1. Proper control of temperature and relative humidity is key to preventing biological deterioration of documents as specific levels promote microbial and fungal growth.
2. Both air conditioning and HVAC systems can be used to maintain optimal temperature and humidity, but require constant monitoring and adjustment.
3. Relative humidity also affects paper chemistry and dimensional stability, with both high and fluctuating levels causing damage.
4. Various chemical, physical, and integrated pest management approaches are recommended to control insects, mold, and other organisms infesting documents.
The document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation, as well as chemical agents. It provides definitions for key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitization. For physical heat methods, it describes moist heat sterilization techniques like boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature processing. It also covers factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and calculations using D-values and z-values to determine sterilization times.
1. The document discusses various methods for disinfecting and controlling microbial growth, including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods like disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents.
2. It describes the mechanisms of action for different antimicrobial agents like phenolics, iodophores, alcohols, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents which act by damaging cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like concentration and contact time of the antimicrobial agent, amount of organic matter present, and characteristics of the microbes being targeted.
Sterilization is a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life. It is important to sterilize medical equipment and surfaces to prevent infection. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Heat sterilization can be achieved through dry heat using an oven, or moist heat using an autoclave. Filtration can sterilize heat-sensitive materials using various types of filters. Radiation such as gamma rays and UV light also effectively sterilize. Chemical methods involve the use of chemicals like alcohol, phenol, and aldehydes that kill microbes. Proper sterilization requires validating the process works through controls and following guidelines for different
This document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including sterilization. It describes sterilization as the process of eliminating all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. Moist heat sterilization methods are discussed in detail, including boiling, pasteurization, tyndallization, and autoclaving using steam under pressure. The autoclaving process involves exposing materials to high temperatures and pressure using steam to kill microorganisms through protein denaturation. Key terms related to characterizing microbial resistance and the effectiveness of sterilization methods are also defined.
The document discusses the importance of effective cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) processes between poultry flocks to reduce disease transmission. It outlines the key steps in C&D, including removing the previous flock and litter, sanitizing the feed and water systems, applying disinfectants, and allowing adequate idle time between flocks. Common disinfectants used on poultry farms include phenols, hypochlorites, iodophors, quaternary ammonium compounds, and oxidizing agents. A well-designed C&D program is critical for maintaining farm biosecurity and improving flock performance.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of microorganisms, while disinfection removes or destroys pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Chemical methods use alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and other agents. Proper sterilization is important in surgery and other medical fields to prevent infection. The history of infection control involved early advances like Lister introducing antiseptic techniques. Common pathogens in medical settings are also listed.
This document discusses various terms related to disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and asepsis. It describes factors that influence the efficacy of disinfectants such as organism load, contact time, and temperature. The document outlines the properties of ideal disinfection and types of disinfectants including high, intermediate, and low level disinfectants. Various chemical and physical disinfection methods are explained along with testing methods to evaluate disinfectant efficacy.
The document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation, as well as chemical agents. It provides definitions for key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitization. For physical heat methods, it describes moist heat sterilization techniques like boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature processing. It also covers factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and calculations using D-values and z-values to determine sterilization times.
1. The document discusses various methods for disinfecting and controlling microbial growth, including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods like disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents.
2. It describes the mechanisms of action for different antimicrobial agents like phenolics, iodophores, alcohols, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents which act by damaging cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like concentration and contact time of the antimicrobial agent, amount of organic matter present, and characteristics of the microbes being targeted.
Sterilization is a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life. It is important to sterilize medical equipment and surfaces to prevent infection. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Heat sterilization can be achieved through dry heat using an oven, or moist heat using an autoclave. Filtration can sterilize heat-sensitive materials using various types of filters. Radiation such as gamma rays and UV light also effectively sterilize. Chemical methods involve the use of chemicals like alcohol, phenol, and aldehydes that kill microbes. Proper sterilization requires validating the process works through controls and following guidelines for different
This document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including sterilization. It describes sterilization as the process of eliminating all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. Moist heat sterilization methods are discussed in detail, including boiling, pasteurization, tyndallization, and autoclaving using steam under pressure. The autoclaving process involves exposing materials to high temperatures and pressure using steam to kill microorganisms through protein denaturation. Key terms related to characterizing microbial resistance and the effectiveness of sterilization methods are also defined.
The document discusses the importance of effective cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) processes between poultry flocks to reduce disease transmission. It outlines the key steps in C&D, including removing the previous flock and litter, sanitizing the feed and water systems, applying disinfectants, and allowing adequate idle time between flocks. Common disinfectants used on poultry farms include phenols, hypochlorites, iodophors, quaternary ammonium compounds, and oxidizing agents. A well-designed C&D program is critical for maintaining farm biosecurity and improving flock performance.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of microorganisms, while disinfection removes or destroys pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Chemical methods use alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and other agents. Proper sterilization is important in surgery and other medical fields to prevent infection. The history of infection control involved early advances like Lister introducing antiseptic techniques. Common pathogens in medical settings are also listed.
This document discusses various terms related to disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and asepsis. It describes factors that influence the efficacy of disinfectants such as organism load, contact time, and temperature. The document outlines the properties of ideal disinfection and types of disinfectants including high, intermediate, and low level disinfectants. Various chemical and physical disinfection methods are explained along with testing methods to evaluate disinfectant efficacy.
1. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and endospores. Disinfection only eliminates pathogenic microorganisms.
2. Heat is the most common sterilization method and can be applied through moist heat like autoclaving or dry heat like oven heating. Chemical sterilization uses agents like phenols, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and aldehydes to disrupt microbial membranes and proteins.
3. Other sterilization methods include filtration, irradiation using gamma rays, x-rays or UV light, and gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide which penetrate materials to kill microbes.
Microorganisms can have both beneficial and harmful effects, so controlling their growth and transmission is important. This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and antisepsis. Physical methods include heat (moist heat via autoclaving or dry heat), filtration, radiation, and low temperatures. Chemical methods discussed are phenolics, alcohols, halogens (iodine, chlorine), and heavy metals which were historically used but are now less common due to toxicity. The goal is to inactivate pathogens while minimizing harm to humans and materials.
The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.
This document discusses various methods of disinfection and antisepsis used in dentistry. It describes different levels of disinfectants from low to high, including their mechanisms and examples like alcohol, phenolic compounds, aldehydes, and antiseptics. Specific chemicals discussed are ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, iodophor compounds, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. The document provides an overview of common disinfection and antisepsis procedures in dentistry.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sterilization and disinfection)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in medical microbiology laboratories. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, and provides examples of various sterilization methods including heat sterilization methods using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. It also covers radiation, filtration and chemical sterilization methods as well as the principles of aseptic technique.
This document provides information on sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis in dentistry. It discusses the classification of dental instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical based on the risk of infection. Critical instruments that contact bone or tissue must be sterilized after each use, while semi-critical instruments touching mucosa can be high-level disinfected. Non-critical instruments contacting intact skin require low-level disinfection. Common sterilization methods like moist heat via autoclaving and dry heat are described. Autoclaving uses pressurized steam to sterilize at 121-134°C, while dry heat uses hot air ovens or flaming. Chemical indicators, biological indicators,
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. Sterilization aims to destroy all microorganisms, including spores, while disinfection reduces pathogens to safe levels. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Moist heat sterilization uses autoclaving, dry heat uses hot air ovens. Chemical methods employ alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and other agents. Early civilizations used salting, smoking, and sunlight exposure to preserve foods. Modern sterilization aims to destroy pathogens safely and effectively using various physical and chemical processes.
The document discusses various methods for testing the efficacy of disinfectants, including:
1. Koch's method, which tests the ability of a disinfectant to kill Bacillus anthraces spores.
2. Rideal Walker and Chick-Martin tests, which determine the phenol coefficient of a disinfectant by comparing its bactericidal effects to phenol under clean and dirty conditions.
3. In-use and capacity use dilution tests assess the ability of a disinfectant to kill microbes when diluted in conditions mimicking actual use over time in the presence of organic matter.
4. No single test can reliably determine a disinfectant's efficacy
The document discusses ventilator breathing circuits and their sterilization process. Breathing circuits create an artificial atmosphere between the patient and ventilator. They are produced via plastic injection and extrusion methods using various plastics. Circuits are packaged in Tyvek and sterilized using ethylene oxide which is the preferred method as it is effective and heat is not suitable. The sterilization process involves conditioning, exposure to ethylene oxide gas, and aeration to remove residues over 12-14 hours. Biological and chemical indicators are used to validate the sterilization process was effective.
This document discusses various methods for controlling microbial growth, including physical and chemical approaches. Physical methods include heat (e.g. boiling, pasteurization, autoclaving), filtration, radiation (e.g. UV, gamma rays), and removal. Chemical methods use antimicrobial agents like alcohols, aldehydes, biguanides, halogens, and metal compounds. Selection of a control method depends on the microbe, extent of contamination, environment, and risk level. Both approaches aim to sterilize, disinfect, or preserve items by destroying microbes or inhibiting their growth.
Early civilizations used various physical methods like salting, smoking, and sunlight exposure to control microbial growth in food and clothing. In the mid-1800s, Semmelweis and Lister helped develop aseptic surgical techniques, reducing nosocomial infection rates from 10% to 25% down to lower levels. Physical methods of microbial control include heat, filtration, radiation, and various chemical disinfectants. The effectiveness of sterilization and disinfection depends on factors like the type and number of microbes present, environmental conditions, temperature, and time of exposure.
At the end of this session learner will be able to:
Define Common terms.
Explain the importance of microorganisms control.
Discuss the Methods of sterilization.
Categorize the broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Microbiology Bio 127 Control of Microorganisms: Principles and Physical AgentsShaina Mavreen Villaroza
This document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical and chemical agents. It describes different terms related to antimicrobial activity and outlines several important factors that affect how microbicidal agents work, such as microbial population size, concentration and time of exposure. It then examines various physical methods for controlling microorganisms using temperature, radiation, filtration and dessication. Different chemical agents are also discussed in terms of their characteristics, mechanisms of action, and limitations. The document provides examples of how specific microbicidal agents target different types of microorganisms.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It begins with introducing the importance of sterilization due to the risk of transmission of infections from dental professionals to patients. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and classifications. The document goes on to describe various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods. It provides details on sterilization of dental instruments and monitoring sterilization effectiveness.
This document appears to be a presentation about microbiology practical coursework for a second year lab medicine program for females from 2012-2013. It discusses various topics related to infection control including definitions of terms like decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. It also covers physical methods like heat and radiation as well as chemical methods using germicides to destroy microorganisms. The presentation describes evaluating different brands of disinfectants through experiments and observing bacterial growth. The objectives are listed as discussing infection control terms, factors influencing disinfectants, physical and chemical destruction of microorganisms and methods for evaluating disinfectants.
The document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization used in laboratories. It defines disinfection as reducing microorganisms through physical and chemical means, while sterilization completely removes all microbial life including spores. Common chemical disinfectants discussed are alcohols, hypochlorites, phenol, and their effectiveness against different microbes. Heat and chemical sterilization methods like steam autoclaving, dry heat, ethylene oxide gas, and glutaraldehyde liquid are described. Radiation sterilization using gamma rays is also covered. The document emphasizes that while sterilization is important, hand washing remains a key practice to prevent infection.
Control of microorganism ppt
physical method Control of microbes
chemical method Control of microbes
types of Control of microbes
pasteurization Control of microbes
sterilization
disinfection
sanitization
Sterilization and disinfection for lab technicians.pdfSuhaniSangral
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. There are physical (heat, radiation) and chemical (ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide) methods. The most reliable and effective method is moist heat sterilization using an autoclave, which applies steam under pressure to reach high temperatures. Strict sterilization is important for preventing infection in healthcare settings.
1. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and endospores. Disinfection only eliminates pathogenic microorganisms.
2. Heat is the most common sterilization method and can be applied through moist heat like autoclaving or dry heat like oven heating. Chemical sterilization uses agents like phenols, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals and aldehydes to disrupt microbial membranes and proteins.
3. Other sterilization methods include filtration, irradiation using gamma rays, x-rays or UV light, and gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide which penetrate materials to kill microbes.
Microorganisms can have both beneficial and harmful effects, so controlling their growth and transmission is important. This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and antisepsis. Physical methods include heat (moist heat via autoclaving or dry heat), filtration, radiation, and low temperatures. Chemical methods discussed are phenolics, alcohols, halogens (iodine, chlorine), and heavy metals which were historically used but are now less common due to toxicity. The goal is to inactivate pathogens while minimizing harm to humans and materials.
The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.
This document discusses various methods of disinfection and antisepsis used in dentistry. It describes different levels of disinfectants from low to high, including their mechanisms and examples like alcohol, phenolic compounds, aldehydes, and antiseptics. Specific chemicals discussed are ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, iodophor compounds, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. The document provides an overview of common disinfection and antisepsis procedures in dentistry.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sterilization and disinfection)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in medical microbiology laboratories. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, and provides examples of various sterilization methods including heat sterilization methods using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. It also covers radiation, filtration and chemical sterilization methods as well as the principles of aseptic technique.
This document provides information on sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis in dentistry. It discusses the classification of dental instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical based on the risk of infection. Critical instruments that contact bone or tissue must be sterilized after each use, while semi-critical instruments touching mucosa can be high-level disinfected. Non-critical instruments contacting intact skin require low-level disinfection. Common sterilization methods like moist heat via autoclaving and dry heat are described. Autoclaving uses pressurized steam to sterilize at 121-134°C, while dry heat uses hot air ovens or flaming. Chemical indicators, biological indicators,
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. Sterilization aims to destroy all microorganisms, including spores, while disinfection reduces pathogens to safe levels. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Moist heat sterilization uses autoclaving, dry heat uses hot air ovens. Chemical methods employ alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and other agents. Early civilizations used salting, smoking, and sunlight exposure to preserve foods. Modern sterilization aims to destroy pathogens safely and effectively using various physical and chemical processes.
The document discusses various methods for testing the efficacy of disinfectants, including:
1. Koch's method, which tests the ability of a disinfectant to kill Bacillus anthraces spores.
2. Rideal Walker and Chick-Martin tests, which determine the phenol coefficient of a disinfectant by comparing its bactericidal effects to phenol under clean and dirty conditions.
3. In-use and capacity use dilution tests assess the ability of a disinfectant to kill microbes when diluted in conditions mimicking actual use over time in the presence of organic matter.
4. No single test can reliably determine a disinfectant's efficacy
The document discusses ventilator breathing circuits and their sterilization process. Breathing circuits create an artificial atmosphere between the patient and ventilator. They are produced via plastic injection and extrusion methods using various plastics. Circuits are packaged in Tyvek and sterilized using ethylene oxide which is the preferred method as it is effective and heat is not suitable. The sterilization process involves conditioning, exposure to ethylene oxide gas, and aeration to remove residues over 12-14 hours. Biological and chemical indicators are used to validate the sterilization process was effective.
This document discusses various methods for controlling microbial growth, including physical and chemical approaches. Physical methods include heat (e.g. boiling, pasteurization, autoclaving), filtration, radiation (e.g. UV, gamma rays), and removal. Chemical methods use antimicrobial agents like alcohols, aldehydes, biguanides, halogens, and metal compounds. Selection of a control method depends on the microbe, extent of contamination, environment, and risk level. Both approaches aim to sterilize, disinfect, or preserve items by destroying microbes or inhibiting their growth.
Early civilizations used various physical methods like salting, smoking, and sunlight exposure to control microbial growth in food and clothing. In the mid-1800s, Semmelweis and Lister helped develop aseptic surgical techniques, reducing nosocomial infection rates from 10% to 25% down to lower levels. Physical methods of microbial control include heat, filtration, radiation, and various chemical disinfectants. The effectiveness of sterilization and disinfection depends on factors like the type and number of microbes present, environmental conditions, temperature, and time of exposure.
At the end of this session learner will be able to:
Define Common terms.
Explain the importance of microorganisms control.
Discuss the Methods of sterilization.
Categorize the broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Microbiology Bio 127 Control of Microorganisms: Principles and Physical AgentsShaina Mavreen Villaroza
This document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical and chemical agents. It describes different terms related to antimicrobial activity and outlines several important factors that affect how microbicidal agents work, such as microbial population size, concentration and time of exposure. It then examines various physical methods for controlling microorganisms using temperature, radiation, filtration and dessication. Different chemical agents are also discussed in terms of their characteristics, mechanisms of action, and limitations. The document provides examples of how specific microbicidal agents target different types of microorganisms.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It begins with introducing the importance of sterilization due to the risk of transmission of infections from dental professionals to patients. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and classifications. The document goes on to describe various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods. It provides details on sterilization of dental instruments and monitoring sterilization effectiveness.
This document appears to be a presentation about microbiology practical coursework for a second year lab medicine program for females from 2012-2013. It discusses various topics related to infection control including definitions of terms like decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. It also covers physical methods like heat and radiation as well as chemical methods using germicides to destroy microorganisms. The presentation describes evaluating different brands of disinfectants through experiments and observing bacterial growth. The objectives are listed as discussing infection control terms, factors influencing disinfectants, physical and chemical destruction of microorganisms and methods for evaluating disinfectants.
The document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization used in laboratories. It defines disinfection as reducing microorganisms through physical and chemical means, while sterilization completely removes all microbial life including spores. Common chemical disinfectants discussed are alcohols, hypochlorites, phenol, and their effectiveness against different microbes. Heat and chemical sterilization methods like steam autoclaving, dry heat, ethylene oxide gas, and glutaraldehyde liquid are described. Radiation sterilization using gamma rays is also covered. The document emphasizes that while sterilization is important, hand washing remains a key practice to prevent infection.
Control of microorganism ppt
physical method Control of microbes
chemical method Control of microbes
types of Control of microbes
pasteurization Control of microbes
sterilization
disinfection
sanitization
Sterilization and disinfection for lab technicians.pdfSuhaniSangral
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. There are physical (heat, radiation) and chemical (ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide) methods. The most reliable and effective method is moist heat sterilization using an autoclave, which applies steam under pressure to reach high temperatures. Strict sterilization is important for preventing infection in healthcare settings.
This document provides instructions for sterilizing plant explants for tissue culture. It discusses that culture media supports microbial growth which can kill plant tissues, so complete sterilization is essential. The key steps outlined are: washing explants with detergent and water; submerging in disinfectants like ethanol or mercury chloride; rinsing with sterile water; and sealing cultures with sterile cotton plugs. A two-step sterilization using ethanol prior to another disinfectant can improve sterility. Proper sterilization will increase the success rate of tissue culture by reducing contamination and allowing explant growth without microbes.
MAC 222 Lec 4 Sterilization and disinfection.pptvinuthdp
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It explains that sterilization kills all microbes including spores, while disinfection kills most but not all microbes or spores. Physical sterilization methods include moist heat above 100 degrees such as boiling and autoclaving, dry heat, radiation, and filtration. Chemical disinfectants range from high to low level and include alcohol, glutaraldehyde, chlorine releasing compounds, phenolic compounds, and hydrogen peroxide. Proper sterilization and disinfection are important for safety in laboratories and hospitals.
This document describes methods for determining pesticide residues in foods. It discusses extracting pesticides from grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk using solvents like acetone and dichloromethane. The extracts are then cleaned up using chromatographic columns packed with materials like celite, carbon, and florisil. The cleaned extracts are analyzed using gas chromatography with detectors like FPD. The document provides operating conditions for GC and equations for calculating pesticide residue levels in foods based on peak heights. It also references several sources for additional information on pesticide residue analysis techniques.
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
Surface sterilization and sealing of cultures (surface sterilization of culturesHORTIPEDIA INDIA
This document provides instructions for surface sterilization of plant cultures. It discusses:
1) Explants must be sterilized to prevent microbial contamination that can kill cultured tissues.
2) Surface sterilization methods include rinsing explants, soaking in detergent and disinfectants like ethanol or mercuric chloride, then rinsing in sterile water.
3) Non-living materials like media and glassware are sterilized by autoclaving, while filters sterilize thermolabile compounds. Proper sterilization is essential to increase success of tissue culture experiments.
This document defines various terms related to sterilization and disinfection. It discusses different sterilization methods including steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemical sterilization methods using formaldehyde, alcohol, chlorine, iodophors and hydrogen peroxide. It also covers cleaning and disinfection of equipment, factors influencing chemical sterilization, and advantages of chemical sterilization.
This document discusses the history and methods of disinfection and sterilization. It summarizes that Ignaz Semmelweis pioneered antiseptic procedures in 1847 by recommending chlorinated lime solutions for washing hands to prevent puerperal fever. Joseph Lister introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments in 1865. Disinfection destroys pathogens but not all microbes like spores, while sterilization removes all microorganisms and spores. Common sterilization methods include heat, chemicals, radiation and filtration.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptic, and aseptic. The main sterilization methods covered are physical (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical (ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde), and moist heat methods like autoclaving. Common disinfectants are also outlined like phenols, biguanides, halogens, alcohols, and heavy metals. Autoclaving is described as the standard sterilization method using saturated steam heat above 121°C.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptic, and aseptic. The main sterilization methods covered are physical (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical (ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde), and moist heat methods like autoclaving. Common disinfectants are also outlined like phenols, biguanides, halogens, alcohols, and heavy metals. Autoclaving is described as the standard sterilization method using saturated steam heat above 121°C.
types of sterilization,heat,cold,boiling,autoclave,hot air oven,disinfectant................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptic, and aseptic. The main methods of sterilization covered are physical (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical (ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde), and moist heat sterilization techniques like autoclaving. Specific disinfectants are also outlined like phenols, biguanides, halogens, alcohols, and heavy metals. Monitoring of autoclaves and factors influencing disinfectant activity are additionally summarized.
The document discusses various methods for sterilization and disinfection. It begins by explaining that most medical devices are heat sterilized using steam, but some materials like plastics require low-temperature sterilization. It then describes several physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration. It also outlines some common chemical disinfecting agents like alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and dyes. The document provides details on sterilization techniques like autoclaving and their mechanisms of action.
1) Sterilization is a process that eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection only eliminates pathogens.
2) Physical sterilization methods include heat, radiation, filtration, and sunlight. Heat sterilization can be dry or moist. The autoclave uses moist heat under pressure.
3) Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, dyes, and gases. Their effectiveness depends on concentration, contact time, temperature, and other factors. Common disinfectants are alcohol, formaldehyde, iodine, chlorine, and phenol-based compounds.
Contamination control and sterile manufacturingGeorge Wild
Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores pose a contamination risk in sterile manufacturing. Cleanrooms with strict particle and airflow controls are needed. Personnel procedures aim to minimize shedding of microbes. Sterilization methods like heat aim to achieve a sterility assurance level of 1 in 1 million by killing all microbes or reducing their number below acceptable levels. Key factors in sterilization include the bioburden level and resistance of the most durable microorganism strain present.
The document discusses various terms related to sterilization and disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, asepsis, and decontamination. It describes different methods of sterilization including physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration and drying as well as chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, and phenols. Heat sterilization methods like moist and dry heat are explained in detail, noting the factors that influence sterilization and the appropriate temperatures and times required.
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces microorganisms to non-harmful levels. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation, filtration and ozone. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and halogens. Autoclaving uses high-temperature steam under pressure to reliably kill microbes on materials like instruments and media. Proper temperature and time are needed for effective sterilization.
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all microorganisms from an object or substance. It can be achieved through physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration or chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, halogens and phenols. Effective sterilization requires the use of indicators to monitor the process and ensure it has adequately removed vegetative cells, spores and viruses. An ideal disinfecting agent is one that is fast-acting, compatible with other substances, non-toxic, and able to kill all types of microbes even in organic matter.
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The document discusses the role and issues facing college libraries in India in the digital era. It outlines the objectives of college libraries as enriching academic activities, providing information/knowledge support, providing electronic access to resources, preserving intellectual assets, and generating awareness through literacy programs. It also examines challenges such as limited budgets, poor infrastructure, increased R&D in ICT, information overload, pressure from agencies, and lack of human resources. Finally, it explores how the digital shift is impacting functions like collections, access, services, and archiving.
This document discusses the basics of subject indexing in libraries. It defines subject indexing as providing subject access to microdocuments like journal articles and research reports by assigning appropriate subject terms. The key points covered are:
- Subject indexing allows users to identify documents on a given subject and find related documents.
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Avoiding plagiarism in this era of digital availabilityDr. Utpal Das
This document discusses avoiding plagiarism in research. It defines research and outlines some key characteristics like novelty and originality. It also discusses research ethics and integrity, noting that ethics govern researchers' behavior and distinguish right from wrong. The document outlines six key principles for ethical research according to the Economic and Social Research Council in the UK. It provides examples of ethical principles researchers should follow, such as honesty, objectivity, integrity, and respecting intellectual property. The document concludes by defining three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
The document discusses plagiarism in higher education institutions and how to avoid it. It defines plagiarism and outlines its various forms according to different studies. Plagiarism can be avoided through a holistic approach at the national, institutional, and individual level. At the national level, policies aim to establish plagiarism prevention guidelines and oversight bodies. Institutions implement measures like educating students and faculty, developing plagiarism policies, and using detection software. Individuals should be taught proper citation practices and research ethics to promote academic integrity.
Confronting ethical issues in research for avoiding plagiarismDr. Utpal Das
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Confronting ethical issues in research for avoiding plagiarismDr. Utpal Das
1) The document discusses confronting ethical issues in research and avoiding plagiarism. It defines research, academic integrity, and discusses the key characteristics of novelty and originality in research works.
2) Ten main forms of plagiarism are identified based on a survey, including clone, ctrl-c, find-replace, remix, recycle, hybrid, mashup, 404 error, aggregator, and re-tweet. Ethical issues in research like research design, data source, informed consent, copyright, and plagiarism are also discussed.
3) Avoiding academic plagiarism requires a holistic approach including national level regulations and policies, institutional prevention measures, and principles for individuals to follow.
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2) Measures included curbside book drop-off, quarantining returned items, converting services to social distancing, and increasing access to online resources.
3) While limiting physical access, the library also aimed to maximize use of resources by improving its digital offerings, procuring more e-resources, and communicating with users through social media and other digital channels.
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The document discusses the concept of information literacy in various contexts. It defines information literacy and related terms. It discusses the needs and purpose of information literacy programs in the changing education system and with the growth of digital information. Finally, it examines the role of information literacy in society, work, education, health and well-being.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
3. a) Control of Temperature and RH:
Cause: A specific temperature 24-300 C and
relative humidity of 65% is most favourable for
the growth of micro-organism.
Measure: Keep temperature and relative
humidity at constant desirable level, respectively
at around 60 F (160C) and 50% is the key to
deter growth of microorganism.
Applications: Air conditioning, HVAC systems
4. Control of temperature
i. Use of Air Conditioner
Use of Air Conditioning system is recommended
only when it is used for 24 X 7 throughout the
year uninterruptedly with regular monitoring
and adjustment of the temperature fixed to a
desired level, i.e. around 60 F (160C).
5. ii. Use of HVAC System
The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
system is a modern system designed for the need of
libraries, archives and museums. The system has
capacity to provide constant relative humidity and
moderate temperature in storage space, 24 hours a
day, 365 days in a year. Within 24 hour period the
relative humidity should not change by more than ±2%.
6. Effect of Relative Humidity on chemistry of paper
A high average humidity of almost 85% in Assam
allows chemical reactions called hydrolysis causing
chemical deterioration of writing materials. Further,
small changes in relative humidity (RH) induce
dimensional changes namely swelling, warping,
cockling, etc. and other physical distortions.
7. Effect of Relative Humidity on fungal growth
Relative humidity also has profound influence on
fungal growth on papers. The environmental
condition most suitable for the growth of fungi is
temperature between 24-300C and relative humidity
above 65%.
8. Control of Relative Humidity
a. Use of Air Conditioner:
Air conditioning is excellent for dehumidification, but
need constant monitoring for adjustment of
temperature. Moreover, the system should run 24
hours a day, 365 days in a year at a desired constant
level. There is also a need to adjust air conditioning
during summer and winter, and even at day time, and
night.
9. b) Use of dehumidifiers
For a constant high average RH region use of
dehumidifiers are necessary. The overall
climatic condition outside of a building during
winter and summer frequently changes. The
relative humidity during winter should be at
least at the level of 35-38% though not
below. For this, the temperature may be
lowered to 60 F (160C) or even below.
Likewise at summer, the level of humidity
must be at the level of 50% and not above.
This condition should prevail 24 hour a day,
every day till the summer exists.
10. c. HVAC system
The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
system is the best to dehumidify storage areas and to
control relative humidity level at 50% round the year.
But, in summer and winter, monitoring and adjustment
of the HVAC system is required to keep the relative
humidity at a constant level.
11. c) Dehumidification by dehydrating chemicals
Anhydrous calcium chloride Silica gel
Amount: 2 to 3 kg of silica gel for a room of 20-25 cu
meter
Process: The requisite quantities of silica gel may be
spread in dishes and kept in different places in
the room.
Duration: 2-3 hours.
Reuse: Silica gel may get saturated and need
replacement with fresh chemical, while the
saturated silica gel may be reactivated for
further use.
12.
13. Cleaning of MSS:
Dry Cleaning
Wet Cleaning
Some Common practices for Controlling
Biological Agents
14. 1. Dry Cleaning :
a) Periodical cleaning or dusting of MSS by soft
brash or cotton cloth swab (Dry Cleaning)
b) Periodical Sun-bath of MSS in shade
15. 2.1 Wet Cleaning by traditional agents (also Act as
Insecticides):
a) Chua Oil or Resin Oil (Lac or Resin distillate)
b) Citronella Oil
c) Lemon Grass Oil
d) Neem Extract or Oil
16. e) 2% solution of Ethyl alcohol or Toluene with water
f) 2% solution of Xylene or Trichloroethylene with water
g) 2% solution of hydrogen peroxide in distilled water
h) Diluted polyvinyl acetate emulsion
i) 2% solution of nylon dissolved in ethyl alcohol in
distilled water
j) Application of thin layer of acrylic emulsion at the
edge of Mss
2.2 Wet Cleaning using chemicals
17. 2.2 Wet cleaning or Solvent Cleaning:
Process for hydrophobic paper : 100% Ethyl Alcohol added with
5% Sodium Fluoride or
5% Thymol or
5% Paradichlorobenzine
Apply on paper with a cotton
swab
Process for hydrophilic paper: 10% Ethyl Alcohol with water
added with
5% Sodium Fluoride or
5% Thymol or
5% Paradichlorobenzine
Apply on paper with a cotton swab
:
18. 3. Use of Insect Repellents:
a) Semi dry Neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaf,
b) Semi dry Nirgandi (Vitex negundo) leaf
c) Semi dry Pudina (Mint, Mentha arvensis) leaf
d) Dry leaf of Nicotiana tabacum
e) Sandalwood (Santalum album) dust is kept in
a cotton bag into Cupboard
f) Powder of Dalsini + Kalazira + Neem seed +
Haldi + Haritaki + Blackpaper + Amla + PipliBhoira
+ Tabaco leaf + Clove + Tulsi
25gms each, mixing all together is kept in a
cotton bag into Cupboard.
20. a) Insecticidal Paper:
10% Para-dichloro-Benzene in rectified spirit
(i.e. 10gms PDCB in 100ml rectified spirit)
This solution is gently applied on the hand made
paper which will be used as a cover on the MSS or
in between mss folios as insecticides whenever
required.
This solution is not directly used on Mss folios.
21. b) Fungicidal Paper:
5% Thymol (C10H14O) in 100ml rectified spirit
This solution is gently applied on the hand made
paper which will be used as a cover on the MSS or
in between mss folios infected by fungus whenever
required.
This solution is not directly used on Mss folios
.
22. 5. Synthetic Insecticides
a) Borax Powder: for Silverfish only
b) Termiseal liquid: for Termites only. Inject
in the wall or ground
c) Baygon Bait Powder: Mix with little sugar and
keep in a plate inside
the cupboard.
23. 6. Fumigation:
a) Thymol fumigation
b) Para-dichlorobenzene and Killoptera fumigation
c) Vacuum fumigation
d) Sterilization
24. i. Thymol fumigation:
Requirements: i. An airtight fumigation chamber
ii. A 40-60 watt electric bulb
iii. Thymol (100-150 gms per cubic
meter)
iv. Infested books/manuscripts
Duration: Six to ten days for which heating
requires 2 to 4 hours every day.
Post treatment Measure: After 10 days the chamber is
opened and folios/pages are cleaned with cotton ball.
25. ii. Para-dichlorobenzene and Killoptera fumigation
Requirements: i. An airtight fumigation chamber
ii. Para-dichlorobenzene (1.5 kg per cubic
meter)
iii. Liquid Killoptera (225 ml. per cubic
metre)
(a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and
ethylene dichloride)
Duration: Para-dichlorobenzene takes 7 to 8 days Killoptera takes
24 to 26 hours
Repetition: This process does not kill eggs of beetles which are
laid under the binding joints and boards. The eggs
take a time of 20-21 days to be hatched and so the
fumigation process may be repeated to catch them
next.
26. c. Vacuum fumigation
1. Vacuum fumigation is one of the most
effective means of getting rid of the insects
and beetles.
2. Vacuum fumigation with ethylene oxide
mixed with carbon dioxide (1:9 by weight) is
used.
3. This is one of the most effective method of
eliminating insects and beetles.
27. d. Sterilization
1. In this process sterilization of the microclimate of
the room is possible by spraying 10% solution of
thymol in methylated spirit in the air.
2. This process will check the growth of fungus in the
room where there is no arrangement for bringing
down the relative humidity below 75% especially
during high temperature and rain.
3. This process is done in a closed room and just
before the close of the library or museum so that it
does not affect human beings.
28. Remedies of Silverfish
Naphthalene balls
Boric acid
Cedar wood oil
Cinnamon oil
Cloves
Citrus fruits
Table salt
Diatomaceous Earth
(one class of algae
called diatoms,
fossilized)
Insecticidal
paper
30. Preventive measures for Cockroaches
• Use non toxic disinfectants to keep house clean.
• Seal cracks in walls, cabinets, doors and
cupboards.
• Screen or seal drain pipes and sink outlets.
• Store food in airtight containers.
• Vacuum regularly.
• Remember to take out the garbage and clean the
dustbins.
• Use trash cans with lids.
31. Control of cockroaches and silverfish
Use of insect repellent chemicals like naphthalene,
D.D.T., pyrethrum, sodium fluoride, etc., reduces
chances cockroaches attack.
For silverfish, spray of naphthalene powder is most
effective.
Measures: While spraying these poisonous drugs or
insecticidal liquids, it is to ensure that the
spray is directed only towards the wall, dark
corners, and crevices frequented by insects,
and not to the manuscripts, books and
records. These toxic chemicals are harmful for
materials as well as man.
32. Remedies of Psocid infestations
The most effective method for controlling booklice is
to reduce moisture.
Psocid generally do not survive when humidity falls
below 50%.
A dehumidifier or fan is effective in reducing
moisture. Sometimes airing out a room to keep the
air moving may be sufficient.
Store boxes, bags, books, and papers off of the floor
to minimize exposure to dampness
Vacuum fumigation
Sterilization
Insecticidal paper
33. Remedies of termites or white ants
Dry environment
White arsenic, D.D.T. powder, 1% solution of
sodium arsenic in water or 5% solution of
D.D.T., Dieldex emulsible concentrate with
water, 1:60 (4-5 litres per metre) are quite
satisfactory for the treatment of termite
34. Remedies/Control of Rodents
Hygienic condition of the building
Disciplined storage condition
Trapping
Poisons are always used with baits which are spread over
places, frequented by rats. Sausage, rusk, dry ground
biscuit mixed with water, sugar meal (9 parts of wheat
flour, soaked well and formed into a thick paste), are some
good baits bases.
Some of the good rat poisons are Zink Phosphide ( 3-5%),
arsenous oxide (10-15%)Barium Carbonate (10-15%), ANTU
(Alphanaphthyl-thiourea) and warfarin (3, Lactonyl-4
hydroxy coumarin) are commercial poisons sold under
trade names can be used with baits.
35. Control of rodents
Baits Preparation: Sausage, rusk, dry ground
biscuit mixed with water, sugar
meal (9 parts of wheat flour,
soaked well and formed into a
thick paste), are some good baits bases.
Commercial poisons: Zink Phosphide ( 3-5%),
arsenous oxide (10-15%) Barium
Carbonate (10-15%), ANTU
(Alphanaphthyl-thiourea) and
Warfar in (3, Lactonyl-4 hydroxy
coumarin) are commercial
poisons sold under trade names
can be used with baits.
36. SITUATION LIGHT LEVELS RECOMENDATIONS
Study and Research Areas 200—600 lux Optimum light
recommended for
comfortable vision
Storage Areas 10—50 lux Natural light to be blocked
completely from storage
areas, minimum light levels
to be used or turned of
when not in use.
Exhibition Areas for
Sensitive Collections
50—75 lux Paper and books should
never be on permanent
display or at most an
annual exposure of four
weeks. Facsimiles and
photographs only to be
exhibited for endangered
collections.
Optimum light levels:
37. Air pollution
Air pollution is another major hazard that severely
deteriorates manuscripts. Air contains many types of
gases like
sulphur dioxide (SO2),
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
Carbon dioxide, (CO2),
Carbon monoxide (CO),
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
metal dust, carbon particles from
industries
sand and soil particles from stones,
construction sites, desert, dry river
basin and barren hills.
38. Control of Air pollution
a) Use of Air conditioning
b. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) system
c. Use of wrappers and covers
d. Use of poly-vinyl coated chamber
e. Curtains
f. Plantation of evergreen trees