The document evaluates the effectiveness of water hyacinth, bacteria, and fungi at purifying domestic sewage. Sewage samples were treated with 1kg or 2kg of water hyacinth, or cultures of bacteria or fungi, in controlled tanks. Water hyacinth was highly effective at first but began wilting after nutrients were depleted. The 2kg water hyacinth treatment best reduced levels of suspended solids, dissolved solids, BOD, and COD compared to other treatments. Bacteria cultures performed best at reducing turbidity and bacteriological properties of the sewage. Overall, the 2kg water hyacinth treatment was most effective at improving physicochemical properties, while bacteria performed best for bacteriological purification.
The present study was an effort to obtain paint degrading bacterial isolate from wall scrapings. The study included that microorganisms such as bacteria, not only cause discoloration of paint surfaces but also, they can directly cause degradation of the materials through their metabolic activities. The Halophilic microorganisms are well known for their paint degrading activity. As evidenced from the literature survey, there is a great diversity of bacteria and fungi that are capable of growing on paint coating. The presence of various polymer compounds used in paint manufacturing makes it resistant to degradation and continue to be a potential hazard to the environment as well as humans. Use of nonabrasive and environmentally safe methods, to reduce the impact of microbial activities can further reduce the damage as well as help in bioremediation of paint contaminated water, soil and environments to clean up.
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Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Quantitative measurements of water pollution, Water Analysis, Measurement of water quality by chemical and physical examination of water, BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER,
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Quantitative measurements of water pollution, Water Analysis, Measurement of water quality by chemical and physical examination of water, BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER,
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
A monthly water analysis on major rivers and creeks in Legazpi City, Daraga and Manito, Albay. Investigations on pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Conductivity, Total Hardness and presence of Chlorides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates are used in the analysis.
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
Turbidity is one of the major culprits which help microbes present in water and waste water to survive. Also
drastically impact the water treatment efficiency mainly the process of disinfection. Coagulants such as Alum, PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), FeCl3 etc, are majorly used for the turbidity removal in water. Among this Alum is the most widely used coagulant in water treatment, because of its proven performance and cost effectiveness. Although alum has a proven track record,
usage of same in drinking water system increases the concentration of Aluminium ion which does not falls under the WHO (World Health Organization) norms of drinking water standards. Hence this study would be an alternate approach for turbidity
reduction in water by using natural coagulants. Different studies in ancient Tamil Literature show Strychnos potatorum Linn or
Nirmali seed act as a best coagulating agent, which in turn helps in removal of turbidity in water. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract in removal of turbidity from the selected water samples. An existing
water softener system of capacity 2 m3
/hr from a Residential Apartment named M/s.Ozone Pavillion was selected with an existing scheme of Alum dosing system, Pressure sand filter, Activated Carbon filter and Softener. In this scheme the Alum dosing was replaced with Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract dosing and the softener filter was bypassed. Two different water samples
were selected (Bore Well Water and Surface Water) and jar test was performed with the Strychnos potatorum Linn extract to arrive the best suited dose for the turbidity reduction. Here the jar test performed with different concentration of Strychnos potatorum Linn extract starting from 20 mg/l to 60 mg/l and selected the concentration of 60 mg/l as the best suited dose for
turbidity reduction. The selected concentration was used for a pilot plant study in the existing water treatment plant designed by M/s. Green Enviro Polestar. The study showed the turbidity removal efficiency of 40% to 60% and highly emphasizes the usage of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract as a natural coagulant in water treatment systems.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Relative effectiveness of water hyacinth, bacteria and fungi in purifying sewage
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Relative Effectiveness of Water Hyacinth, Bacteria and Fungi in
Purifying Sewage
Adeniran, K. A.1 and Bello, A.S.2
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin. Nigeria
1.E-mail:-kadeniran_2003@yahoo.com
2.E-mail:- hamebell@yahoo.com
Abstract
The relative effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) (phytoremedian), bacteria and fungi
(bioremedians) used for the purification of domestic sewage was carried out using Completely Randomised
Design (CRD) replicated three times. Treatments imposed include: no treatment (control), 1kg and 2kg water
hyacinth, bacteria and fungi cultures. Physical, bacteriological and chemical properties of domestic sewage were
investigated before and after purification. The results show that for suspended solids, cultured tanks treated with
2kg water hyacinth reduced the sewage concentration from 73mg/l to 37.5mg/l, dissolved solids was reduced
from 312mg/l to 266mg/l, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was reduced from 11.2mg/l to 4.37mg/l, Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) was reduced from 7.6mg/l to 2.7mg/l. Dissolved Oxygen increased from 6.8mg/l to
7.17mg/l for 2kg hyacinth treatment due to photosynthesis but reduced to 3.7 for fungi. The cultured tanks
treated with bacteria performed best in reducing turbidity and bacteriological properties of sewage. Turbidity
was reduced from 5.8NTU to 1.2NTU for tanks cultured with bacteria. During the first three weeks, the
hyacinth's growth was very rapid. It effectively depleted the nutrients present in the sewage, by the 4th week,
gradual wilting of water hyacinth was noticed and by the end of the 5th week, serious wilting occurred due to
deficiency in essential nutrients. The 2kg water hyacinth tanks wilted permanently due to total consumption of
sewage. The results show that purification potential of water hyacinth is related to plants population with the 2kg
hyacinth's tanks purifying better than the 1kg hyacinth density and also that bacteria purifies sewage better than
fungi. Generally the 2kg water hyacinth was best in reducing the physio-chemical properties of the sewage better
than the other treatments applied while the tanks treated with bacteria performed best in reducing bacteriological
properties of sewage.
Keywords:-Purification, sewage, phytoremediation, water hyacinth, bioremediation, bacteria and fungi.
1.
Introduction
Bioremediation was defined by the American Academy of Microbiology as the use of living organisms to reduce
or eliminate environmental hazards resulting from accumulations of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes
(Gibson and Sayler, 1992). It can be in form of in situ or ex situ. Bioremediation may occur due the actions of
either indigenous microorganisms (those that are native to the site) or exogenous microorganism (those that are
imported from other locations). In either case, bioremediation technologies optimize the environmental
conditions so that the appropriate microorganisms will flourish and destroy the maximum amount of
contaminants. Recent advancements have also proven successful via the addition of matched microbe strains to
the medium to enhance the resident microbe population's ability to break down contaminants. Microorganisms
used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as bioremediators. Bioremediation can take place in
two conditions that are aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) is a free
floating perennial aquatic plant, a member of pickerelweed family- Pontederiaceae and Genus–Eichhornia. It has
a broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves and may rise above the surface, it is a free-floating perennial macrophyte that
can grow to a height of 3 feet (Gray, 1993). Under natural conditions the rate of growth was 18.39 g/m2/day on a
dry weight basis. Adeniran (2009) reported that water hyacinth is good for nutrient removal and can be used in
the pretreatment of sewage before discharging it to water bodies. Dunigan et al., (2002) conducted field trials by
adding N and P as ammonium chloride and potassium nitrate and observed that water hyacinth increased the rate
of loss of ammonium, but was ineffective in removing nitrate and theirs was low removal of phosphorus. Nelson
and Palmer (1998) also observed that rates of N and P uptake were similar to one another and correlated directly
with growth. Water hyacinth has become a source of concern to ecologists and fisher-folks in Nigeria since it
entered our aquatic ecosystem two decades ago. It made its entrance into Nigeria through the Republic of Benin
in 1984 and since then has constituted nuisance to navigation and fisheries (Ndimele and Jimoh, 2011). Amongst
the menaces caused by water hyacinth is that, it forms thick mat covering rice paddies, blocking canals and
channels, impending navigation and halting fishing, swiping away buildings for mosquito (Chukwuka and Uka,
2007; Ndimele 2010; Ndimele et al., 2011). Because conventional treatment methods are not only costly but time
consuming, it is important to reduce the polluting potentials of domestic sewage before it is released into rivers
and lakes. This can be achieved by using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and bioremedians. The objective
30
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
of this study was to determine the relative purification potentials of domestic sewage using bioremedians and
water hyacinth.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Design
The study was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated three times. The treatments
include: no bioremedian and phytoremedian (control), 1kg and 2kg water hyacinth plant density cultures,
bacteria and fungi treatment cultures.
2.2 Characteristics of sewage
2.2.1 Culturing the microorganisms
The sewage sample was collected in a clean 2 litres capacity bottle and was evaluated to determine the
constituent microorganisms present in the sewage. 10ml of the sample was poured into a flask using a funnel and
filter paper. It was then placed into a sterile petri dish (containing agar- the growth medium), which was pressed
down gently while removing the filter and the dish was placed in the incubator to allow bacterial growth. During
incubation, growth of coliform was encouraged while those of other organisms were suppressed and each
cell later developed/grew into individual colonies which could be counted directly for the calculation of
Coliform Microbial Density (CMD). 9.7×105 cells/ml of bacteria and fungi respectively were then introduced
into each of the bacteria and fungi treatment tanks.
2.2.2 Sewage sampling method
The samples were collected from the treatment tanks for various laboratory tests into clean 2litre capacity bottles which were tightly stopped immediately they are filled up with the collected sewage. The
initial volume at the point of collection was noted on each sample bottle and the bottles were then stored in a
cool dry place for analysis to commence about an hour after the time of collection.
2.3 Physical Tests
2.3.1 Suspended solids
The suspended solid was obtained either by subtracting the dissolved solids from total solids or by using filter.
The filter was oven dry and weighed 10ml of sample filtered through. The filter was transferred into an oven and
dried overnight at 1030C.
2.4.2 Dissolved Solids
The sample was filtered with a filter and all the procedure for estimating total solids were carried out. The
increase in weight of dish was then calculated.
2.5 Chemical Parameters
2.5.1 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
100ml of distilled water was measured into a 250ml conical flask and 10ml of H2SO4 was added with exactly
20ml of 0.01m KMnO4. A purple solution was obtained and boiled in water bath for 30 minutes: the flask was
cooled then 10ml of 10% KI solution was added and
a reddish wine colour was obtained with the liberation of iodine. The solution was titrated against 0.05m sodium
thiosuphate using 2-3 drops of starch indicator. The result of titre value obtained represented as “A”. 10ml of
sewage was added to 90ml of distilled water and the sample was put into 250ml conical flask also 20ml of 0.01m
KMn04 was also added. The flask was heated on a boiling bath for 30 minutes. It was then cooled and 10ml of
KI solution was added then the liberation iodine was titrated against 0.05m sodium thiosulphate using starch
indicator. The result of the titre value obtained represented as “B”. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) was calculated as:
COD (mg/L) = {(A-B) x M x 40,000/ volume (cm)3 of sample taken}
(1)
where A=Distilled water titre, B = Sample titre and M= Molarity of KMnO4 used.
2.5.2 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand
20ml of sewage sample was pipetted into the BOD bottle 5ml of 10% MnCl solution was added followed by 5ml
of alkaline iodide solution. The bottle was stopper and mix by inverting several times which turns dirty brown on
invention 10ml 25% of HCl solution was added and mix thoroughly which gave a reddish-yellow solution. All
the content was empty into a 25ml conical flask with addition of 3 drops of starch indicator. The precipitate was
titrated with 0.05m Na2S2O3 to a colourless solution at the end point and the Dissolved Oxygen was calculated
as:
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) = {Titre Value/ V (cm)3 of sample taken} x Molarity x 8000
x Dissolved Oxygen content after seven days (D07)
(2)
The BOD was determined by subtracting dissolved oxygen of day seven from the initial dissolved oxygen
content of the first day.
31
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
2.6 Bacteriological parameters
2.6.1 Bacteria Count
The population of coliform bacteria present in the sewage was estimated by determining the
Agar count, coliform organisms and E.Coli (Escherichia Coli) of the samples collected. Each of these properties
was determined by using a funnel, filter paper and a flask, about 10ml of sample was poured into the filtering
funnel. This was placed into a sterile Petri dish (containing agar- the growth medium), which was pressed down
gently while removing the filter. After tapping the Petri dish shut, the dish was placed in the incubator to allow
bacterial growth. During incubation, growth of Coliform was encouraged while those of other organisms were
suppressed. Each cell later developed/grew into individual colonies which could be counted directly for the
calculation of Coliform Microbial Density (CMD).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Physical Parameters
3.1.1 Volume of sewage consumed
The average volume of sewage consumed by the 1kg treatment sample was 4.5litres, while the 2kg treatment
sample consumed all the 15litres of the sewage by the end of the fifth week
which was due to rapid growth of the plants which was high within the first three weeks resulting in high
evaporation and evapotranspiration which took place at a higher rate due to high plant density for the 2kg
treatment compared to the other treatments and also a rapid drop in plants density within the last three weeks was
observed due to depletion of nutrient in
the sewage, while the average volume of sewage consumed by the bacteria treatment sample was 4.2litres and
4.0litres for the fungi treatment sample and the rate of consumption was rapid for the first two weeks but
gradually reduces for the last four weeks. For the control (no-water hyacinth treatment and bioremedians), the
variation of average volume consumed was due to atmospheric condtion such as evaporation.
3.1.2 Suspended Solids
The suspended solid at the point of collection was 73mg/l. For tanks treated with 1kg water hyacinth, suspended
solids was reduced to 43.8mg/l, 37.5mg/l for the 2kg water hyacinth treatment, 60mg/l for the bacteria treatment
and 67.9mg/l for the fungi treatment. The permissible suspended solid is 55mg/l (WHO, 2011). This shows that
the 2kg and 1 kg water
hyacinth cultured tanks performed better than bacteria and fungi cultured tanks. The ANOVA tests show that
there are significant differences occurred between the treatment means.
3.1.3 Dissolved Solids
The dissolved solids at the point of collection was 312mg/l, for tanks treated with 1kg water hyacinth dissolved
solids was reduced to 277.1mg/l, 266mg/l for 2kg water hyacinth treatment, 293.3mg/l for bacteria treatment
sample and 299.9 for fungi treatment, The permissible dissolved oxygen is 500mg/l (WHO, 2011). This shows
that the 2kg water hyacinth treatment tank performed better. The ANOVA test shoes that no significant
differences occurred between the treatments means.
3.1.4 Turbidity
The turbidity at the point of collection was 5.8NTU, for tanks treated with 1kg water hyacinth
turbidity was reduced to 1.8NTU, 1.6NTU for the 2kg water hyacinth treatment sample, 1.2NTU for the Bacteria
treatment sample and 2.0NTU for the Fungi treatment. The permissible turbidity is 0.3NTU (WHO, 2011). This
shows that the bacteria treatment tanks performed best. The ANOVA test shows that no significant differences
occurred between the treatments means.
3.2 Bacteriological parameters
3.2.1 Bacteria Count
Table 4 relates the comparison of the average faecal Coliform count of the various densities of plants,
bioremedians and the controlled environment, with reference to standard values which exceeded the minimum
permissible values of 10cfu/ml (WHO, 2011). This indicates a high presence of different bacteria colonies in
comparison with the permissible standard.
3.3 Chemical Parameters
3.3.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand
The COD at the point of collection was 7.60mg/l, the COD reduced to4.32mg/l for the 1kg water hyacinth
treatment, 3.63mg/l for the 2kg water hyacinth treatment, 3.87mg/l for the bacteria treatment, 3.7mg/l for the
fungi treatment. The permissible COD is 10mg/l (WHO, 2011) which shows that the 2kg water hyacinth
treatment performed best. The ANOVA test shows that significant differences occurred between the treatments
mean.
3.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen
The dissolved oxygen at the point of collection was 6.8mg/l. The dissolved oxygen increased to 7.3mg/l for the
32
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
1kg water hyacinth treatment, 7.17mg/l for the 2kg water hyacinth treatment because the plants take in carbondioxide and produce oxygen in the water by photosynthesis, while for bacteria treatment it was reduced to
3.87mg/l and 3.7mg/l for the fungi treatment because the bioremedians use up the dissolved oxygen gradually to
breakdown the contaminants in water. The permissible dissolved oxygen is 5mg/l and this shows that the fungi
treatment performed best. The ANOVA test shows that significant differences occurred between the treatments
means.
3.3.3 Biological Oxygen Demand
The BOD at the point of collection was 11.2mg/l, the BOD was reduced to 7.77mg/l for the 1kg water hyacinth
treatment, 5.63mg/l for the 2kg water hyacinth treatment, 8.42mg/l for the bacteria treatment and 4.37 for the
fungi treatment. The permissible BOD is 6mg/l (WHO, 2011) which shows that fungi treatment performed best.
The ANOVA test shows that a significant difference occurred between the treatment means.
4. Conclusion
The study showed that both water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) and Bioremedians (bacteria and fungi) are
effective in purifying domestic sewage with little or no harmful effect
on the ecology. During the first three water hyacinth cultured in the 2kg tank performed best for reducing
physio-chemical properties of domestic sewage, while bacteria throughout the study performed best for
reduction of bacteriological of the sewage. The purification potential of water hyacinth is seen to be related to
the population of water hyacinth, as the 2kg treatment purified the domestic sewage better than the 1kg treatment
it was also noticed that bacteria purifies sewage better than the fungi especially in reducing the turbidity and
faecal coliform where it has the highest reduction rate (but the faecal coliform still present exceeds the WHO
(2011) permissible values). Due to the depletion of nutrients in the sewage, which started by the third week, but
became significant by the 5th week, wilting started in the
water hyacinth and rapid reduction in the amount of microorganism present in the treated water, thus bringing
about a termination of the study. The purification rate is related to variation in hyacinth’s population densities
and type of microorganism introduced (bacteria having high purification than fungi).
References
Adeniran, K.A. (2009). Purification effects of Water Hyacinth (Elchhornia Crassipes) on Domestic Sewage.
Proceedings of the 1ST Annual Civil Engineering Conference tagged Civil Engineering Impact on National
Development, Pp 98-107. Organised by the Civil Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin. Nigeria.
Chuckwuka, K.S and U.N. Uka, 2007. Effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) infestation on
Zooplankton population in Awba reservoir, Ibadan South-West Nigeria J. Boil. Sci., 7: 865-869.
Dunigan, E.P., R.A. Phelan and Z.H. Shamsuddin,2002. Use of water hyacinth to remove nitrogen and
phosphorus from Eutrophic waters. Hyacinth Control J.13; 59-61
Gibson, D.T., and Sayler, G.S. 1992. Scientific Foundations of Bioremediation: Current Status and Future Needs.
American Academy of Microbiology, Washington, D.C.,USA.
Gray, N.F. 1993. Biology of Waste Water Treatment.1st Ed. Oxford University Press. Pg 479-492.
Ndimele, P.E., 2010. A review on the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Pak. J. Boil. Sci., 13:715-722.
Ndimele, P.E., C.A. Kumolu-Johnson and M.A. Anetekhai. 2011. The invasive aquatic macrophyte, water
hyacinth {Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solm
Laubach:Pontedericeae}: Problems and prospects. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 5:509-520.
Nelson Y.E and Palmer, R.K 1998. Aquatic Plants Potential in Animal Nutrition Németh, S., (www.fao.org), A
halastavi trágyázás módszerei.Budapest Agroinform, Pg. 90.
World Health Organization (WHO) 2011, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality- 4th Edition, World Health
Organization, Geneva.
33
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
Fig 1:– Experimental setup
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Control
1kg-WH
2kg-WH
Bacteria
Fungi
WHO permissible level
No of weeks
Turbidity (NTU)
Fig 2:-Effects of purification on Dissolved Solids
8
Control
6
1kg-WH
4
2kg-WH
2
0
No of weeks
Biological Oxygen Demand
Fig 3:-Effects of purification on Turbidity
25
20
15
10
5
0
Control
1kg-WH
2kg-WH
No of weeks
Fig 4:- Effects of purification on Biological
Oxygen Demand
34
6. Chemical Oxygen Demand
(mg/l)
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Control
1kg-WH
2kg-WH
Bacteria
Fungi
WHO permissible level
No of weeks
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
Fig 5:- Effects of purification on Chemical Oxygen
Demand
10
8
6
4
2
0
Control
1kg-WH
2kg-WH
Bacteria
Fungi
WHO permissible
level
No of Weeks
Fig 6:-Effects of purification on Dissolved Oxygen
Table 1:- Statistical Analysis of Suspended Solids using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Treatments
2999.3
3
999.8
7.96
Error
2511.4
20
125.6
Total
5510.67
23
Table 2:- Statistical Analysis of Dissolved Solids using ANOVA test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Treatments
20,974.9
3
6,991.6
2.14
Errors
65,221.2
20
3261.1
Total
86,196.2
23
Table 3:-Statistical Analysis of Turbidity using ANOVA test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
Treatments
5.27
3
1.76
Error
30.29
20
1.51
Total
35.56
23
Table 4:- Average Bacterial Count
Description
Colonies on
Nutrient Agar(cc)
Point of collection
>300
Sample with 1kg
>300
Hyacinth
Sample with 2kg
>300
Hyacinth
Bacteria
>300
Fungi
>300
Coliform org.in
100cc
180+
180+
180+
F
1.16
E.coli per
100cc
Very high
Very high
Very high
180+
180+
High
High
35
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 5:-Statistical Analysis of Biological Oxygen Demand using ANOVA test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Treatments
Errors
Total
163.04
279.59
442.63
3
20
23
54.35
13.98
3.89
Table 6:-Statistical Analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand using ANOVA test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Treatments
Errors
Total
9.16
54.82
63.98
3
20
23
3.05
2.74
1.11
Table 7:-Statistical Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen using ANOVA test
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
reatments
Error
Total
50.88
56.49
107.37
3
20
23
16.96
2.83
36
6.00
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