 38,100 MCM, and groundwater sources totaling 17,500 MCM.
- Innovative approaches taken by Gujarat include water conservation efforts, micro irrigation projects, participatory irrigation management, and inter-basin water transfer projects.
- Notable projects include S
Depletion of water resources is a serious problem that threatens human survival. India faces a major groundwater crisis as levels are falling rapidly due to increased population, excessive extraction by farmers, unrestrained urbanization, and pollution. Overpumping of groundwater is depleting aquifers faster than they can replenish. This lowers water tables, increases costs, and causes land subsidence. The government is taking initiatives like Clean Ganga Mission, Yamuna Action Plan, and promoting rainwater harvesting to conserve water resources, but more must be done to sustain India's water supply for future generations.
Design & construction of secure waste landfillKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses the design and construction of secured landfills for disposing of various types of solid waste. It addresses municipal solid waste, industrial hazardous waste, e-waste, and biomedical waste. Key elements of landfill design include waste characterization, impervious liners to prevent leachate contamination, leachate collection systems, gas collection systems, and environmental monitoring. The document provides details on the multi-layer landfill lining system using clay and HDPE sheets, leachate wells and piping, gas venting systems, and other infrastructure needed to properly dispose of waste in an environmentally safe manner.
This document discusses the importance of drinking water treatment plants. It describes several key processes used in water treatment including screening, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and softening. Screening is used to remove large solid materials from surface water sources. Aeration removes undesirable gases and organic matter. Flocculation and sedimentation work to combine particles and remove suspended solids. Filtration then removes any remaining fine particles or microorganisms. Softening and disinfection are also important treatment processes.
This document summarizes a study assessing the surface water quality of Perumbakkam Lake in Kanchipuram district, South India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 15 water samples were collected from locations around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical parameters like pH, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, TDS, fluoride, iron, and ammonia. The results were mapped spatially using GIS to analyze the spatial variation in water quality. Most parameters were within permissible limits except for high TDS levels at some locations, possibly due to industrial and domestic waste discharge. The study aims to help monitor water quality and identify sources of pollution impacting the lake.
This document proposes a revised classification system for industries in India based on pollution potential. It outlines 4 categories - Red, Orange, Green, and White - using a pollution index score from 0-100. Red industries have the highest pollution potential (>60), Orange are moderately polluting (41-59), Green are marginally polluting (20-40), and White industries require no consent due to being non-polluting (<20). The scoring methodology considers air and water pollution parameters as well as hazardous waste generation. The revised system aims to standardize consent administration and encourage cleaner technologies across states.
Enviromental impact assesment for highway projectsKushal Patel
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool to study various impact to be occurred due to new development actions.
Transportation Project are the projects which provides ease to the movement of vehicles.
This Paper presents a case study for analysis of EIA for a transportation project. This Paper would provide a methodology which will allow transportation planers to make a cost effective coordination of environmental information and data management.
The results assess the environmental vulnerability around the road and its impact on environment by integration the merits of GIS.
The document contains three problems related to landfills and waste management. Problem 1 asks to calculate the landfill area needed over 5 years for a city generating 1.2 kg/person/day for 4 months and 0.5 kg/person/day for 8 months, with a population of 2.489 million. Problems 2 estimates the landfill area needed over 10 years for a town of 250,000 people generating 0.5 kg/person/day. Problem 3 determines the SO2 emissions and electricity generation capacity from a landfill producing 3500 Nm3 of biogas daily with 0.87% H2S content.
This document discusses the importance of groundwater regime monitoring for groundwater management. It defines groundwater regime monitoring as collecting water level measurements from observation wells at regular time intervals to provide quantitative and qualitative information about groundwater. The key points are:
1) Groundwater monitoring is required to understand changes in groundwater quantity and quality over time due to slow hydrologic processes, and to design effective groundwater management programs.
2) A monitoring network is established with representative wells measured for water levels and quality quarterly.
3) Water level and quality data are analyzed statistically and spatially to identify trends and relationships helping groundwater management.
4) Challenges include data loss, high costs, and difficulty
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
Environmental impact assessment case studyKundan Sanap
This ppt is based on an EIA report for
The Building & Construction Project “Parshwa Luxuria” at S. P. No. 133/1/A, R. S. No. 118/2/1, 118/2/2, 118/3, 118/4 & 119, Bodakdev, City West, District Ahmedabad, Gujarat. JANUARY 2019
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including oil pollution, water pollution, and heavy metals. It provides details on specific heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and arsenic. For each metal, it outlines their sources of pollution, how they enter the environment and food chain, associated health effects on humans, and examples of famous pollution incidents related to these metals.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre cómo mantenerse en forma y motivado para hacer ejercicio regularmente. Recomienda realizar actividades como jardinería, usar las pausas comerciales de la televisión para hacer ejercicios, y probar diferentes clases de ejercicio para mantener la rutina interesante. También discute técnicas de entrenamiento como levantar pesas ligeras con más repeticiones para aumentar la masa muscular.
Legal issues in the media industry include copyright protection of original materials, anti-discrimination laws in hiring, and other workplace regulations around health and safety, liability, trademarks, and equal opportunities. Ethics refer to the moral principles that guide how groups or individuals act, and the media industry faces ethical questions around privacy, truth, exploitation, offensive materials, and fair representation of facts, people, and events. Other ethical concerns incorporate fairness, consent from contributors, accuracy, avoiding harm or offense.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Bangalore water supply resources_Schools India Water Portal_2011India Water Portal
Bangalore faces increasing water shortages as its population grows rapidly. The city's water supply comes primarily from two sources - 21% from groundwater and 79% from surface water sources like the Cauvery River. However, nearly half of the city's water is lost due to leaky infrastructure. While the water board treats over 1 billion liters of water and sewage daily, the amounts of sewage generated and treated water available are both insufficient to meet current demand, leading to a deficit of over 600 million liters per day. Unless action is taken to conserve water resources through rainwater harvesting, reducing waste, and other measures, the water crisis in Bangalore is expected to worsen as the population continues to rise.
Energy & Environment Notes by Prof SDManeSuresh Mane
The document outlines the syllabus for an energy and environment course. Module IV focuses on various types of environmental pollution including air, water, soil, marine, noise, thermal and nuclear pollution. It defines each type of pollution, discusses causes and effects, and methods for control and prevention. The module also covers solid waste management, disaster management, and the role of individuals in preventing pollution with case studies.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
This document summarizes a case study on sewage treatment and reuse. It discusses the objectives of conserving water and reusing treated water effectively. It describes the various treatment processes used, including primary treatment involving screening and settling, secondary treatment using UASB reactors and lagoons, and disinfection. The case study then analyzes a specific research study on treating sewage in India using activated sludge, chlorination, and dual media filtration. It provides results showing reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, and coliform during treatment. The conclusion states that dual media filtration helps further treat sewage water to allow reuse rather than discharge, preserving natural resources and the environment.
This document discusses techniques for rainwater harvesting, including surface storage and groundwater recharge. There are two main techniques - storing rainwater on the surface for future use through structures like tanks, ponds, check dams and weirs, and recharging groundwater by directing rainwater into the subsurface through methods like recharge pits, trenches, dug wells, and recharge shafts filled with gravel and sand. Rainwater harvesting has several advantages, including providing sustainable and reliable water supplies, recharging groundwater aquifers, and overcoming water scarcity issues.
The document provides an overview of water resources management in the state of Gujarat, India. Some key points:
- Gujarat has a total geographical area of 19.6 million hectares and culturable area of 12.4 million hectares. The state's ultimate irrigation potential is 6.75 million hectares.
- Major sources of water include surface water sources like dams and canals totaling 38,100 MCM, and groundwater sources totaling 17,500 MCM.
- Innovative approaches taken by Gujarat include water conservation efforts, micro irrigation projects, participatory irrigation management, and inter-basin water transfer projects.
- Notable projects include S
Depletion of water resources is a serious problem that threatens human survival. India faces a major groundwater crisis as levels are falling rapidly due to increased population, excessive extraction by farmers, unrestrained urbanization, and pollution. Overpumping of groundwater is depleting aquifers faster than they can replenish. This lowers water tables, increases costs, and causes land subsidence. The government is taking initiatives like Clean Ganga Mission, Yamuna Action Plan, and promoting rainwater harvesting to conserve water resources, but more must be done to sustain India's water supply for future generations.
Design & construction of secure waste landfillKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses the design and construction of secured landfills for disposing of various types of solid waste. It addresses municipal solid waste, industrial hazardous waste, e-waste, and biomedical waste. Key elements of landfill design include waste characterization, impervious liners to prevent leachate contamination, leachate collection systems, gas collection systems, and environmental monitoring. The document provides details on the multi-layer landfill lining system using clay and HDPE sheets, leachate wells and piping, gas venting systems, and other infrastructure needed to properly dispose of waste in an environmentally safe manner.
This document discusses the importance of drinking water treatment plants. It describes several key processes used in water treatment including screening, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and softening. Screening is used to remove large solid materials from surface water sources. Aeration removes undesirable gases and organic matter. Flocculation and sedimentation work to combine particles and remove suspended solids. Filtration then removes any remaining fine particles or microorganisms. Softening and disinfection are also important treatment processes.
This document summarizes a study assessing the surface water quality of Perumbakkam Lake in Kanchipuram district, South India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 15 water samples were collected from locations around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical parameters like pH, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, TDS, fluoride, iron, and ammonia. The results were mapped spatially using GIS to analyze the spatial variation in water quality. Most parameters were within permissible limits except for high TDS levels at some locations, possibly due to industrial and domestic waste discharge. The study aims to help monitor water quality and identify sources of pollution impacting the lake.
This document proposes a revised classification system for industries in India based on pollution potential. It outlines 4 categories - Red, Orange, Green, and White - using a pollution index score from 0-100. Red industries have the highest pollution potential (>60), Orange are moderately polluting (41-59), Green are marginally polluting (20-40), and White industries require no consent due to being non-polluting (<20). The scoring methodology considers air and water pollution parameters as well as hazardous waste generation. The revised system aims to standardize consent administration and encourage cleaner technologies across states.
Enviromental impact assesment for highway projectsKushal Patel
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool to study various impact to be occurred due to new development actions.
Transportation Project are the projects which provides ease to the movement of vehicles.
This Paper presents a case study for analysis of EIA for a transportation project. This Paper would provide a methodology which will allow transportation planers to make a cost effective coordination of environmental information and data management.
The results assess the environmental vulnerability around the road and its impact on environment by integration the merits of GIS.
The document contains three problems related to landfills and waste management. Problem 1 asks to calculate the landfill area needed over 5 years for a city generating 1.2 kg/person/day for 4 months and 0.5 kg/person/day for 8 months, with a population of 2.489 million. Problems 2 estimates the landfill area needed over 10 years for a town of 250,000 people generating 0.5 kg/person/day. Problem 3 determines the SO2 emissions and electricity generation capacity from a landfill producing 3500 Nm3 of biogas daily with 0.87% H2S content.
This document discusses the importance of groundwater regime monitoring for groundwater management. It defines groundwater regime monitoring as collecting water level measurements from observation wells at regular time intervals to provide quantitative and qualitative information about groundwater. The key points are:
1) Groundwater monitoring is required to understand changes in groundwater quantity and quality over time due to slow hydrologic processes, and to design effective groundwater management programs.
2) A monitoring network is established with representative wells measured for water levels and quality quarterly.
3) Water level and quality data are analyzed statistically and spatially to identify trends and relationships helping groundwater management.
4) Challenges include data loss, high costs, and difficulty
Construction and Demolition Waste and its management. There are many less known facts stated in C&D Waste Rules, 2016 published by MoEF&CC, Govt. of India and other Authors. Here is a brief description in the slides.
Environmental impact assessment case studyKundan Sanap
This ppt is based on an EIA report for
The Building & Construction Project “Parshwa Luxuria” at S. P. No. 133/1/A, R. S. No. 118/2/1, 118/2/2, 118/3, 118/4 & 119, Bodakdev, City West, District Ahmedabad, Gujarat. JANUARY 2019
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including oil pollution, water pollution, and heavy metals. It provides details on specific heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and arsenic. For each metal, it outlines their sources of pollution, how they enter the environment and food chain, associated health effects on humans, and examples of famous pollution incidents related to these metals.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre cómo mantenerse en forma y motivado para hacer ejercicio regularmente. Recomienda realizar actividades como jardinería, usar las pausas comerciales de la televisión para hacer ejercicios, y probar diferentes clases de ejercicio para mantener la rutina interesante. También discute técnicas de entrenamiento como levantar pesas ligeras con más repeticiones para aumentar la masa muscular.
Legal issues in the media industry include copyright protection of original materials, anti-discrimination laws in hiring, and other workplace regulations around health and safety, liability, trademarks, and equal opportunities. Ethics refer to the moral principles that guide how groups or individuals act, and the media industry faces ethical questions around privacy, truth, exploitation, offensive materials, and fair representation of facts, people, and events. Other ethical concerns incorporate fairness, consent from contributors, accuracy, avoiding harm or offense.
Neemrana is an ancient town located 90 km from Gurgaon in Rajasthan, known for its 14th century hill fort that was once ruled by the Chauhan dynasty. The most famous tourist attraction in Neemrana is the Neemrana Fort, built in 1464 AD, which was once the third capital under Raja Rajdeo for descendants of Prithviraj Chauhan III. The area is now home to several education institutions, including St. Margaret Engineering College, NIIT University, and Raffels University. A new housing project called Sky Aangan is being developed near Keshwana Industry, with plot sizes ranging from 100 to 200 square yards and prices
Lembar penilaian ujian praktik kejuruan menjelaskan tentang penilaian kompetensi peserta didik dalam mengerjakan praktik batik. Penilaian mencakup lima komponen yaitu persiapan kerja, proses, hasil kerja, sikap kerja, dan waktu, dengan subkomponen yang meliputi persiapan alat dan bahan, pelaksanaan proses, hasil akhir, sikap, serta penyelesaian tepat waktu. Lembar ini digunak
Karen Gerlany Cardenas Rodriguez nació el 21 de septiembre del 2000 en Aguazul, Casanare. Ella es una niña amable que completó la primaria en el colegio Antonio Nariño y tres años en el colegio Camilo Torres Restrepo, donde actualmente continúa estudiando.
The VenaPulse device is a portable, compact unit that rapidly inflates and deflates tourniquet pressures to facilitate vascular imaging exams. It allows for quicker exams through hands-free operation and specialized inflation cuffs that provide predictable results. Safety features include alarms and automatic deflation in the event of failures or excessive pressure.
Leila Dayana Samper Olivero nació el 12 de diciembre de 1996 en Santa Marta, Colombia. Actualmente tiene 16 años y vive con sus padres, Jose Samper e Ileda Olivero. Estudia en la escuela Madre Laura y sus metas incluyen estudiar para ser pediatra, ayudar a su familia, casarse y formar la suya propia.
Guj sw study of trend in wq of locations identified as hot spots)_0chydrologywebsite1
This document provides details about a study conducted by Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI) to analyze water quality trends at 8 locations identified as "hot spots" for pollution in Gujarat, India. The study aimed to assess pollution from human activities by testing for nutrients and micro pollutants over 3 years. Water samples from the Kim, Tapi, Purna, Auranga, Par, Kolak and Damanganga rivers were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The 8 locations selected represented areas impacted by urban, industrial and agricultural runoff near cities like Surat, Navsari and Valsad. Test results would help determine the sources and extent of pollution to guide remedial measures to make development
Dr. Dinesh Pancholi is seeking an upper-level position in mining geology and environment that allows him to utilize his technical and managerial skills. He has over 25 years of experience in mining exploration, environmental management and research. Currently, he is a senior manager of geology and environment at Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation, where he is responsible for environmental impact assessments, monitoring, clearances and management planning.
IRJET- Clarification of Water using Moringa Oleifera as a CoagulantIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using Moringa oleifera seed powder and kernel powder as natural coagulants for water treatment. Synthetic turbid water samples at different turbidity levels were treated with varying doses of the Moringa powders. The study found that both powders achieved maximum turbidity removal at a dose of 150mg/L. Turbidity removal efficiency increased with increasing pH, with the highest efficiency observed at a pH of 7.5. The results indicate that Moringa oleifera is an effective and environmentally-friendly natural coagulant for water treatment.
TREATMENT OF GREYWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLANDIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the use of a constructed wetland with water hyacinth plants to treat greywater. Key findings include:
- The system was able to remove organic and inorganic impurities from greywater such as total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nitrates, COD, BOD, and microbes.
- After 6 days of retention time, the treated greywater met standards for reuse for activities like agriculture, gardening, and car washing.
- The low-cost constructed wetland was found to be an effective and sustainable way to treat greywater while reducing pollution loads on local water bodies.
Environmental Engineering Laboratory we are doing Environmental studies at various parameters like Air quality, Noise Level, water & waste water analysis, soil analysis, lux level, stack emission monitoring etc.,
Vibrant Gujarat Summit Profile for investment sector in EnvironmentVibrant Gujarat
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) – the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government in the planning, promotion, co‐ordination and overseeing the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programmed.
Major sector in Environment is as follow:
Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife
Prevention and control of pollution
Objectives Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas
Protection of the environment
Ensuring the welfare of animals
Guj sw study of wq fluctuation in river vishwamitri_0bhydrologyproject0
This document provides background information on a study of water quality fluctuations in the Vishwamitri River in Gujarat, India. It was conducted by the Gujarat Engineering Research Institute from 2009-2011 under the Hydrology Project. The Vishwamitri River flows through the city of Vadodara, subjecting it to pollution from municipal sewage and industrial effluents. The study aimed to monitor water quality, assess the impact of wastewater discharges, and examine the influence on groundwater quality. It highlights pollution issues affecting the unique crocodile habitat in the river. The methodology involved bi-monthly sampling at 11 surface water and 7 groundwater locations along the river course.
The document summarizes a two-day seminar on Zero Liquid Discharge held in Gandhinagar, India. Key points:
- The seminar was inaugurated by Gujarat's Minister of Forests and Environment who emphasized the need for advanced environmental technologies to reduce industrial water pollution.
- Speakers from India and abroad discussed concepts of Zero Liquid Discharge, international trends in pollution management, and case studies on applying ZLD technologies.
- The Chairman of Gujarat Pollution Control Board stressed the importance of sustainable industrialization while minimizing pollution, and called for a holistic approach focusing on zero waste discharge.
- An MOU was signed between Gujarat Pollution
Guj sw monitoring water quality fluctuation in the river sabarmatihydrologyproject0
This document provides background information on a study to monitor water quality fluctuations in the Sabarmati River located in Western India. It describes the Sabarmati River basin, including its tributaries and climate. It notes that the river and its tributaries are rain-fed, giving it low water potential. Domestic sewage generation in the basin's cities is estimated at over 1,000 MLD, with Ahmedabad contributing over 800 MLD. Treatment capacity of 980 MLD has been established to treat this sewage. The study was implemented to assess impacts of initiatives to augment river flow and intercept sewage, by collecting monthly water quality samples from 11 locations along the river.
Mr. Punamchandra rathod working as Senior Project Engineer (Chemical Engineer) in Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC), also holding charge of Programme Officer, Environment Information System (GCPC-ENVIS), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, works to support State Government to improve overall environmental performance solving various environmental issues related to different industrial estates, supporting in preparing state industrial policy to enhance the technical and environmental infrastructure of estates, to scale up and mainstream Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production in industries in industrial parks and retrofitting the existing estates into the eco / green industrial park and research/promotion / propagation of pollution prevention / cleaner production in academic institutions.
Expertise in Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production, Eco industrial Park expert, Circular Economy, Waste Management, Environmental policy framework, Environment Management System, Industrial Symbiosis - waste exchange network etc
This document provides an overview of Gujarat's water resources and the challenges it faces. Gujarat is a water stressed state with per capita availability lower than the national average. Water demand is projected to increase substantially by 2050 due to growth. While the state receives adequate annual rainfall, availability is unevenly distributed spatially. The government has undertaken major projects like the Narmada project to increase supply, but long term water management strategies are still needed to address the growing demand-supply gap over the coming decades.
Anuj Kumar Dixit has over 5 years of experience in environment, health and safety roles. He currently works as a Senior Officer for Gujrat State Petroleum Corporation, where his responsibilities include environmental compliance, pollution monitoring, waste management, safety training, and emergency response. Previously he worked as an Environment Officer for Jaypee Cement and did project work for Ramky Enviro Engineers and Grass Roots Creation focused on environmental impact assessments and compliance. He holds an M.Tech in Environmental Science and Engineering and additional qualifications in industrial safety and environmental management.
IRJET- Water Quality Analysis of River GangaIRJET Journal
1. The study analyzed water quality of the Ganga River at two locations, Devprayag and Haridwar, in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons.
2. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, and COD were tested and mostly within Bureau of Indian Standards limits. However, pollution indicators like BOD and COD increased from Devprayag to Haridwar due to discharge of industrial and domestic waste.
3. While water quality did not show severe deterioration, it decreased gradually along the river stretch due to increasing population, waste discharge, and other human activities. The study concluded more treatment of industrial and domestic waste is needed before discharge
The document provides a resume for Aditya Madhav Patwardhan, who has experience working as a project assistant conducting fieldwork and laboratory analysis for environmental impact assessment projects through the National Institute of Oceanography in India. His experience includes collecting biological samples and monitoring water quality, as well as identifying benthic macrofauna. He holds an M.Sc. in Zoology and seeks to further his career in an organization conducting environmental projects.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
IRJET- A Research Paper on Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan Assessment (Sonavade) and D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan (JSA), a government program in Maharashtra, India aimed at making villages water self-sufficient. The paper describes the background and goals of JSA, which was launched to address increasing water stress in Maharashtra. It then outlines the methodology used for an on-field assessment of JSA works in Sonavade village, including evaluating the quality, utility, and impact of structures built under the program. Over three days, the researchers visited various intervention sites, conducted interviews, and found that while the structures were of good quality initially, siltation reduced their capacity over time and more maintenance was needed.
IRJET- Cicer Arietinum is used as Natural Coagulant for Water TreatmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses using cicer arietinum (chickpea) seeds as a natural coagulant for water treatment. Through jar testing, the study found that cicer arietinum was effective at reducing turbidity in water samples with initial turbidity levels of 80, 150, and 250 NTU. For the sample with 250 NTU initial turbidity, cicer arietinum reduced turbidity to between 0-15 NTU depending on dosage. The natural coagulant removed turbidity as effectively as chemical coagulants like alum but without the human health risks like Alzheimer's disease that are associated with alum residuals in treated water. Cicer arietinum is a viable natural alternative for water
IRJET- Review on Economical Water Treatment PlantIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the need for economical water treatment plants in villages in India, as many villages still do not have access to treated water.
2) It proposes a design for an economical water treatment plant that uses a natural coagulant called Polyglu. The process involves flocculation, filtration, and disinfection to purify water in a low-cost manner.
3) Review of existing literature on water treatment plant design and performance is provided, highlighting studies on optimizing conventional treatment plants, incorporating variability in plant design, and advanced treatment techniques. The conclusion is that economical water treatment options are needed to provide clean water to more villages in India and reduce waterborne diseases.
Environmental Impact Assessment of Residential TownshipIRJET Journal
This document presents an environmental impact assessment of a proposed residential township development in Nidamarru Village, Mangalagiri Mandal, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses the background and need for environmental impact assessments. It then describes the methodology, study area, existing environmental conditions, and socioeconomic characteristics of the local population. Key details include the township will cover 22.17 acres and include 3 bedroom and 2 bedroom flats, internal roads, open spaces, and other amenities. A baseline survey of the area found the local population has many students and young people, with most working as students, employees, farmers, or laborers and having average incomes below 20,000 rupees. The assessment will evaluate
IRJET-Water Quality of River Basin Context in Maharashtra RegionIRJET Journal
This document discusses water quality in river basins in the Maharashtra region of India. It provides background on global and Indian water resources. It then analyzes water quality monitoring data from various river basins in Maharashtra, discussing parameters tested, monitoring frequency, and water quality index classifications. Various surface water quality monitoring stations showed classifications from good to very poor water quality. The document concludes that water quality is decreasing due to human activities and discusses the need for effective water quality index assessment and management.
Similar to A Report on Water Quality Monitoring of Narmada River (20)
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
A Report on Water Quality Monitoring of Narmada River
1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
1 | P a g e
A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF
NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT
2013-2015
Rajat Kumar Gupta
B.Tech, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar
Under the Guidance of
Ms. Maitri Desai
Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI
Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Gujarat)
Office of the Director, First floor, Plot No. 272-273,
Behind Central Bank of India,
GH-4½ , Sector-16, Gandhinagar - 382016 (Gujarat)
Phone No. : (O) 079 - 23240964. Fax: 079 - 23240965
Email: info@gemi-india.org, Website: www.gemi-india.org
GEMI's Laboratory
Plot No. A-58, G.I.D.C., Sector-25
Gandhinagar - 382028 (Gujarat)
2. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
2 | P a g e
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
As I start writing the acknowledgements, I must mention that these acknowledgements are not
only in relation to my project but my heartfelt thanks are due overall for these people, whom I
will mention hereafter. Be it their knowledge, patience expertise or simply their company and
friendship, I have enjoyed it all.
First and foremost I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude towards Gujarat
Environment Management Institute (GEMI) which has given me opportunity to carry out
training. GEMI is an Autonomous Institute of Government of Gujarat that promote
conservation, protection, and management of the total environment of Gujarat through
Scientific and Technical pursuits in order to maintain or restore the pristine elements of such
environment.
I sincerely thank Dr. Sanjiv Tyagi, IFS; Director of Gujarat Environment Management Institute
(GEMI), one of the rare experts in the field of environment in the state of Gujarat who by
allowing me to carry out a project at GEMI, gave me a golden opportunity to work with
acknowledged people. Many thanks to Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environmental Engineer,
GEMI whose motivation never lessened, who always inspired me to think out of the box. Without
her support I would not have completed my training. I would also like to show my gratitude to
all GEMI’s lab staff for doing analysis and providing the results due on time and giving
knowledge about the analysis and significance of different parameters of Water and Waste-
water. Also, many thanks to the sampling team of GEMI, who taught me to collect the most
representative samples in the correct way and accompanied me to some of the most difficult
sampling locations.
Last but not the least, I would thank almighty God and my Parents for always being there,
believing, putting the faith in me and brought about the strength to complete this entire
process.
Rajat
3. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
3 | P a g e
About Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
The Industrial Development in Gujarat has continued with vigour since the 1970s and 1980s.
During this, clusters of chemical industries found their way in various regions. The situation
not only warranted a more attention on arresting pollutants and pollution, but also there
were concerns for improvement of environment. Later during the mid-nineties, the pollution
problem became so much alarming that the Gujarat High Court had to intervene. The Hon’ble
High Court issued closures to hundreds of polluting industries. The Government of Gujarat
then decided to have an Institute on the lines of NEERI, Nagpur. It was decided to establish
an Autonomous Institute registered under both Society, Registration Act 1860 as well as
Bombay Public Trust Act 1950.Hence, Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
was set up with an objective of preserving and protecting the environment of Gujarat. It was
envisaged as an Institute that would provide environmental solutions to all concerned. The
Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) was constituted in accordance with the
Govt. Resolution No. ENV-1098-1280-P, dated. 1.2.1999 issued by the Forest & Environment
Department, Government of Gujarat, with its Head Quarter at Vadodara. The GEMI was
registered under the Society of Registration Act, 1860 vide the Registration No.
Gujarat/1380/Vadodara dated. 1.3.1999 as well as under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950
vide the Public Trust Register no. F/1065/Vadodara, dated 01/03/1999. The Institute
shifted it’s headquarter to Gandhinagar on 1st November 2011.It has also set up a Separate
Laboratory. After shifting to Gandhinagar, the Institute has been given a boost with new
vigour. The revamped Institute has started contributing to the environmental action based
on awareness about the environment issues.
4. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
4 | P a g e
GEMI’s Mission- “To Promote Conservation, Protection, and Management of the Total
Environment of Gujarat through Scientific and Technical Pursuits in order to maintain or
restore the pristine elements of such Environment.”
Objectives of Gujarat Environment Management Institute as enlisted in Government
resolution dated 01/02/1999:
Advising and providing guidance to the industrial units of the State for the prevention
and control of pollution in consultation with other National & State level Institute, and
Government and NGOs and Voluntary institutes, wherever required.
Creation of an Institute committed to the objective of Prevention, Control and
Abatement of the pollution.
Advise on the final disposal of industrial hazardous waste and effluent generated in
industrial unit after carrying out study on their use.
Exploring the means and use for reuse and recycling of industrial hazardous waste.
Facilitate the trade of industrial waste and to act as an information bank.
Carrying out studies to review the impact of Environment and Evaluation of its
carrying capacity.
Conducting Environmental Audits and preparation of statement on Environmental
Impact.
5. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
5 | P a g e
Sampling Team
Sampling team of Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) who carried sampling
of sewage at Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region comprises of following members. The
team was headed by Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environment Engineer, Gujarat Environment
Management Institute (GEMI).
1. Ms. Maitri Desai (Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI)
2. Amit Patel (Field Chemist, GEMI)
3. Indrajit Singh Vaghela (Field Assistant, GEMI)
4. Sandeep Prajapati (Field Chemist, GEMI)
5. Rajat Kumar Gupta (Student, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar)
6. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
6 | P a g e
UNDERTAKING
I, Rajat Kumar Gupta of 2nd Year of B.Tech (Department of Chemical Engineer) Course,
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, hereby declare that all the
data/results/information mentioned in this report, ‘A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY
MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT - 2013-2015’ are only for the purpose of my
two months internship and are the sole property of Gujarat Environment Management
Institute (GEMI), Gandhinagar. I shall not copy/transfer/use any part of this report without
prior written permission from the Director, GEMI.
Rajat
26-06-15
7. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
7 | P a g e
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T
Chapter Sub
Section Topic Page no.
1. 1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 About Narmada River Monitoring 9
1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring 10
1.4 Aim of Study 11
1.5 Objectives 11
1.6 Scope 11
2. 2.1 Methodology 12
2.2 Background Study of Narmada River 13
2.3 List of Selected Locations 15
2.4 Map for Narmada River Monitoring Stations 16
2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be
analyzed for each samples
17
2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage 21
3. 3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of
parameters and Classification according to
different standards
22
3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada
River
81
3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters 88
3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River
with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;
IS:10500(2012)
92
3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according
to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated Best
Use of Water
93
8. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
8 | P a g e
3.6 Developing Criticality Index 98
4. 4.1 Conclusion 109
5. 5.1 Future Scope 111
6. 6.1 References 112
9. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
9 | P a g e
C H A P T E R - 1
1.1 Introduction
Rivers are of immense importance geologically, biologically, historically and culturally. They
are critical components of the hydrological cycle, acting as drainage channels for surface
water. Rivers play a very important role as Habitats, for Transport, Farming and Energy. One
of the very important features of the Rivers is it carries away the waste. Whatever we
discharge into it is treated naturally by the River, as river possess self-cleansing capacity,
capacity to take care of waste by natural Processes and restore its original condition.
As we depend on Rivers for our day to day activities, and we all know that the quality of river
water is going worst day by day because of careless discharge by us and the untreated
wastage by industries. So it is of great importance to monitor the river water to find the
present status and planning accordingly to maintain the quality of river water.
To cleanse the rivers and restore them to their natural and pristine conditions, Gujarat
Environment Management Institute has entrusted with the work of River and Costal
Monitoring of Gujarat State since 2012. One of the objectives of this project are maintaining
and restoring the aquatic resources by preventing and controlling pollution. It also advises
the state government on issues related to water quality. The institute is monitoring five
major rivers Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Narmada, Tapti & Damanganga and their tributaries
from 2 years.
1.2 About Narmada River Water Monitoring
Water monitoring of Narmada River was started by institute in July 2013. River water quality
is determining by physico-chemical analysis. Thirteen different locations were selected in
Narmada in Gujarat state. But due to bad weather most of the time, one of the location has
been excluded. All the locations were monitored in all the three seasons winter (November
to February), Summer (March to June) and Monsoon (July to October) considering required
frequency of sampling and availability of resources for the purpose of monitoring. Eight
times sampling has been done at all the selected locations for two consecutive years July,
10. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
10 | P a g e
2013 to June, 2015. Various physic-chemical parameters (like pH, TDS, Hardness, Cl, DO, BOD
etc.) at various locations were analyzed in GEMI’s Laboratory.
Further it was studied that whether the quality of river water satisfies limits specified by IS:
10500 (2012), Drinking water specifications. Also, all the selected locations were classified
for their designated best use. Overall Class of Narmada River was also determined. Also,
Trend analysis was performed to find out location to location variation in parameters. At last,
Correlation among physicochemical parameters for Narmada River was studied. It is found
from the study that Narmada River Water quality is very good.
1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring
As river provides us water for drinking purpose, for irrigation of our fields, fishes and other
nutrients. So, the principal reason for monitoring water quality is to verify whether the
observed water quality is suitable for intended uses. However, monitoring has also evolved
to determine trends in the quality of the aquatic environment and how the environment is
affected by the release of contaminants, by other human activities.
So there is a need of monitoring the water quality because it helps us:
To find the current status of River water
To find out causes that effects the river water
To finalize the pollution control strategy accordingly
To identify the sudden changes over a period of time
To classify accordingly as their best uses
11. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
11 | P a g e
1.4 Aim of study
To monitor the water quality of River Narmada using physicochemical analysis to preserve
and improve the water quality.
1.5 Objectives
Selection and finalization of the sampling stations in Narmada River for the purpose
of Monitoring
Finalization of the frequency of Sampling
Finalization of suitable physicochemical parameters to be analyzed for monitoring
Sampling Process, Sampling site observation and laboratory testing
Comparison of obtained result for these parameters at various locations with IS:
10500(2012), Drinking water specifications.
Classification of Narmada River along with all location for designated best use
according to IS 2296:1992 classifications
Trend analysis of all the parameters at a particular location with time
Trend analysis for location to location variation in parameters
Establish Correlation amongst physicochemical parameters
1.6 Scope of Study
Monitoring of Narmada River is carried out from July 2013, at 12 different locations in state
of Gujarat. Eight samples have been collected so far and analyzed as per our study of physico-
chemical analysis.
This study involves the classification of all the locations as per their best uses, and trend
analysis is done to study the variations in the quality of River. Correlation is also done
amongst physico-chemical parameters to study the variation of one parameter with respect
to another.
12. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
12 | P a g e
C H A P T E R - 2
2.1 Methodology
The following methodology was adopted in this study:
1. Background study of Mahisagar River
2. Selection and Finalization of Sampling Stations on Mahisagar River
3. Finalization of the frequency of Sampling
4. Finalization of physico-chemical parameters to be analyzed for each samples
5. Sample collection, preservation and storage
6. Sample analyses in the NABL accredited GEMI’s laboratory
7. Results and Discussion
Comparison with Water Quality Specifications; IS: 10500(2012)
Overall Classification of River for its designated best use; IS 2296:1992
Season wise Classification of River for its designated best use
Trend Analysis for studying location to location variations in parameters
Establishing correlations among the parameters
8. Conclusions
13. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
13 | P a g e
2.2 Background study of Narmada River
Narmada is a major river of India that flows from East to West direction along with Mahi
and Tapti River. Amarkantak hill in Madhya Pradesh state is the origin of this River. It
traverses the first 320 km course around the Mandla Hills of the Satpura Range; then
moves towards Jabalpur
district of Madhya Pradesh,
passing through the 'Marble
Rocks', it enters the Narmada
Valley between the Vindhya
mountain range and Satpura
mountain ranges, and moves
westwards towards the Gulf of
Cambay.
Narmada River flows through
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh state before merging into the Arabian Sea in
Bharuch District of Gujarat.
The longest tributary of Narmada is the Tawa River. It joins Narmada River at Hoshangabad
district in Madhya Pradesh. This river broadens out in Bharuch district after traversing
through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Below Bharuch city it forms a 20 km wide
estuary where it enters the Gulf of Cambay. The water of the river is used not only for feeding
the drought prone areas of states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, but also for navigation as
well.
14. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
14 | P a g e
NARMADA RIVER BASIN
The Narmada basin extends over an area of 98,796 km2. Lying in the northern extremity of
the Deccan plateau, the basin covers large areas in the Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and a
comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra. The Narmada Basin is bounded on the north by
the Vindhya, on the east by the Maikala range, on the south by the Satpura and on the west
by the Arabian Sea. In Gujarat, Important urban cities which lies in Narmada basin are
Bharuch and Ankleshwar.
NARMADA BASIN
AREA 98796 km2
Madhya Pradesh (84%), Gujarat (14%), Maharashtra (2%)
Coordinates East longitudes 72° 32' to 81°45'
North latitudes 21° 20' to 23° 45'
Tributaries 41
22 in Satpura Range and rest in Vindhya Range
15. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
15 | P a g e
2.3 LIST OF SELECTED LOCATIONS:
Sr. No. Sample Code Location Latitude/Longitude
1. N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam
21°52'13.6"N
73°46'05.0"E
2. N-2 Navagam village
21°50'29.1"N
73°42'40.5"E
3. N-3 Akteshwar bridge
21°53'37.9"N
73°38'47.5"E
4. N-4 Tilakvada village
21°56'54.8"N
73°35'16.6"E
5. N-5 Dariapura bridge
23°27'52.5"N
73°21'36.9"E
6. N-6 Sinor village
21°54'49.7"N
73°20'16.1"E
7. N-7 Sayar village
21°50'52.2"N
73°14'07.1"E
8. N-8 Jhagadia village
21°50'52.2"N
73°14'07.1"E
9. N-9 New Sardar bridge
21°42'52.9"N
73°02'46.7"E
10. N-10 Golden bridge
21°41'43.4"N
73°00'14.7"E
11. N-11 Bhadbhut village
21°41'04.2"N
72°50'37.4"E
12. N-12 Jageshwar village
29°50'23.0"N
79°46'31.6"E
16. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
16 | P a g e
2.4 Map for Narmada River monitoring stations:
Sources: Google Maps
17. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
17 | P a g e
2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be analyzed for each
samples:
The physicochemical parameters which are important to study the quality of River water are
selected. Below is the list of parameters which are included in the study because of their
significance to predict water quality and relevant environmental impacts.
Sr.
No.
Parameter Significance
1. Temperature The main influence of temperature is on the living
organism in water bodies. It influences the chemical and
biological activity of micro-organism as well as aquatic
Flora and Fauna. Also, as the temperature of water
increases, the capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen
(DO) becomes lower. It affects various other parameters
rather than DO like pH, conductivity etc. Ambient
temperature and sample temperature is measured at
various locations.
2. Color Generally, people believe that colorless water is safe for
drinking and other useful purposes. Presence of any
color in water is the indication of industrial and
domestic wastage in the river.
3. Turbidity Turbidity is caused by suspended particles in river
water which interfere with the passage of sunlight down
the depth of river. High levels of turbidity over long
periods of time can greatly diminish the health and
productivity of aquatic ecosystems because it effect the
process of photosynthesis in the plants and other
chemical reactions which initiates on light.
4. Total Solids (TS) Total solids are dissolved solids plus suspended and
settle able solids in water. A high concentration of total
18. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
18 | P a g e
solids will make drinking water unpalatable and might
have an adverse effect on people who are not used to
drinking such water. Levels of total solids that are too
high or too low can also reduce the efficiency of
wastewater treatment plants, as well as the operation of
industrial processes that use raw water.
5. Total dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate,
phosphorus, iron, sulfur, and other ions particles that
can pass through a filter with pores of around 2 microns
(0.002 cm) in size. The concentration of total dissolved
solids affects the water balance in the cells of aquatic
organisms.
6. Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
Suspended solids include silt and clay particles,
plankton, algae, fine organic debris, and other
particulate matter. These are particles that will not pass
through a 2-micron filter. Higher concentrations of
suspended solids can serve as carriers of toxics, which
readily cling to suspended particles. This is particularly
a concern where pesticides are being used on irrigated
crops.
7. pH pH is the measure of acidic and alkaline nature of a
solution. Most organisms are highly susceptible to
changes in the pH of their surroundings or water supply,
so fluctuations in pH or long-term acidification of a
water body are exceedingly harmful. The pH of water
can affect the pH of an organism’s body fluids, can affect
the speed of chemical reactions within the body, and can
impact biological activities including photosynthesis,
respiration, and reproduction. pH should be between 6.5
to 8.5 for useful purpose.
19. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
19 | P a g e
8. Alkalinity Alkalinity is the measure of capacity of water to
neutralize the acid. Measuring alkalinity is important in
determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic
pollution from rainfall or wastewater. Alkalinity is
important to aquatic organisms because it protects them
against rapid changes in pH. Alkalinity in streams is
influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant
activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges.
9. Ammonia- Nitrogen
(NH3N)
Nitrogen is an essential ingredient in the formation of
proteins for cell growth. But too much nitrogen
discharged into our waterways can contribute to
eutrophication, the gradual change of water bodies into
marshes, meadows, and then forests. Presence of NH3-N
indicates interference of Industrial Wastewater.
10. Chlorides (Cl-) Almost all natural water sources contain chlorides.
Chlorides are not significant in small amount, but it
create problems in large amount. Excess concentration
make water unpleasant to drink. High concentration of
chlorides is harmful for irrigation purpose also.
11. Total Hardness
(Ca and Mg
Hardness)
The main reason of water becomes hard by being in
contact with soluble, divalent, metallic cations. Calcium
and Magnesium are the main cations that causes
hardness. Hard water restricts the foaming as it forms
precipitates with the soap. Also Hard water can cause
kidney stones if it is consumed for drinking purpose for
long period of time. Calcium is dissolved in water as it
passes over and through limestone deposits. Magnesium
is dissolved as water passes over and through dolomite
and other magnesium bearing formations.
20. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
20 | P a g e
12. Dissolved Oxygen
(DO)
DO is the concentration of gaseous oxygen which is
dissolved in water. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion
from atmospheric air and as a waste product of
synthesis. DO concentration decreases with increase in
temperature. High DO concentration implies good water
health. A decreased DO level is also the indication of
runoff fertilizers from farm fields.
13. Biologically Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
BOD is the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to
break down the organic compounds. Natural sources of
organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. Sewage
has more BOD concentration compare to industrial
effluents. BOD is also the indicator of pollution strength.
14. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
COD is the total quantity of oxygen required for the
chemical degradation of waste into CO2 and H2O under
strong acidic conditions. COD is also an indicator of
strength of the waste.
BOD to COD ratio is generally used to determine the
source of pollution and suitable treatment options. COD
test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the
presence of biologically resistant organic substances.
21. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
21 | P a g e
2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage:
2.6.1 Sample Collection:
All the samples during the study period have been collected following GEMI’s protocol for
sample collection, which involves Grab Sampling, Composite Sampling and Grab &
Composite Sampling by GEMI’s well trained and experienced Sampling Team.
2.6.2 Field Observation:
Weather, Approximate depth of River at a monitoring station, Flow, pH, Temperature, color,
Odour, Activities in the surrounding areas, point and non-point discharges in the river from
nearby areas, Potential water usage applications of river water.
2.6.3 Preservation
All the samples are collected in the air tight sampling bottles to protect them from any outer
interferences and possible contamination.
Testing of BOD, COD and Ammonia Nitrogen require preserving agents to be added in the
samples in required dosage at the time of sample collection to prevent any possible
interference.
Preserving Agents to be used for COD and Ammonia Nitrogen: H2SO4
Preserving Agents to be used for BOD: MnSO4 and Alkali Iodide-Azide
2.6.4 Sample Storage
All the collected samples are preserved in the ice box during transportation from the
monitoring site to GEMI’s Laboratory.
All the samples are systematically received and preserved in the controlled conditions at
GEMI’s Laboratory and retained there for 30 days.
22. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
22 | P a g e
C H A P T E R - 3
3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of parameters and Classification according to different
standards:
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam
It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project. The dam irrigates 17,920 km2 of land spread over 12 districts and
3,393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in state of Gujarat. The water quality of Narmada River is pretty good here.
This water is used for drinking purpose as well.
23. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
23 | P a g e
*Due to the maximum value is exceptionable from another values, so we can neglect this
value and the mean value is calculated after neglecting exceptionable values.
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
TS and TDS curves are showing like a positive perfect Correlation. TSS concentration
is very low compare to TDS and it is showing high positive correlation with TS
concentration curve.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.1.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than
Total Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.95 0.70 0.48
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 150 334 222.5
TDS 80 226 187.5
TSS 2 146* 6*
24. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
24 | P a g e
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is 2, it can classified as A class according to IS 2296:1992
standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
BOD and COD curves are showing a high positive correlation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
COD and BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
DO
class A
Graph 1.1.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.84
COD to BOD ratios are not very large
so we can’t characterize it as a result
of Industrial effluents or Sewage.
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 1 48* 9
BOD 1 5* 2
Min: 3 Mean: 7.25 Max: 10
Graph 1.1.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be classified
as class A for designated best used criteria.
25. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
25 | P a g e
Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is approximate half of this desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Sardar Sarovar comes under A class.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation and it is greater than
the value of Total and Ca++ Hardness correlation value. At this location Ca++ and Mg++
hardness is showing nearly a Zero correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.1.4
At this location, Ca Hardness is
greater than Mg Hardness except in
July 13.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca & Mg
Hardness
r 0.62 0.81 0.05
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 170 132.5
Ca++ Hardness 60 100 78.75
Mg++ Hardness 30 80 53.75
26. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
26 | P a g e
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
0
100
200
300
400
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Chlorides ion Conentration
Chloride as CL- Desirable limit
Graph 1.1.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity
trends are showing a high negative
correlation with correlation factor
r = -0.78.
Max: 120 Average: 45.25 Min: 20
Graph 1.1.6
At this location, the chloride ion concentration is less than its desirable value. Even the
maximum chloride ion concentration is half of the desirable value. So we can use the
average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve
are also showing a good correlation after the data of June 2013.
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 200 142.28
Conductivity (µS/cm) 197 390 284.5
27. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
27 | P a g e
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
pH
pH Minimum limit Maximum limit
Min: 8.04 Mean: 8.33 Max: 8.58
Graph 1.1.7
pH value in July 2014 & March 2015 exceed the permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, But the
average value is between this limit so it can be classify as A class.
28. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
28 | P a g e
N-2 Navagam Village
Grab sampling was done from the bridge in this village. At the time of sampling, water of Narmada River was clear. And a Ghat
has been developed here where peoples and mammals were bathing. Big rocks and plants were present in middle of the river.
29. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
29 | P a g e
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS. But TDS
and TSS have no such correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TS , TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.2.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than
Total Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.76 0.62 0.15
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 160 250 220.25
TDS 164 228 200.5
TSS 0 40 14.5
30. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
30 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 1 20 9.8
BOD 0.6 5* 1.94
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A class according to IS
2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
BOD and COD curves are not showing an overall positive correlation, but in 2015
these values are equal i.e. high correlation.
0
5
10
15
20
25
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
DO class A
Graph 1.2.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.17
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we
can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial
effluents or Sewage.
Min: 2 Mean: 6.5 Max: 9
Graph 1.2.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be classified
as class A for designated best used criteria.
31. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
31 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 150 121.25
Ca++ Hardness 60 90 77.5
Mg++ Hardness 20 60 43.75
Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Navagam Village location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing nearly perfect positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a high positive correlation, At this location
Ca and Mg hardness are also showing a good positive correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.2.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is always greater than Mg
Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.87 0.94 0.64
32. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
32 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 180 140.85
Conductivity (µS/cm) 203 309 267.16
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total alkalinity and conductivity
Conductivity Total alkalinity
100
40
20
40 40 30 20 20
250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Chloride ion concentration
Chloride as CL-
desirable limit
Graph 1.2.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a high negative correlation
with correlation factor r = -0.78.
Max: 100 Average: 38.75 Min: 20
Graph 1.2.6
At this location, the chloride ion concentration is less than its desirable value. Even the
maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use
the average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve
are also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.
33. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
33 | P a g e
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
Min: 7.87 Mean: 8.19 Max: 8.41
Graph 1.2.7
All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value
is 8.19, so it can be classify as A class.
34. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
34 | P a g e
N-3 Akteshwar Bridge
At the time of Sampling, Water was clear but depth was very low even we could see the ground surface of the river. People were
also bathing there. No fishes were there but there was a board which signal us for beware of crocodiles. Velocity of water was
very high.
35. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
35 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 60 340 208.5
TDS 54 226 170.5
TSS 2 150* 14.57
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.
Whereas, TDS and TSS also have good correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.3.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than
Total Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.80 0.74 0.50
36. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
36 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 3 26 8.87
BOD 0.2 6* 1.78
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A-class according to IS
2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
Showing high negative correlation after December 2013, these value become equal in
May 2015.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15
Dissolved Oxygen
DO
class A
Graph 1.3.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.71 (after
December 2013)
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we
can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial
effluents or Sewage.
Min: 2 Mean: 7 Max: 10
Graph 1.3.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be classified
as class A for designated best used criteria.
37. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
37 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 100 150 121.25
Ca++ Hardness 60 90 77.5
Mg++ Hardness 10 80 43.75
Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Akteshwar Bridge location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are showing negative correlation, At this location Ca and Mg
hardness are also showing a negative correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.3.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r -0.2 0.87 -0.68
38. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
38 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 190 141
Conductivity (µS/cm) 223 324 272.5
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total Alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Chlorides ion concentration
Chloride as CL-
Desirable limit
Graph 1.3.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a high negative correlation
with correlation factor r = -0.60.
Max: 100 Average: 47.50 Min: 20
Graph 1.3.6
At this location, the chloride ion concentration is less than its desirable value. Even the
maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use the
average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve are
also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.
39. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
39 | P a g e
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
Min: 8.02 Mean: 8.29 Max: 8.43
Graph 1.3.7
All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value
is 8.29, so it can be classify as A class.
40. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
40 | P a g e
N-4 Tilakvada Village
People were bathing and washing their clothes at the time of sampling. Too much dead plants and grass were present in the
river. A temple is established at the bank of river, thus, there were a large amount of temple wastage present in the river. People
use this water for drinking and irrigation purpose.
41. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
41 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 182 380 272.25
TDS 180 316 238.5
TSS 0 80 26.5
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.
Whereas, TDS and TSS doesn’t have good correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.4.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than
Total Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.89 0.61 0.22
42. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
42 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 2 17 8.87
BOD 1 5* 2
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is approximately 2, it can classified as A-class according
to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
Showing less positive correlation, and the values were equal in December’13 and
March’15.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
0
5
10
15
20
COD & BOD
COD BOD
Graph 1.4.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.35
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we
can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial
effluents or Sewage.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.5 Max: 11
Graph 1.4.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria.
43. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
43 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 130 220 157.5
Ca++ Hardness 70 100 88.75
Mg++ Hardness 40 130 68.75
Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is less than the desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Tilakvada village location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing nearly perfect positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are showing a very less positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing a very less negative correlation or nearly no
correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.4.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.26 0.95 -0.05
44. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
44 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 27* 240 170.42
Conductivity (µS/cm) 279 520 395.5
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total Alkalinity and Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
Graph 1.4.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity
trends are showing a negative
correlation with correlation factor
(r) = -0.40.
46. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
46 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 154 298 216.5
TDS 130 230 182
TSS 4 70 26.25
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and an average
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.5.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.85 0.52 0.07
47. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
47 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 2 23 11.625
BOD 0.4 5* 2.55
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is greater than 2, it can classified as B-class according to
IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
0
5
10
15
20
25
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.5.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.47
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so
we can’t characterize it as a result of
Industrial effluents or Sewage.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.25 Max: 11
Graph 1.5.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria.
48. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
48 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 110 180 143.75
Ca++ Hardness 60 90 77.5
Mg++ Hardness 30 90 66.25
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is less than the desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Dariyapur bridge location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing nearly perfect positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing a less positive correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.5.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.65 0.93 0.35
49. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
49 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 170 142.14
Conductivity (µS/cm) 180 429 300.33
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
100
200
300
400
500
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total Alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
Graph 1.5.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity
trends are showing a negative
correlation with correlation factor
(r) = -0.71.
51. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
51 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 100 258 188.5
TDS 30 232 173.14
TSS 2 70 28.57
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is 232.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows nearly perfect positive correlation with TDS and an average
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.6.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.92 0.01 -0.33
52. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
52 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 1 14 6.625
BOD 0.2 5* 2.02
*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
Because of the average BOD is approximately equal to 2, it can classified as A-class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A
to E.
0
5
10
15
COD & BOD
COD BOD
7
5
8
12
10
4
8
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.6.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.07
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so
we can’t characterize it as a result of
Industrial effluents or Sewage.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.25 Max: 12
Graph 1.6.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria.
53. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
53 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 110 160 138.75
Ca++ Hardness 70 100 86.25
Mg++ Hardness 20 80 52.5
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is less than the desirable value.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Sinor Village location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.6.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.37 0.85 -0.15
54. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
54 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 24* 200 149.85
Conductivity (µS/cm) 267 390 302
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
100
200
300
400
500
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
Graph 1.6.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a negative correlation with
correlation factor (r) = -0.56.
56. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
56 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 110 316 221.5
TDS 70 286 174.25
TSS 2 140 40.75
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is 286.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and nearly zero
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing average negative
correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.80 0.06 -0.51
Graph 1.7.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids except in July’13
57. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
57 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 5 27 14.42
BOD 2 6 3.83
Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
COD & BOD
COD BOD
6
7
11
10
8
4
9
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.7.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.69
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so
we can’t characterize it as a result of
Industrial effluents or Sewage.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.37 Max: 11
Graph 1.7.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen
concentration is less than class A criteria.
58. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
58 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 110 210 150
Ca++ Hardness 70 120 87.5
Mg++ Hardness 30 110 62.5
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. It crossed desirable limit
in December’13.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Sayar village location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.7.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.51 0.79 -0.10
59. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
59 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 23* 230 160.14
Conductivity (µS/cm) 200 376 299.9
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total Alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
Graph 1.7.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a negative correlation with
correlation factor (r) = -0.20.
60. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
60 | P a g e
N-8 Jhagadia Village
Water was clear at the time of sampling, river condition is good, and a Ghat is developed there. There is a famous temple at the
bank of river. Water is used for irrigation and drinking purpose also. Crop of banana is very popular here.
61. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
61 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 170 580 329.75
TDS 30* 460 279.71
TSS 8 140 57.42
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
279.71.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and less positive
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.90 0.35 -0.07
Graph 1.8.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids except in July’13
62. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
62 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 3 30 11.125
BOD 0.1* 4 2.375
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Because of the average BOD is less than 3, we can classified it as B class according to
IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
COD & BOD
COD BOD
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.8.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.13
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so
we can’t characterize it as a result of
Industrial effluents or Sewage. In 2015,
these values are equal.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.37 Max: 9
Graph 1.8.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen
concentration is less than class A criteria.
63. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
63 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 190 142.5
Ca++ Hardness 50 100 75
Mg++ Hardness 10* 90 77.5
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Here, average Mg
Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Jhagadia village location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.8.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.43 0.86 -0.06
64. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
64 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 25* 210 143.55
Conductivity 238 344 296.8
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total Alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
Graph 1.8.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a negative correlation with
correlation factor (r) = -0.06.
66. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
66 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 166 294 240
TDS 140 216 180.28
TSS 2 120 54
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
180.28.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TSS and less positive
correlation with TDS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.29 0.81 -0.30
Graph 1.9.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids.
67. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
67 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 3 30 10.85
BOD 0.2* 6 3.34
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
A class
Graph 1.9.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.43
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we
can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial
effluents or Sewage.
Min: 3 Mean: 7.57 Max: 10
Graph 1.9.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it
can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen
concentration is less than class A criteria.
68. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
68 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 120 420* 145.71
Ca++ Hardness 70 150* 82.85
Mg++ Hardness 50 270* 62.85
*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. It crossed desirable limit
in December’13.
Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, New Sardar bridge location fall under class A.
Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Mg hardness
Graph 1.9.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has similar
variations i.e. very high correlation. Here, Ca
Hardness is not always greater than Mg Hardness.
Total & Ca
Hardness
Total & Mg
Hardness
Ca and Mg
Hardness
r 0.32 0.91 -0.09
70. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
70 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 200 6070* 509.42
TDS 130 5472* 196.6
TSS 2 716* 58
*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value
In October ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior.
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
180.28.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and less positive
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.84 0.34 -0.20
Graph 1.10.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids.
71. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
71 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 3 24 14.42
BOD 0.2* 6 3.33
*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen concentration
DO A class
Graph 1.10.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.14
Approaching each other, both values
have become equal in May’15.
Min: 2 Mean: 7.83 Max: 10
Graph 1.10.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it
can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria.
72. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
72 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 120 190 148.57
Ca++ Hardness 70 90 65.71
Mg++ Hardness 50 110 78.57
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. It crossed desirable limit
in December’13.
Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. But considering all other parameters we are not classifying it as A Class.
Total Hardness is showing less positive correlation with both Mg and Ca Hardness.
Ca and Mg hardness are showing high negative correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Mg hardness
Graph 1.10.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.33 0.54 -0.56
74. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
74 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 250 2338 1354.85
TDS 182 890 266.33
TSS 66 2554 1051.14
*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value
In September ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior, TSS can’t be greater
than TS.
Quality of river is increasing from March’15
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
180.28.
TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E. But here all other parameters are
not in permissible limit.
At this location, TS shows a Very high positive correlation with TDS and an average
positive correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing a less positive
correlation here.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.59 0.92 0.26
Graph 1.11.1
Here, many of the time TSS is greater than
TDS. And TSS is contributing more in Total
solid concentration. This is an exceptional
case.
75. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
75 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 11 83* 22.16
BOD 1 5 2.85
*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
Because of the average BOD is less than 3, it should be in Class-B, but we are not classfying
it as B class considering all other parameters at this location, and this is also an estuarine
area.
0
20
40
60
80
100
COD & BOD
COD BOD
7 7
9 9
10
8
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.11.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.25
COD showed an exceptional value in
September’13.
Min: 4 Mean: 7.71 Max: 10
Graph 1.11.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering
all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location
as A class.
76. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
76 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 80 190 135.71
Ca++ Hardness 40 90 70
Mg++ Hardness 10 100 65.71
Total Hardness desirable limit is 200 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Total Hardness and Mg
Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.
According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters.
Total Hardness is showing high positive correlation with Mg Hardness and an average
positive correlation with Ca Hardness.
Ca and Mg hardness are showing very less positive correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Mg hardness
Graph 1.11.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.59 0.87 0.12
78. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
78 | P a g e
In 2013, River was showing an exceptional behavior
Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
30640.4.
At this location, TS shows nearly a perfect positive correlation with TDS with a
correlation factor 0.99.
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Graph 1.12.1: TS and TDS
TS TDS
0
2
4
6
8
10
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
Min: 3 Mean: 6.87 Max: 9
Graph 1.12.2
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering
all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location as
A class. This is also an estuarine area.
79. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
79 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
COD (mg/l) 19 669 218.62
BOD 1 8 3.75
Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
Because of interference of sea water, COD is very high here.
Here COD to BOD ratios is very high, thus, this is a sign of domination of industrial
influence.
COD has a very large increment from July’14. This is because of increase in industrial
effluent in river.
90
44 19
155
91 64
617
669
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Graph 1.12.3: COD
COD
1
2
6
8
5
1
4
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Graph 1.12.4: BOD
BOD
80. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
80 | P a g e
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90* 7000 5586.66
Ca++ Hardness 20* 1740 1061.66
Mg++ Hardness 70* 5800 4525
*These values are excluded because of exceptional behavior
Total Hardness Permissible limit is 600 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is 10 times the permissible value. Total Hardness and Mg
Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.
Total Hardness is showing nearly perfect positive correlation with Mg Hardness and
high positive correlation with Ca Hardness.
Ca and Mg hardness are also showing high positive correlation
These values show some Exceptional kind of behavior in 2013.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Jul-
13
Dec-
13
Jan-
14
Jul-
14
Mar-
15
May-
15
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Mg hardness
Graph 1.12.5
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, all the time Mg Hardness is greater than
Ca Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.81 0.98 0.71
81. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
81 | P a g e
3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada River
As we have seen that all the parameters have not a large variation with respect to time, so
for establishing correlation and trend analysis we can use the average of the parameters
value at all the locations with respect to time.
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
0
10
20
30
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
Color
Color
Requirement
Permisible limit
Graph 2.1.1: Variation in pH Min: 8.06, Max: 8.33
The variation in pH is random and not following any trend but all the pH values are lying
between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, so it can be classify as A class according to (IS
2296:2012) classification for the best designated use of water .
Graph 2.1.2: Variation in color (in Hazen) Min: 9.37, Max: 26.87
All the values are lying between the required and permissible limit according to IS-
10500(2012) drinking water specifications except the value at Jageshwar village because of
the meeting point with Arabian Sea.
82. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
82 | P a g e
120
140
160
180
200
220
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
Total Alkalinity
Total alkalinity
Desirable limit
250
300
350
400
450
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Conductivity
Graph 2.1.3: Variation in Alkalinity Min: 141, Max: 170.42
Total alkalinity at every location is less than desirable limit according to drinking water
specifications.
Graph 2.1.4: Variation in Conductivity (µS/cm) Min: 267.16, Max: 395.5
Conductivity at N-4 location is very different from nearby locations but this is in
permissible limit. There are no such specifications for conductivity but the conductivity
value at location N-12 is very high and not permissible because of the impact of sea water.
So water at this location should not be used as drinking purpose at this location.
83. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
83 | P a g e
25
75
125
175
225
275
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Cl- concentration
Chloride as CL-
Desirable limit
150
200
250
300
350
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS
TS
Graph 2.1.6: Variation in Total Solid Concentration Min: 188.5, Max: 334.85
There is a large variation from N-7 to N-10 location. Total solid concentration at every location is
in permissible limit except estuarine area i.e. N-11 and N-12, so water at the locations N-11 and
N-12 is not suitable to be directly used as drinking water.
Graph 2.1.5: Variation in Cl- Concentration Min: 38.75, Max: 73.33
There is not much variation in Cl- concentration from location N-1 to N-11. Chloride ion
concentration at every location except N-12 is below desirable limit because of the impact
of sea water this concentration goes very high, so water should not be used as drinking
purpose at location N-12.
84. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
84 | P a g e
100
200
300
400
500
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
TDS
Desirable limit
TDS
0
15
30
45
60
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TSS
TSS
Graph 2.1.7: Variation in Total dissolved solid concentration Min: 170.5, Max: 355.42
N-11 and N-12 are the locations situated in the estuarine area, so TDS, Chlorides and
Hardness values are expected to be higher than the locations situated on the river and
exceed permissible limits, so water at the locations N-12 is not suitable to be directly used
as drinking water. And we are not showing N-12 location in trend analysis.
Graph 2.1.8: Variation in Total suspended solid Concentration Min: 6, Max: 57.42
TSS value is continuously increasing. There are no such specifications for total suspended
solid concentration but the TSS value at location N-11 & N-12 is very high and not
permissible because of the impact of sea water. So water at this location should not be
used as drinking purpose at this location.
85. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
85 | P a g e
6
8
10
12
14
16
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
COD
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
BOD
BOD
A class
B Class
Graph 2.1.9: Variation in Chemically oxygen Demand Min: 6, Max: 14.42
Variation in COD from N-5 to N-7 is very high. N-6 location is in excellent condition
because of very low chemically oxygen demand. There are no such specifications for
chemically oxygen demand but the COD value at location N-11 and N-12 is very high and
not permissible because of estuarine area. So water at this location should not be used as
drinking purpose at this location.
Graph 2.1.10: Variation in Biologically oxygen Demand Min: 1.78, Max: 3.83
Condition of location N-3 with respect to biologically oxygen demand is excellent. BOD at
all the location except N-1, 2, 3 are exceeding the A-class, whereas N-7, 9, 12 are exceeding
the B-class limit. From the previous parameter value, it is cleared that water at N-12
location should not be used for any purpose according to IS 2296-1992 for designated use.
86. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
86 | P a g e
5
6
7
8
9
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
A class
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Total Hardness
Class A Total Hardness
Graph 2.1.11: Variation in dissolved oxygen Concentration Min: 6.5, Max: 8.33
Oxygen content of Overall River is very good and falls under A class. Oxygen content of N-
11 and N-12 location is very good but oxygen demand at these location is very high so
water at these place should not be used.
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Total Hardness Min: 121.5, Max: 157.5
There is not very much variations in Total hardness concentrations. Total Hardness
concentration at all the location falls under A class except N-12 location. Here, it supports
our all the previous conclusions.
87. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
87 | P a g e
50
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Ca++ Hardness
Class A Ca Hardness
0
50
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Mg++ Hardness
Mg hardness Class A
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Ca++ Hardness Min: 70, Max: 88.75
There is not very much variations in Ca++ concentration and falls under A class except N-
12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Mg++ Hardness Min: 43.75, Max: 80
There is not very much variations in Mg++ concentration and falls under A class except N-
12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.
88. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
88 | P a g e
3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters:
Considering the fact that physicochemical parameters which determine the quality of water
are not completely independent of each other, some parameters influence the other
parameters. Thus, it is required to study the correlation among parameters. The correlation
can be studied considering the variations in parameter values from location to location and
how parameters vary with respect to each other.
For this purpose, the average values of parameters for the period of Jan, 2013 to April, 2015
at a particular location are used, and using these values the correlations among parameters
are studied.
Correlations are mainly of two types.
i) Positive
ii) Negative
Correlation is Positive in the case when parameter values increase together, and Correlation
is Negative when one parameter decreases with the increase in other parameter.
As we know, theoretically Chlorine contributes more in total dissolved concentration, thus,
the correlation factor between these too curve should be high and the trend of graph should
be nearly same. We will see some parameters with good correlation.
89. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
89 | P a g e
3.3.1 Calculations for finding correlation between two parameters
We are taking an example of how to find correlation between TDS and Cl- Concentration for Narmada River:
TDS (X) Chloride
as
Cl- (Y) Xbar Ybar (X-Xbar) (Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)^2 (Y-Ybar)^2
187.50 45.25 221.83 51.21 -34.33 -5.96 204.75 1178.80 35.56
200.50 38.75 221.83 51.21 -21.33 -12.46 265.89 455.12 155.34
170.50 47.50 221.83 51.21 -51.33 -3.71 190.63 2635.14 13.79
238.50 50.00 221.83 51.21 16.67 -1.21 -20.23 277.77 1.47
182.00 50.00 221.83 51.21 -39.83 -1.21 48.34 1586.72 1.47
173.14 51.25 221.83 51.21 -48.69 0.04 -1.77 2371.07 0.00
174.25 47.50 221.83 51.21 -47.58 -3.71 176.71 2264.20 13.79
297.66 51.42 221.83 51.21 75.83 0.21 15.65 5749.64 0.04
181.00 73.33 221.83 51.21 -40.83 22.12 -903.09 1667.39 489.13
279.70 47.50 221.83 51.21 57.87 -3.71 -214.89 3348.52 13.79
355.42 60.85 221.83 51.21 133.59 9.64 1287.29 17845.32 92.86
221.83 51.21 Total = 1049.29 Total = 39379.68 Total = 817.26
Where, Xbar = Average of X
And Ybar = Average of Y
y = 0.0266x + 45.303
R² = 0.0342
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Chlorideionconcentration
TDS
TDS & Chlorine ion concentration
(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 32183565.16
V(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 5673.06
R = ((X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar))/(V((X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2)) 0.18
Graph 3.1.1
When we draw a scatter plot between TDS and
Chloride ion Concentration, the R-squared value
for the trend line of that scatter gives the square
value of correlation factor.
90. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
90 | P a g e
3.3.1 Correlation factor for all the possible pairs of parameters
Ambient
Temp.
Sample
Temp.
pH Color Total
alkalinity
TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride
as CL-
Total
Hardness
Ca++
Hardness
Mg++
hardness
COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity
NTU
Ambient
Temp.
1.0
1.0 -
0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2
-
0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.2
-
0.1 0.4 0.3
Sample
Temp.
1.0
-
0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2
-
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2
pH
1.0 -0.2 -0.4
-
0.1 0.1
-
0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.1
-
0.3
-
0.6
-
0.1 -0.5 -0.1
Color
1.0 -0.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 -0.1 1.0
Total
alkalinity 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0
TS
1.0 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0
TDS
1.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.7
TSS
1.0 0.3 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0
NH3N
1.0 0.1 0.3 -0.2 0.5 0.2
-
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3
Chloride as
CL- 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.4
Total
Hardness 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 -0.1
Ca++
Hardness
1.0 -0.1
-
0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 -0.5
Mg++
hardness 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1
COD
1.0 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.9
BOD
1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2
DO
1.0 0.2 0.3
Conductivity
1.0 -0.1
Turbidity
NTU 1.0
Some important points from the above study of correlation
Color and turbidity are related to each other thus, the correlation between these two parameters should be high, and in
the case of Narmada River this correlation factor came out as 0.97 i.e. nearly perfect positive correlation.
Color and Turbidity are due to solid particles present in river i.e. both the dissolved solids and suspended solids
contributes in color and turbidity of River, but the solids which are suspended in river water contributes more than
dissolved solids. And in case of Narmada River, these parameters are following this theory.
Total alkalinity and conductivity is the measure of net effect of cations and anions, thus, these two parameters should be
well correlated, and in our case, it is quite clear. Both of these two parameters are showing a negative correlation with
the pH of water.
pH has the negative correlation with most of the parameters except TDS and ammonical-Nitrogen.
TS, TDS, TSS curves are showing a high positive correlation with BOD while a high negative correlation with ca++
hardness.
Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution is high in TDS, but for Narmada
River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low, this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than
Cl-.
0.7<r<1 High Positive Correlation
0.3<r<0.7 Medium positive Correlation
0<r<0.3 Low positive Correlation
r<-0.5 High Negative Correlation
0>r>-0.5 Low Negative Correlation
91. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
91 | P a g e
TABLE FOR AVERAGE VALUE OF PARAMETERS AT EVERY LOCATIONS:
3.3.2 Describing the correlation between parameters
Location
Code
Location Total
Hardness
Ca++
Hardness
Mg++
hardness
COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity NTU
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 132.50 78.75 53.75 9.00 2.00 7.25 284.50 4.35
N-2 Navagam Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 9.87 1.94 6.50 267.16 1.30
N-3 Akteshwar Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 8.87 1.78 7.00 272.50 1.80
N-4 Tilakvada Village 157.50 88.75 68.75 8.88 2.38 7.50 395.50 1.80
N-5 Dariyapur Village 143.75 77.50 66.25 11.62 2.55 7.25 300.33 1.95
N-6 Sinor Village 138.75 86.25 52.50 6.62 2.40 7.25 302.00 1.75
N-7 Sayar Village 150.00 87.50 62.50 14.42 3.83 7.37 299.60 11.86
N-8 Jhagadia Village 145.71 77.14 80.00 12.28 2.28 7.85 298.50 4.80
N-9 New Sardar Bridge 150.00 85.00 65.00 12.16 3.40 8.33 276.00 28.30
N-10 Golden Bridge 142.50 75.00 77.50 11.12 2.37 7.37 296.80 10.20
N-11 Bhadbhut Village 135.70 70.00 65.71 22.16 2.85 7.71 295.20 275.00
N-12 Jageshwar Village 4222.50 805.00 3417.50 218.63 3.75 6.88 33603.83 261.50
Location
Code
Location Ambient
Temp.
Sample
Temp.
pH Color Total
alkalinity
TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride as
CL-
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 32.50 28.10 8.33 9.37 142.28 222.50 187.50 6.00 2.14 45.25
N-2 Navagam Village 31.30 27.06 8.19 10.60 140.80 220.25 200.50 14.50 1.40 38.75
N-3 Akteshwar Village 31.20 26.51 8.29 10.62 141.00 208.50 170.50 14.57 1.14 47.50
N-4 Tilakvada Village 34.23 29.81 8.09 9.37 170.42 272.25 238.50 26.50 2.16 50.00
N-5 Dariyapur Village 33.80 29.68 8.17 11.87 142.14 216.50 182.00 26.25 1.44 50.00
N-6 Sinor Village 34.58 30.17 8.25 10.62 149.85 188.50 173.14 28.57 1.37 51.25
N-7 Sayar Village 32.27 27.88 8.10 10.62 160.14 221.50 174.25 40.75 1.17 47.50
N-8 Jhagadia Village 28.08 25.74 8.30 10.00 166.57 334.85 297.66 51.66 1.85 51.42
N-9 New Sardar Bridge 31.30 27.63 8.19 10.00 143.50 237.00 181.00 52.00 1.50 73.33
N-10 Golden Bridge 29.20 26.15 8.30 9.38 143.50 329.75 279.70 57.42 1.75 47.50
N-11 Bhadbhut Village 34.20 29.20 8.19 22.85 148.85 1354.85 355.42 1051.43 2.00 60.85
N-12 Jageshwar Village 34.10 29.30 8.06 26.87 168.57 23624.90 22000.50 512.00 1.53 12456.13
92. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
92 | P a g e
25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
TDS & Chloride ion Concentration
TDS Chloride as CL-
150
200
250
300
350
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS & TDS
TS TDS
Graph 3.2.2: TS & TDS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.796
For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 0.8 i.e. high positive
correlation. From here we can conclude that dissolved solids have a good contribution in
total solids.
Graph 3.2.1: TDS & Cl- Concentration trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.18
Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution
is high in TDS, but for Narmada River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low,
this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than Cl-.
93. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
93 | P a g e
0
100
200
300
400
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS & TSS
TSS TS
0
50
100
150
200
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Mg hardness Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Graph 3.2.4: Total, Ca & Mg Hardness
Correlation factor(r) for TH-Ca, TH-Mg & Ca-Mg curves are 0.55, 0.75 & -0.07 respectively.
From here we can conclude that Mg++ doesn’t contribute much quantitatively in
concentration of Total hardness but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to
Ca++.
Graph 3.2.3: TS & TSS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.99
For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 1 i.e. perfect positive
correlation. From here we can conclude that TSS doesn’t contribute much quantitatively
in concentration of TS but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to TDS.
94. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
94 | P a g e
3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;
IS:10500(2012):
Water Quality Parameters data at all the monitoring stations of Mahisagar River are Compared with Drinking Water Quality
Specifications; IS:10500(2012) to find out if the water quality of Mahisagar River is suitable to be used as Drinking water.
Comparison of Water Quality at all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River with IS:10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications is given in the following Tables.
Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with Drinking Water Specifications IS: 10500
PARAMETER
IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS
Desirable
limit
Permissible
limit
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH 6.5 to 8.5
No
relaxation 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1
Color 5 15
9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9
Total
alkalinity
200 600
142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6
TDS 500 2000
187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22001
Chloride as
CL- 250 1,000
45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456
Total
Hardness
200 600
132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5
Turbidity 1 5
4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5
Less than DL
Equal to DL
B/W DL & PL
More than PL
By the comparison shown above, it can be concluded that at all the locations except N-11 for color and N-12 (i.e. Estuarine
location) for color, TDS, Chlorides, Total Hardness and Turbidity all the parameter values are within the Permissible limits
specified by IS:10500 for the use of water as a drinking water.
From Location N-1 to N-11, all the values regarding alkalinity, TDS, chlorides and hardness are below desirable limit.
N-12 location is situated in the estuarine area, thus, color, TDS, Chlorides and Hardness and turbidity values are expected
to be higher than permissible limit.
N-11 location is also situated in estuarine area, thus, that color and turbidity values are beyond permissible limit.
Turbidity value is exceeding the permissible limit at N-7, N-9 and N-10 locations also.
From above points we can conclude that water from N-11 and N-12 locations should not be used directly for drinking purpose.
95. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
95 | P a g e
3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated
Best Use of Water
IS 2296:1992 are Primary water quality criteria for Designated Best Uses of Water. As water is subjected to various useful
applications, considering the type of use or activity for which the water is required, water quality criteria have been specified to
determine its suitability for a particular purpose. Among the various types of uses there is one use that demands highest level
of water quality or purity and that is termed as ‘designated best use’ in that particular stretch of the water body. Based on this,
water quality requirements have been specified for different uses in terms of primary water quality criteria, which is shown in
the following table.
Classification of all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River for their Designated Best Use:
Average parameter values for the period of Jan-2012 to April-2015 at all the monitoring stations are used for the purpose of
classification of monitoring stations for their designated best use. These parameter values are compared with the values
specified through IS 2296:1992 for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
Based on this, Monitoring Stations of Narmada River are classified in the classes A to E, A being the best class. Thus, Narmada
River as a whole can also be classified in such classes.
Assumption made here is like, if all the parameters lie in A class except one parameter in B, then it will be classified as A
class. If one parameter in B, and one is beyond E with remaining in A, then it will be classified as B. If more than three
parameters are beyond E, then it will have beyond E classifications.
Classification of Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River is shown in the following Tables
Designated Best Use Class Criteria
Drinking Water source without
conventional treatment but after
disinfection
A Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 50 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 2 mg/l or less
Outdoor Bathing (Organized) B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 500 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 3 mg/l or less
Drinking Water source after
conventional treatment and
disinfection
C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 5000 or less
pH between 6 and 9
Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild Life and
Fisheries
D pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Free Ammonia
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling,
Control Waste Disposal
E pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Electrical Conductivity at 25 C micro mhos/cm, maximum 2250
Sodium Absorption Ratio, Maximum 26
Boron, Max. 2 mg/l
Below E Not meeting any of the A,B,C,D & E
96. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
96 | P a g e
Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with designated best use criteria IS 2296:1992
PARAMETER
IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS
A B C D E
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH
6.5-
8.5
6.5-
8.5
6.0-
9.0
6.5-
8.5
6.0-
8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1
Color 10 300 300 - -
9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9
Total
alkalinity
200 600 1500 2100
142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6
TDS 250 500 600 600
187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22000.5
Chloride as
CL- 200
45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456.1
Total
Hardness
300 600 132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5
Turbidity
5 10 4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5
From the above tables, it is clearly seen that at several locations, some parameter values exceed the limits specified for Class-
A and fall under Class-B or beyond class E for that particular parameter value at a particular location.
We can classify locations from N-1 to N-6 and N-8 as A class locations and N-7, N-9, N-10 as B-class. Because of Turbidity
value is very high at N-11 location we are classifying it as beyond E class. N-12 location is already lie in beyond E Class.
97. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
97 | P a g e
3.6 Developing criticality Index
Criticality in general terms means the quality, state or degree of being of the highest
importance.
Criticality in terms of Surface Water Quality means the value of its physico-chemical
parameters at which the parameter just has approval or disapproval.
In other words, it would be an indicator of the values of surface water quality
parameters at which the water becomes suited or unsuited for the use to which it has
been put to.
It is defined by range and/ or lower limits and higher limit of parameter. Normally, a
higher range indicates lower criticality of that parameter. Exceedance of the specified
limits can lead to different results in probable environmental impacts.
In GEMI office, the criticality index is defined by using following theories and standards
value:
Criticality is inversely proportional to the range of parameter
The range of water quality parameters are based on the drinking water quality
specifications: IS: 10500.
Range for several parameters, for which the limits are not specified by drinking
water quality specifications: IS: 10500, are adopted from Class – A of classification
for the designated best use of water.
And the range for remaining parameters are assigned based on some basic
criteria.
98. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
98 | P a g e
3.6.1 Range of parameters as per drinking water specifications IS: 10500:
Parameters Desirable limit Acceptable limit
Temperature
Color 5 15
Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Taste Agreeable Agreeable
Turbidity 1 5
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
500 2000
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5
Alkalinity 200 600
Chlorides (Cl-)
250 1000
Sulphates 200 400
Nitrates 45 100
Fluoride 1 1.5
Total Hardness 200 600
Calcium and
Magnesium
Hardness 200 and 200 200 and 200
Dissolved oxygen
(DO) 6 6
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
2 2
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
7 7
99. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
99 | P a g e
3.6.2 Discussion of some of the parameters defined by GEMI’s Engineers:
Relative Criticality factor (C1):
Relative criticality factor C1 is defined as the inverse of range of parameters from the base
value which is considered 0 here. C1 for desirable and acceptable are found.
Relative criticality factor (C2):
Relative criticality factor C2 is defined as the desirable limit divide by acceptable limit.
Parameter wise criticality factor (P.C.F.):
Theoretically, PCF is an index which define the criticality of a parameter, i.e. how much a
little variation in parameter affects the quality of water. Parameter wise criticality factor is
defined as multiplication of relative criticality factor C1 and relative criticality factor C2.
Ranking of Parameters according to criticality:
Ranking of parameter is done according to their PCF values. The parameter which is most
critical is placed on the top of the table. Fluorides concentration is the most critical
parameter.
Total Exceedance factor:
Total exceedance Factor is defined as the deviation of measured value from desirable and
acceptable value.
Average T.E.F. based on desirable and acceptable limit is find out by taking minimum 10
measured values.
Total Criticality factor:
𝑻. 𝑪, 𝑭 = 𝑷. 𝑪. 𝑭.× 𝑻. 𝑬. 𝑭.
100. WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
100 | P a g e
Relative criticality factor C1 = x / R and C2 = Desirable / Acceptable
Desirable Acceptable
Base
Value
Range
for D
Range
for A x
C1 for
D
C1 for
A
C2 =
D/A
Color 5.00 15.00 0.00 5.00 15.00 1.00 0.200 0.067 3.000
Turbidity 1.00 5.00 0.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 1.000 0.200 5.000
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
500.00 2000.00 0.00 500.00 2000.00 1.00 0.002 0.001 4.000
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.50 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000
Alkalinity
200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000
Chlorides (Cl-) 250.00 1000.00 0.00 250.00 1000.00 1.00 0.004 0.001 4.000
Sulphates 200.00 400.00 0.00 200.00 400.00 1.00 0.005 0.003 2.000
Nitrates 45.00 100.00 0.00 45.00 100.00 1.00 0.022 0.010 2.222
Fluoride 1.00 1.50 0.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.000 0.667 1.500
Total Hardness 200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000
Calcium Hardness
200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000
Magnesium
Hardness
200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000
Dissolved oxygen
(DO)
6.00 6.00 0.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 0.167 0.167 1.000
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
2.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
6.67 7.00 0.00 6.67 7.00 1.00 0.150 0.143 1.050