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Renal calculi
1. MR. MOUNESH. D. BADIGER
SENIOR TUTOR
MEDICAL SURGICAL DEPARTMENT
KAHER INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES,
BELAGAVI,
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2. DEFINITION
Renal calculi also known as urolithiasis.
It is a kidney stone disease where a
solid piece of material (kidney stone)
occurs in the urinary tract.
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4. Urinary tract infection
Medications may induce calculus
formation,
(e.g., calcium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate, and aluminum hydroxide).
Massive dose of vitamin C increases
urinary oxalate levels
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ETIOLOGY
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5. RISK FACTORS
Immobility and sedentary lifestyle
Dehydration, which leads to super
saturation.
Previous history of urinary calculi.
Imbalance of pH in urine.
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6. RISK FACTORS (CONTD…)
Metabolic disturbances that result
in an increase in calcium or other
ions in the urine.
Dietary intake
Gout ( Normal Uric acid levels are
2.4-6.0 mg/dL (female) and 3.4-
7.0 mg/dL (male).)
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7. RISK FACTORS (CONTD…)
High mineral content in drinking
water.
A diet high in purines, oxalates,
calcium supplements, animal
proteins.
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8. RISK FACTORS (CONTD…)
Prolonged indwelling catheterization.
Neurogenic bladder ( Flaccid or
spastic)
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16. Saturation
Super saturation
Nucleation ( liquid to solid)
Crystal growth and aggregation
(hard mass)
Crystal retention
Stone formation
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17. Calcium and oxalate come
together to make the tiny
crystals.
Supersaturation promotes
their combination
Continued deposition at the
renal papillae leads to growth
of the kidney stones.
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18. Kidney stones grow and
collect debris .
The kidney stones block
all routes to the renal
papillae
The complete stone forms
and retention occurs.
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25. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
(CONTD…)
CT scan or MRI
may be used to differentiate a
nonopaque stone from a tumor.
Urine analysis
Urine examination, Culture &
sensitivity,24 hrs urine collection
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IVP or retrograde pyelogram is used to
localize the degree and site of obstruction or
to confirm the presence of a radiolucent
stone.
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33. MEDICATIONS TO PREVENT OR
DISSOLVE THE CALCULI
D-penicillamine, captropril for cystine
calculi
Pyridoxine or cholestryamine to prevent
oxalate stone
Allopurinol for uric stone
Hydrochlorthiazide, potassium citrate to
prevent calcium oxalate calculi
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35. PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY (PCNL) IS A
MINIMALLY-INVASIVE PROCEDURE TO REMOVE STONES FROM
THE KIDNEY BY A SMALL PUNCTURE WOUND THROUGH THE
SKIN. IT IS MOST SUITABLE TO REMOVE STONES OF MORE
THAN 2 CM IN SIZE AND WHICH ARE PRESENT NEAR THE
PELVIC REGION.
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36. EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY (ESWL)
IS A TYPE OF TREATMENT FOR KIDNEY STONES. IT USES
HIGH-ENERGY SHOCK WAVES TO BREAK DOWN THE KIDNEY
STONES INTO SMALL CRYSTALS.
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37. URETEROLITHOTOMY REFERS TO THE OPEN
OR LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL REMOVAL OF A
STONE FROM THE URETER.
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38. NEPHROSCOPY IS A NON-SURGICAL WAY OF EXAMINING THE
INSIDE OF THE KIDNEYS AND TREATING CERTAIN CONDITIONS
IN THE UPPER URINARY TRACT. THE THIN, FLEXIBLE TUBE PART
OF THE NEPHROSCOPE IS INSERTED INTO THE SKIN THROUGH A
VERY SMALL CUT.
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39. CYSTOLITHOTOMY IS A UROLOGIC PROCEDURE TO REMOVE
ONE OR MORE BLADDER STONES. IT IS TYPICALLY PERFORMED
FOR A PATIENT WITH LARGE OR NUMEROUS BLADDER STONES
OR IF AN ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH HAS NOT BEEN SUCCESSFUL
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40. VESICOLITHOTOMY IS GENERALLY PERFORMED IN
PATIENTS WITH AN IMPASSABLE OR SURGICALLY
ABLATED URETHRA.
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41. ELECTROHYDRAULIC LITHOTRIPSY
IS USES AN ELECTROHYDRAULIC DEVICE WITH A
FLEXIBLE PROBE TO DELIVER ELECTRICITY THAT
BREAKS APART THE STONES.
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42. URETERAL DOUBLE J (DJ) STENTS
A URETERAL STENT, OR URETERIC STENT, IS A THIN TUBE
INSERTED INTO THE URETER TO PREVENT OR TREAT
OBSTRUCTION OF THE URINE FLOW FROM THE KIDNEY
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