Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. It can affect people of all ages but typically occurs between ages 35-50 and affects women more than men. RA causes inflammation of the synovial membranes around joints which can lead to pain, stiffness, swelling, and over time, destruction of cartilage and bone. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and preventing further joint damage through medications and physical therapy.
Osteoartritis (OA) adalah gangguan yang ditandai dengan kerusakan sendi yang progresif dimana semua struktur sendi telah mengalami perubahan patologis. (Fauci, 2009)
Osteoarthritis merupakan kelainan sendi noninflamasi yang mengenai sendi-sendi penumpu berat badan dengan gambaran patologis yang berupa memburuknya tulang rawan sendi (Dharmawirya, 2000).
Gout adalah suatu penyakit yang ditandai dengan serangan mendadak dan berulang dari artritis yang terasa sangat nyeri karena adanya endapan kristal monosodium urat, yang terkumpul di dalam sendi sebagai akibat dari tingginya kadar asam urat di dalam darah (hiperurisemia).
This is a brief introduction regarding selected rheumatic autoimmune disease for laymen. Some of these figures in the slides were cited from textbook and another authors elesewhere, and some of them were photos of patient taken with their permission
Osteoartritis (OA) adalah gangguan yang ditandai dengan kerusakan sendi yang progresif dimana semua struktur sendi telah mengalami perubahan patologis. (Fauci, 2009)
Osteoarthritis merupakan kelainan sendi noninflamasi yang mengenai sendi-sendi penumpu berat badan dengan gambaran patologis yang berupa memburuknya tulang rawan sendi (Dharmawirya, 2000).
Gout adalah suatu penyakit yang ditandai dengan serangan mendadak dan berulang dari artritis yang terasa sangat nyeri karena adanya endapan kristal monosodium urat, yang terkumpul di dalam sendi sebagai akibat dari tingginya kadar asam urat di dalam darah (hiperurisemia).
This is a brief introduction regarding selected rheumatic autoimmune disease for laymen. Some of these figures in the slides were cited from textbook and another authors elesewhere, and some of them were photos of patient taken with their permission
waspadai gejala asam urat, dapatkan manfaat detoks alami untuk penyembuhan asam urat. utk detilnya silahkan lihat di http://www.detoksalami.com atau email ke infodetoksalami.com
Pengenalan artritis reumatoid berdasarkan gejala dan tanda klinis
Bisa dipakai sebagai rujukan bagi dokter umum yangh ingin mempelajari manifestasi klinis AR yang tidak klasik seperti di buku teks
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. PENGERTIAN
1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that
causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Rheumatoid
arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around
the joints, as well as in other organs in the body.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) atau sering juga disebut artritis
reumatoid (AR) merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit
rematik yang merupakan penyakit autoimun
3. 3. Salah satu bagian dari poliartritis yang menimbulkan
anflamasi ditandai dengan perjalanan klinik yang
bervariasi tetapi biasanya disertai eksaserbasi dan remisi
nyeri serta pembengkaan sendi yang dapat menyebabkan
deformitas progresif
4. Gangguan kronik yang menyerang berbagai sistem organ
yang biasanya menyebabkan destruksi sendi.
4. RHEMATOID ARTRITIS
Sering disebut rematik/artritis atau peradangan pada
sendi.
Penyakit ini terutama mengenai otot skelet, tulang,
ligamentum, tendon dan persendian
Mengenai laki-laki dan perempuan di segala usia, dengan
perempuan lebih sering 3 x.
Sering menyerang sendi kecil dan simetris
5. It occurs worldwide, affecting more than 6.5 million
people in the U.S. alone.
About 75 % of these are women.
The disease strikes women three times more often
than men.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISRHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
6. Although it can occur at any age, the peak onset
period is between the ages of 35 and 50.
The disease may come on slowly or may appear
suddenly.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISRHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
7. At Risk
It affects around
1.3 million
Americans, which
70 of are women.
Although it can
occur at virtually
any age
People between the
ages of 30 -50 yrs
3
1
13. ETIOLOGY OF RAETIOLOGY OF RA
The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Even though
infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi have long
been suspected as well as smoking, but none has been proven
as the cause.
It is believed that the tendency to develop rheumatoid
arthritis may be genetically inherited.
14. ETIOLOGY OF RAETIOLOGY OF RA
For example, the genetic marker HLA-DR4 has been
identified in as many as 66% of patients with disease.
This marker, which is present in white blood cells, plays a
role in helping the immune system to distinguish
between foreign cells (e.g., germs) and the body's own
cells.
Because RA often is affected by pregnancy—symptoms
improve before the infant is born and then worsen after
delivery—it may be that hormones in the body influence
disease development and progression.
15. PATOFISIOLOGI
Penyakit autoimun yang menyerang persendian, terutama sendi
kecil seperti tangan & kaki secara simetris, mengalami
peradangan kemudian sendi mengalami kerusakan. Kerusakan
mulai terjadi 6 bl pertama serangan, cacat bisa terjadi setelah 2-3
th bila tidak diobati.
autodigesti terjadi karena gangguan pada fungsi normal dari
sistem imun atau dikarenakan adanya kegagalan antibodi dan sel
T untuk mengenali sel tubuhnya sendiri sehingga merusak sel
tubuh sendiri karena menganggap sel tubuh merupakan benda
asing.
16. PATOFISIOLOGI lanjutan
Menyerang lapisan dalam bungkus sendi (sinovium) yang
mengakibatkan radang pada pembungkus sendi. Akibat
sinovitis yang menahun, akan terjadi kerusakan pada tulang
rawan sendi, tulang, tendon & ligamen dalam sendi.
Peradangan sinovium menyebabkan keluarnya beberapa zat
yang menggerogoti tulang rawan sel sehingga menimbulkan
kerusakan tulang dan dapat berat
18. Destruksi jaringan sendi
1) Destruksi pencernaan oleh produk protease, kolegenase
dan enzim hidrolitik. Enzim tersebut berperan dalam
memecah tulang rawan, ligamen, tendon dan tulang pada
sendi yang dilepaskan bersamaan dengan radikal oksigen
dan asam arakhidonat oleh leukosit polimorfonuklear
dalam cairan sinovial.
2) Destruksi jaringan melalui kerja panus rhematoid. Panus
merupakan jaringan granulasi vaskular yang terbentuk
dari sinovium yang meradang yang kemudian meluas ke
sendi.
20. OSTEOARTRITIS RHEMATOID ARTRITIS
identifikasi kerusakan sendi tulang rawan
sendiri & pertumbuhan tulang
berlebihan.
peradangan pada selaput
sinovial hingga tulang rawan
hancur.
lokasi sering jari-jari, tangan atau
lutut.
masuk tubuh dengan gejala di
lebih dari satu bidang.
imun Tidak mengenai sistem
kekebalan tubuh.
penyakit autoimun, kekebalan
tidak berfungsi semestinya
Usia & JK > 40 tahun mengenai sama
antara laki dan perempuan.
setiap usia (20 - 60 th) dan
lebih sering pada wanita.
problem Dapat disebabkan oleh
obesitas, tekanan berulang-
ulang pada sendi.
tidak diketahui, tidak
disebabkan oleh gaya hidup.
considerations penyakit umum yang merusak
sendi.
Jarang terjadi tapi lebih serius
22. The synovium red due to blood vessel
diatations and thickened due to
inflammation and cellular infiltration.
Plus granulations form over the
synovial membrane now called as
pannus.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
23.
24. TANDA DAN GEJALA
o Kelelahan
o kehilangan energi
o Anoreksia,
o BB menurun
o Demam ringan,
o Sakit otot dan sendi, dan kekakuan terutama pagi hari.
o Kesulitan ADL ; memutar kenop pintu, membuka botol
o Bila mengenai sendi kecil kaki ; sakit saat jalan di pagi hari
saat bangun tidur
o Scleritis, peluritis, anemia, nodul rematoid, vaskulitis,
nekrosis
25. o Poliartritis simetris terutama sendi perifer termasuk tangan
o Deformitas
o Nodula rhematoid
o Deformitas yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan
kemampuan bergerak terutama saat ekstensi
TANDA DAN GEJALA
26. PENGKAJIAN
Riwayat kesehatan umum
Riwayat keluarga
Cara berjalan, struktur, ukuran muskuloskeletal
Aktivitas yang masih dapat dilakukan
Penyesuaian yang telah dilakukan oleh pasien
Perubahan fungsional
27. DATA DASAR PENGKAJIAN
Nyeri sendi saat bergerak, nyeri tekan, kekauan pada pagi
hari, limitasi fungsional, keletihan
Fenomena Tynaud jari dan tangan (pucat intermitten,
sianosis, kemerahan pada jari)
Ketergantungan pada orang lain
Anoreksia, nausea, vomiting, kesulitan mengunyah.
Kebas/kesemutan pada tangan dan kaki sampai hilangnya
sensasi
Nyeri akut dengan /tanpa bengkan jaringan lunak, nyeri
kronis dan kekakuan terutam pad pagi hari.
Kulit mengkilat, tegang, nodul subcutaneus, kekeringa
membran mukosa
29. Mulut
lesi pada pipi/sublingual, perubahan daya pengecap, kering,
disfagia, kesulitan pengunyah
Dada
nyeri pleuritik, penurunan ekspansi dada, Intoleransi
aktivitas (dispnea)
Sistem KV
jari tangan pucat saat dingin, pulsus perifer
Abdomen
perubahan defekasi, mual/muntah, meteorismus, nyeri,
perubahan berat badan
30. Genetalia
kering/gatal, haid abnormal, perubahan kinerja seksual,
higiene, uretritis dan disuria, lesi
Neurologik
paraestesia ekstrimitas, corak refleks yang abnormal, sakit
kepala.
Muskuloskeletal
kemerahan sendi/hangat/bengkak/nyeri tekan atau
deformitas, rentang gerak sendi, gambaran jaringan
atropi/nodul subkutan, kista poplitea, kekuatan otot.
31. Nilai laboraturium
LED meningkat pesat (80 – mm/h), hitung darah lengkap
(anemia), trombosit, kadar salisilat, leukositosis
X ray
hilangnya kartilago, penyempitan rongg sendi, abnormalitas
kartolago, erosi sendi, pertumbuhan tulang yang abnormal,
osteopania
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
32. Pemindaian tulang
mencerminkan derajat pengambilan absorbsi isotop
radioaktif oleh jaringan tulang.
Biopsi
b. arteri u memeriksa spesimen arteri, biopsi kulit u
memastikan inflamasi jaringan ikat
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
34. Diagnostic Criteria for RA
≥ 4 criteria present > 6 wks
Morning stiffness > 1 hour
Arthritis of ≥ 3 joints areas
(PIP, MCP, wrist, elbow,
knee, ankle, and MTP)
Arthritis of hand joints
(wrist, MCP, PIP)
Symmetric arthritis
Rheumatoid nodules
RF+
Radiographic changes
Erosions
Unequivocal periarticular
osteopenia
35.
36. DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN
Nyeri b.d inflamasi dan peningkatan aktivitas penyakit,
mudah lelah, keterbatasan aktivitas
Keletihan b.d peningkatan aktivitas penyakit, nyeri,
tidur/istirahat yang tidak memadai, dekondisioning, nutrisi
yang tidak memadai
Kerusakan mobilitas fisik b.d penurunan ROM, kelemahan
otot, nyeri pergerakan, keterbatasan ketahanan fisik,
kurangnya/tidak tepatnya penggunaan alat-alat ambulatori.
37. Kurang perawatan diri b.d kontraktur, keltihaan atau
gagngguan gerak
Gg citra tubh b.d perubahan atau ketergantungan fisik serta
psikologis karena penyakit atau terapi
Koping tidak efektif b.d gaya hidup atau perubahan peranan
yang aktual atau yang dirasakan.
38. PENATALAKSANAAN
Memberikan obat anti inflamasi
Melindungi sendi, meredakan nyeri dengan bidai, terapi suhu,
relaksasi
Mengimplementasikan latihan ROM dan penguatan otot
Menggunakan sarana atau teknik adaptasi
Menyampaiakn dan menyegarkan kembali informasi yang
diajarkan kepada pasien.
Meningkatakn penatalaksanaan mandiri oleh pasien yang
kompatibel dengan program terapi
39. PENGOBATAN
The first-line drugs,
aspirin and cortisone (corticosteroids)
The slow-acting second-line drugs,
methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall),
hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), promote disease remission
and prevent progressive joint destruction, but they are not
anti-inflammatory agents.
41. INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN
Meredakan nyeri
- preparat analgetik seperti asetaminopen
- strategi koping yang memungkinkan
- program penurunan berat badan
- kompres hangat bisa mandi rendam/siram
- kompres dingin untuk nyeri akut
- penggunaan verban tekan, bidai & alat bantu mobilisasi
- Dorong pasien mengutarakan nyerinya
- jelaskan patofisiologi nyeri pasien
- lakukan penilaian terhadap perubahan subyektif pada
nyeri
42. Mengurangi keletihan
- istirahat, pemakaian bidai, mbatasi gerakan & stres pd sendi
- mandi hangat dan penggunaan teknik teknik relaksasi
- lantihan kondisoning ; bersepeda, jalan, berenang
Meningkatkan tidur restoratif
Meningkatkan mobilitas
- pengaturan posisi tubuh yang tepat ; terlentang, duduk.
- latihan gerak aktif maupun pasif
- perhatikan pemasangan bidai yang tepat
- penggunaan alat-alat bantu jalan.
Memperbaiki citra tubuh
43. HAWO TO LIFE A NORMAL LIFESTYLE
Connect with others, as in your family make them aware of how you’re
feeling. Find a family member or friend you can talk to when you’re feeling
overwhelmed
Take time for yourself. Its easy to get caught up in the busy world but
dont’t forget to take time for yourself, travel, go for a walk, listen to your
favorite music.
Know your limits. Your body knows when its oudone itself and need to
recharge, so let it. A rest or short nap that doesn’t interfere with your
regualr sleep schedule.
44. HoW TO LIFE A NORMAL LIFESTYLE
Exercise regularly, certain excersise can help strengthen the muscles
around the joints and promote growth. So take a short walk, go swimming.
Take controle, in other words make a plan for how you going to manage
your arthritis. This will help you feel in charge of your disease.
Apply heat or cold. Heat helps ease the pain and relax tense, painful
muscles.. Cold may lessen the sensation of pain but it also decreases
muscle spasms.
45. COMPLICATIONS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISCOMPLICATIONS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Swan neck deformities
Boutonniere deformities
Z deformity of thumb
Bow string sign
The tendons on the back of the hand may become very
prominent and tight, called the bow string sign.
46. Swan neck deformity
The deformity
arises from
hyperextension
of the proximal
interphalangea
l joint, while
the distal
interphalangea
l joint is flexed.
52. Boutonniere deformity
Flexion of the PIP joint accompanied by hyperextension of the DIP joint is
boutoniere deformity in little finger.
Flexion of the PIP joint accompanied by hyperextension of the DIP joint is
boutoniere deformity in little finger.
56. Bow string signBow string sign
The tendons on the back
of the hand may become
very prominent and
tight, called the bow
string sign.
Ulnar deviation
The direction of
prominent tendons is
like bow string
57. Rheumatoid nodulesRheumatoid nodules
Painless firm lumps that
appear beneath the skin,
often single or multiple,
and range in size from
millimeters to centimeters
in diameter occur on the
underside of the forearm
and on the elbow.
58. Rheumatoid nodulesRheumatoid nodules
But they can also occur on
other pressure points,
including the back of the
head, the base of the
spine, the Achilles tendon,
and the tendons of the
hand
60. Rheumatoid nodulesRheumatoid nodules
Although nodules are
mostly benign,
complications such as
infection, ulceration, and
gangrene can occur
following breakdown of
skin overlying the
nodules.
61. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
Skin and
muscles
become
atrophic (thin
and
wrinkled),
making it
fragile and
easy to bruise
62. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
Skin on the
back of the
hands may
become pale
or even
translucent
Nails may
become brittle
and split
length-wise
63. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
The palms
become
reddened
(palmer
erythema)
64. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
Dark purplish
areas on the
skin (purpura)
are caused by
bleeding into
the skin from
blood vessels
damaged by
rheumatoid
arthritis.
65. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
Rheumatoid
Vasculitis can
cause many
internal
symptoms, ,
hepatomegaly
(enlarged liver),
splenomegaly
(enlarged spleen),
bowel ulcers, and
haematuria (blood
in urine).
68. Skin complications of RASkin complications of RA
Skin ulcers
(usually leg ulcers)
may be extensive
and painful
Petechiae
(purplish spots) or
purpura
Nail fold or edge
breakdown
Gangrene
69. Skin complications
of RA
Skin complications
of RA
Neutrophilic
dermatoses
Neutrophils are a
type of white blood
cell (leucocyte).
They are present in
bacterial infections.
They are the
prominent cell seen
on skin biopsy of
some uncommon
inflammatory skin
diseases known as
neutrophilic
dermatoses.
70. Skin complications
of RA
Skin complications
of RA
Sweet disease
and pyoderma
gangrenosum are
other
neutrophilic
disorders
sometimes seen
in association
with rheumatoid
arthritis.
Pyoderma
gangrenosum
71. Skin complications
of RA
Skin complications
of RA
Interstitial
granulomatous
dermatitis.
also known as
‘rheumatoid
papules’, interstitial
granulomatous
dermatitis presents
as skin coloured or
red papules often on
the trunk. It is rare.
72. Skin complications
of RA
Skin complications
of RA
RA can affect the
glands located near
the eyes and
mouth, resulting in
a condition called
secondary
Sjögren's
syndrome.
Decreased tear and
saliva production
can cause dry
mouth, and dry
eyes.
74. Nervous complications of RANervous complications of RA
Entrapment of
nerves. Carpal
tunnel
syndrome or
ulnar nerve
neuropathy
including
sensory or
motor
neuropathy
(loss of
sensation)
75.
76. Nervous complications of RANervous complications of RA
Formation of a Baker's
cyst (a cyst filled with
joint fluid and located in
the hollow space at the
back of the knee).
Its herniation of
posterior capsule
77. OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF RAOCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF RA
RA can also cause
inflammation of the
sclera (white part of the
eye), which may make
the sclera appear red or
bluish in color.
kelelahan, kehilangan energi, kurang nafsu makan, demam ringan, sakit otot dan sendi, dan kekakuan. Otot dan kekakuan sendi biasanya paling terkemuka di pagi hari dan setelah periode tidak aktif. Arthritis adalah penyakit umum selama flare. Juga selama flare, sendi sering menjadi merah, bengkak, sakit, dan tender. Hal ini terjadi karena jaringan lapisan dari sendi (sinovium) menjadi meradang, sehingga produksi cairan sendi yang berlebihan (cairan sinovial). Para sinovium juga menebal dengan peradangan (sinovitis).
kesulitan dengan tugas-tugas sederhana hidup sehari-hari, seperti memutar kenop pintu dan membuka botol.
Sendi kecil kaki juga sering terlibat, yang dapat mengakibatkan berjalan menyakitkan, terutama di pagi hari setelah timbul dari tempat tidur.
Karena rheumatoid arthritis adalah penyakit sistemik, peradangan yang dapat mempengaruhi organ-organ dan bagian tubuh selain sendi. Radang kelenjar mata dan mulut bisa menyebabkan kekeringan daerah ini dan disebut sebagai sindrom Sjogren's.
Kekeringan pada mata dapat menyebabkan abrasi kornea. Peradangan bagian putih mata (sclerae) adalah disebut sebagai scleritis dan bisa sangat berbahaya bagi mata.
Arthritis radang pada selaput paru (pleuritis) menyebabkan nyeri dada dengan bernafas dalam, sesak nafas, atau batuk. Jaringan paru-paru itu sendiri juga dapat menjadi meradang, bekas luka, dan kadang-kadang nodul dari peradangan (nodul rheumatoid) berkembang dalam paru-paru. Peradangan dari jaringan (perikardium) yang mengelilingi jantung, perikarditis disebut, bisa menyebabkan nyeri dada yang biasanya perubahan intensitas saat berbaring atau bersandar ke depan.
Penyakit rematik dapat mengurangi jumlah sel darah merah (anemia) dan sel darah putih. Penurunan sel darah putih dapat dikaitkan dengan pembesaran limpa (disebut sebagai sindrom Felty) dan dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi.
Kantor benjolan di bawah kulit (nodul rheumatoid) dapat terjadi di sekitar siku dan jari-jari di mana ada tekanan sering. Walaupun nodul ini biasanya tidak menimbulkan gejala, kadang-kadang mereka bisa menjadi terinfeksi. Saraf dapat menjadi terjepit di pergelangan tangan menyebabkan carpal tunnel syndrome.
Sebuah komplikasi, jarang serius, biasanya dengan penyakit rematik lama, adalah peradangan pembuluh darah (vaskulitis).
Vaskulitis dapat mengganggu suplai darah ke jaringan dan menyebabkan kematian jaringan (nekrosis). Hal ini paling sering awalnya terlihat sebagai area hitam kecil di sekitar tempat tidur kuku atau sebagai borok kaki.
Artritis erosif pada gambaran radiologis, merupakan ciri khas penyakit ini
Artritis erosif pada gambaran radiologis, merupakan ciri khas penyakit ini