The document provides a comprehensive overview of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy. It details the processes, advantages, and disadvantages of each energy type, emphasizing their potential and implications for sustainability. The information highlights how renewable resources can be harnessed effectively while addressing challenges such as energy storage, environmental impact, and operational costs.

1. Represented by: Rabia shehzadi
Presented to :Dr. Mubashir Hussain

2. Renew able energy sources

3. •Renewable energy
• Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or
solar power.

4. What is renewable energy sources?
Renewable Energy Sources:
• A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and
replaced naturally.
• Examples include oxygen, fresh water, solar energy and biomass
• wood, paper and leather.
• Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other fossil fuels are
not renewable.

5. Renewable Energy Sources
• Radiant solar energy
• Solar heating (passive and active), solar power plants, photovoltaic cells
• Biomass energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro energy
• Geothermal energy

6. Hydro energy
• Process
• Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate
electricity.
• A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical
energy.
• Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into
electrical energy.

7. Hydro Energy
• Accounts for 6% of the total U.S
electricity generated and 71% of
generated renewables.
• Long life and lower plants
operating all costs.
• Flood control, drinking water,
aquaculture, recreation

8. Disadvantages:
• Human population displacement and more significant breeding ground
for disease
• Reduces availability of water downstream
• Barriers to migrating fish and loss of biodiversity both upstream and
downstream

9. Wind energy
• Wind turbines operate on a simple principle.
• The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around
a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a
generator to create electricity.

10. Wind energy
• Air in motion caused by uneven
• heating of the earth’s surface
by the sun.
• Large atmospheric winds that
circle the earth are created
because the land near the earth's
equator is heated more by the
sun than the land near the North and South Poles.

11. Wind machines
• Two types of wind machines (turbines) used today based on
the direction of the rotating shaft (axis)
• Horizontal-axis (most common)
• Vertical-axis
• Clusters of wind machines are called Wind Farms

12. Advantage
• Wind turbines directly generate
electricity
Quite efficient (not a heat
engine)
Wind energy
• Wind Energy Potential
• shading gives potential for in-state
electrical needs
• numbers give total potential for total
US needs

13. •Advantages
• High net energy yield
• Renewable and free
• Very clean source of energy
• No pollution (air or water) during operation Low operating/maintenance
costs can be quickly built; not too expensive

14. Disadvantages
• Energy storage issues
• An intermittent source of energy; need backup (eg stored energy) for
low-wind days or must be connected to the electrical grid
• Only practical in areas that are windy enough
• Visual pollution and danger to birds

15. Geothermal energy-process
• Water or working fluid is heated (or used directly incase of geothermal
dry steam power plants).
• sent through a steam turbine where the thermal energy (heat) is
converted to electricity with a generator through a phenomenon called
electromagnetic induction.

16. Geothermal energy
• Water or working fluid is heated (or used directly incase of geothermal
dry steam power plants), and then sent through a steam turbine where
the thermal energy (heat) is converted to electricity with a generator
through a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction.

17. Where do we find geothermal energy

18. Uses
1. Direct Use and District Heating Systems
2. Electricity Generation
3. Geothermal Heat Pumps

19. Geothermal plants and heat pump
• Types of Geothermal Plants
• Dry Steam Plants
• Flash Steam Plants
• Binary Power Plants
• Geothermal heat pumps are the most energy-efficient,
environmentally clean, and cost-effective systems for
temperature control.

20. Advantages
• Renewable
• Easy to exploit in some cases
• CO2 production less than with fossil fuels
• High net energy yield

21. Disadvantages
• Not available everywhere
• H2S pollution
• Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)

22. Biomass energy -process
• In a direct combustion system, biomass is burned in a combustor or
furnace to generate hot gas, which is fed into a boiler to generate
steam, which is expanded through a steam turbine or steam engine to
produce mechanical or electrical energy.

23. Biomass energy
• Biomass is organic material made from plants and animals.
• Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy
like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and
biodiesel.

24. • Biomass energy is the use of living and recently dead
biological material as an energy source
• Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and
conversion to a chemical (carbohydrate) fuel
• Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of
energy

25. Forms of biomass
• Wood and wood waste are the most common forms.
• Municipal solid waste, landfill gas and biogas are other
forms.

26. How it works?
• Traditional: forest management, using wood as fuel
• Use of biodegradable waste
• Examples: manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid
waste
• Recent interest in agricultural production of energy crops
• Should be high yield and low maintenance
• Examples: corn, sugarcane, hemp, willow, palm oil,
rapeseed, and many others

27. • Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently
captured and so ideally does not change total atmospheric
levels
• Carbon leaks can result in
a net increase in CO2
levels
Sequestration in soil can
result in a net decrease in
CO2 levels

28. Advantages
• Versatile
• Renewable
• No net CO2 emissions (ideally)
• Emits less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels

29. Disadvantages
• Low energy density/yield
• In some cases (e.g., corn-derived bioethanol) may yield no
net energy
• Land conversion
• Biodiversity loss
• Possible decrease in agricultural food productivity

30. Biofuels
• Biofuels don’t burn as much as fossil fuels.
• Biofuels are cleaner burning and produce fewer air pollutants
than fossil fuels.
• Types of biofuels:
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel

31. Ethanol
• present in Brazil.
• Produce by enzyme digestion
( release sugar from stored starches ) ,
fermentation of sugars and
distillation and drying
.

32. Uses
• The distillation process requires
significant energy input for heat
where waste heat from factories
also used in district heating grid
• It is used in petrol engines as a
replacement for gasoline. It can
be mixed with gasoline with ant
percentage

33. Biodiesel
• Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine when mixed with
mineral diesel.
• BUTANOL will produce more energy and allegedly can be
burned "straight" in existing gasoline engines

34. Radiant solar energy
• Solar energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the
earth.
• Can be used to heat water and heat spaces.

35. Conversion to solar energy
• Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells” – change sunlight
directly into electricity.
• Solar Power Plants - indirectly generates electricity when
the heat from solar thermal collectors is used to heat a fluid
which produces steam that is used to power a generator.

36. Photo voltaic cell

37. Advantages
• Renewable and free
• High energy yield
• A very clean source of energy
• No air/water pollution during operation
• Low operating costs
• Will pay for themselves over time

38. Solar power plants

39. Disadvantages
• Intermittent source
• Energy storage issues
• Low energy density
• Requires pretty much land

40. Solar dish

41. Hydrogen energy

42. Hydrogen as a transportational fuel

43. Hydrogen production
• Fossil Fuels
• Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
• Combination of methane and steam produces hydrogen gas
• Carbon monoxide is also produced
• The “water gas shift” reaction can produce further hydrogen
from the carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is produced too.

45. • Most economical; main current method
• Carbon sequestration one method to reduce CO2 emission
• Partial Oxidation (POX) of Hydrocarbons
• HC partially oxidized to produce hydrogen and carbon
monoxide
• Coal Gasification
• Gasified at high temps, then processed
• Can also be used to get hydrogen from biomass