This document provides maintenance instructions for air suspension systems used on Indian Railways coaches. It describes the working principle of pneumatic suspension and its advantages over coil suspension. It includes details on the construction and components of air springs, as well as the schematic layout of the pneumatic suspension control equipment. Procedures are provided for inspection, maintenance and repair of air springs, pipes, and related components. Guidelines are also given for adjusting bogie clearances and buffer coupler heights when using air suspension.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the updated Indian Railways Unified Maintenance Manual for Wagons. Some key points:
- The previous maintenance manual was published in 1979 and did not cover air brake systems, which have since been introduced.
- A committee was formed in 1998 to revise and update the manual to reflect modern wagon designs, maintenance strategies, and technological upgrades across Indian Railways.
- The updated manual provides comprehensive maintenance instructions for all wagon systems, with a focus on air brake systems. It is intended to serve as a single reference for wagon maintenance.
- Standardized numbering conventions are used for chapters, paragraphs, figures and tables to facilitate future revisions as new stock is introduced.
This document provides guidance on the safe operation of a Hydra crane. It outlines proper procedures for marching with and without loads, including maintaining slow speeds, full boom retraction, and load stability. It emphasizes the importance of understanding load capacities and ensuring the load's center of gravity is properly positioned. Operators are instructed to lift within the crane's capacity, avoid unsuitable terrain, and not use the crane for inappropriate tasks like dragging. The document stresses the role of trained operators and helpers in preventing accidents.
The document provides procedures for rake testing freight stock. Key steps include:
1. Conducting a visual inspection of the rake and repairing any defects.
2. Attaching a portable test rig or locomotive to the rake and testing for continuity and leaks in the brake and feed pipes.
3. Performing a service brake application and release test to check brake cylinder strokes and that brakes apply properly.
4. Ensuring at least 90% of brake cylinders are operative on the rake.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
Maintenance and Manufacturing of RailwaysSwapnil Pawar
The document provides details about an internship training project conducted by three students at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction to the workshop, certificates of completion for the students, an acknowledgment, and an index of topics covered in the internship report such as air brakes, toilets, corrosion, welding, and locomotive systems.
Design and fabrication_automatic_conveyor_pptDuraimuruganM27
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automatic conveyor system. The system uses an 8051 microcontroller and IR sensors to detect objects and avoid unnecessary motion of the conveyor. It is intended to reduce power consumption and prevent wasted motion. The conveyor uses a belt driven by pulleys and motors. Design calculations are shown for components like the motor, belt, and bearings. A cost estimate of 4000 rupees is provided. Literature on conveyor design improvements and applications is reviewed. The conclusion states that the automatic control can reduce consumption and wasted motion to increase equipment lifetime.
The document discusses various types of CASNUB bogies used in Indian railways. It provides details of the components and features of CASNUB -22W, -22W(M), -22W(Retrofitted), -22NL, -22NLB, -22NLM, and -22HS bogies. The bogies comprise side frames, a bolster, springs, a centre pivot arrangement, friction plates, and other components. The document also outlines inspection and maintenance criteria for key bogie components like the adapter and side frames.
This document provides maintenance instructions for air suspension systems used on Indian Railways coaches. It describes the working principle of pneumatic suspension and its advantages over coil suspension. It includes details on the construction and components of air springs, as well as the schematic layout of the pneumatic suspension control equipment. Procedures are provided for inspection, maintenance and repair of air springs, pipes, and related components. Guidelines are also given for adjusting bogie clearances and buffer coupler heights when using air suspension.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the updated Indian Railways Unified Maintenance Manual for Wagons. Some key points:
- The previous maintenance manual was published in 1979 and did not cover air brake systems, which have since been introduced.
- A committee was formed in 1998 to revise and update the manual to reflect modern wagon designs, maintenance strategies, and technological upgrades across Indian Railways.
- The updated manual provides comprehensive maintenance instructions for all wagon systems, with a focus on air brake systems. It is intended to serve as a single reference for wagon maintenance.
- Standardized numbering conventions are used for chapters, paragraphs, figures and tables to facilitate future revisions as new stock is introduced.
This document provides guidance on the safe operation of a Hydra crane. It outlines proper procedures for marching with and without loads, including maintaining slow speeds, full boom retraction, and load stability. It emphasizes the importance of understanding load capacities and ensuring the load's center of gravity is properly positioned. Operators are instructed to lift within the crane's capacity, avoid unsuitable terrain, and not use the crane for inappropriate tasks like dragging. The document stresses the role of trained operators and helpers in preventing accidents.
The document provides procedures for rake testing freight stock. Key steps include:
1. Conducting a visual inspection of the rake and repairing any defects.
2. Attaching a portable test rig or locomotive to the rake and testing for continuity and leaks in the brake and feed pipes.
3. Performing a service brake application and release test to check brake cylinder strokes and that brakes apply properly.
4. Ensuring at least 90% of brake cylinders are operative on the rake.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
Maintenance and Manufacturing of RailwaysSwapnil Pawar
The document provides details about an internship training project conducted by three students at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction to the workshop, certificates of completion for the students, an acknowledgment, and an index of topics covered in the internship report such as air brakes, toilets, corrosion, welding, and locomotive systems.
Design and fabrication_automatic_conveyor_pptDuraimuruganM27
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automatic conveyor system. The system uses an 8051 microcontroller and IR sensors to detect objects and avoid unnecessary motion of the conveyor. It is intended to reduce power consumption and prevent wasted motion. The conveyor uses a belt driven by pulleys and motors. Design calculations are shown for components like the motor, belt, and bearings. A cost estimate of 4000 rupees is provided. Literature on conveyor design improvements and applications is reviewed. The conclusion states that the automatic control can reduce consumption and wasted motion to increase equipment lifetime.
The document discusses various types of CASNUB bogies used in Indian railways. It provides details of the components and features of CASNUB -22W, -22W(M), -22W(Retrofitted), -22NL, -22NLB, -22NLM, and -22HS bogies. The bogies comprise side frames, a bolster, springs, a centre pivot arrangement, friction plates, and other components. The document also outlines inspection and maintenance criteria for key bogie components like the adapter and side frames.
Indian Railways Training on Coach Care CentreRao Khola
The document summarizes maintenance procedures for Indian railway coaches. Coaches receive secondary maintenance every 2500 km which includes washing, cleaning, and brake testing. More extensive primary maintenance is done every 6 hours and includes tasks like oil changes and wheel inspections. Major maintenance is done in the sick line workshop and can include works like separating coaches from bogies for repair. Platform train duty involves safety checks before departure including axle temperature checks and verifying the brake power certificate.
A full maintenance program takes responsibility for maintaining a fleet of forklifts away from the customer and puts it in the hands of experts. It includes all manufacturer recommended services and repairs for major components. The main advantage is predictable monthly costs that allow easy budgeting. The servicing dealer is responsible for maintenance records and motivated to reduce costs. A full maintenance program may not be suitable if a fleet has low utilization and reasonable costs.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Kumar from the Institute of Engineering & Management in Kolkata. It describes his 15-day summer training at the Carriage and Wagon Workshop of the Northeast Frontier Railway in New Bongaigaon, Assam. The report provides details about the workshop, including its history and activities. It also describes several shops within the workshop such as the wheel turning shop, roller bearing shop, machine shop, and others. In each shop, it outlines the key machines and operations.
Summer Training Report on Indian Railways , C& W Workshop, NBQ, AssamDeepjyoti Patowary
This project report is based on Indian Railways Carriage and Wagon Workshop, New Bongaigaon, Assam under North-East Frontier (NFR) Railways. Project is uploaded here only based on educational purpose which will help the students studying engineering and undergoes industrial training. It may have some doubtful information. Readers are asked to re-verify the pieces of information before use.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of Indian Railways coaches. It discusses the history of Indian Railways beginning in 1853. It then outlines the three main rail coach factories in India and describes the two main types of coaches, ICF and LHB. For each coach type, it summarizes the key technical specifications including average speeds, materials used, braking systems, and safety features. It also briefly discusses the three power supply systems and the main R&D centers. In closing, it lists some key facts about Indian Railways coaches including the different train types and the railway zones.
Ajmer Railway locomotive Training ReportAshok Meena
The document discusses a summer training report submitted by Ashok Meena for their B.Tech degree. It provides details about their practical training at the locomotive workshop of North Western Railway in India. The report covers various departments and processes at the workshop, including wheel testing and repair, bogie assembly, diesel locomotive maintenance, and scheduled examinations.
The document provides safety guidelines for operating overhead cranes and hoists. It states that equipment must be inspected daily for wear and damage before use. Operators should warn others to stay clear of lifted loads and never allow anyone to ride the hook or load. Loads should be lifted smoothly and directly below the hoist, and brakes should be tested when lifting near maximum capacity. Cranes should never be left unattended while loads are suspended.
The Northern Railways is one of the 16 zones and the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways. Its headquarter is New Delhi Railway Station.
Northern Railways is one of nine old zones of Indian Railways and also the biggest in terms of network having 6807 kilometre route.[1] It covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and the Union territories of Delhi and Chandigarh.
Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai provides inplant training. This report details the training of Akshay Ghanwat and Satish Ghatge during the 2015-16 academic year. It describes the various shops in the workshop including the machine shop with lathes, CNC machines, and tools. It also discusses the wheel shop, welding shop, diesel locomotives, narrow gauge locomotives, and cranes.
The document is a four week industrial training report submitted by Deewan Singh to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at GLA University in Mathura. It provides an overview of Singh's training at the Division Carriage & Wagon Depot in Agra, including declarations, acknowledgements and a table of contents covering topics like the role of Carriage & Wagon in railways, types of coaches like ICF and LHB, bogie components, wheel defects and more.
The document provides information about Indian Railways and the North Western Railway zone. It discusses the Mechanical Department which oversees maintenance of rolling stock. It then summarizes the Ajmer Railway Workshop and Carriage Workshop, noting their history and roles in maintaining coaches. The document outlines different types of train maintenance including primary, turnaround, and secondary maintenance. It also describes maintenance schedules for coaches including A-Schedule, B-Schedule and periodic overhauling.
The document discusses electric overhead cranes. It describes how cranes are used to move materials in industrial settings and can be powered electrically. There are different types of electric overhead cranes including single girder, double girder, gantry, and monorail cranes. The document provides details on crane components, specifications to consider when selecting a crane, classifications of cranes by duty cycle, and methods for powering electric cranes.
This presentation provides an overview of the Jagadhri railway workshop located in Yamuna Nagar, India. It discusses the workshop's history and expansion over time. It also briefly describes different types of rolling stock used in railways like locomotives, coaches, wagons, and EMU and DMU trains. The presentation then covers important components of rolling stock like bodies, running gear, bogies, wheels, axles, and springs. It discusses maintenance processes like wheel fitting, axle grinding, ultrasonic testing, and repairs to brake cylinders and air brakes. Finally, it lists the main parts of a train trolley.
This is the hand book made by Jhansi Division of Indian Railways for the benefit of Railwaymen in particular to the staff involved in C&W maintenance. Excellent effort by the team.
This document provides an overview of overhead crane safety. It defines overhead cranes and lists their main parts. It describes the types of inspections that must be performed on cranes, including initial, frequent, periodic and annual inspections. It also covers crane operations, rigging, sling safety, and maintenance procedures. The key points are to inspect cranes and slings thoroughly before each use, follow load rating limits, and only have trained operators run cranes to prevent accidents.
This document is a training report submitted by Turendar Sahu to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an overview of Sahu's 4-week training at the South East Central Railway in Bilaspur, India. The report includes sections on the company profile, LHB coaches, types of coaches, couplers, and other technical aspects of the railway systems that Sahu learned about during the training.
This study analyzed human errors among 100 manual railway workers in Australia with over 1 year of experience. 80% of workers reported musculoskeletal disorders in at least one body region in the previous 12 months. The study aims to quantify the prevalence of human errors and how they can cause injuries, mortality and functional limitations among manual railway workers. Risk factors like repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, prolonged awkward postures and vibrations were found to increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal disorders and reduce work efficiency.
Review: Development and trends in vehicle safety automationDominic Portain
A brief review about the history, philosophy and current trends concerning automotive safety automation
...and why we won't have automatic cars during the next few decades
Indian Railways Training on Coach Care CentreRao Khola
The document summarizes maintenance procedures for Indian railway coaches. Coaches receive secondary maintenance every 2500 km which includes washing, cleaning, and brake testing. More extensive primary maintenance is done every 6 hours and includes tasks like oil changes and wheel inspections. Major maintenance is done in the sick line workshop and can include works like separating coaches from bogies for repair. Platform train duty involves safety checks before departure including axle temperature checks and verifying the brake power certificate.
A full maintenance program takes responsibility for maintaining a fleet of forklifts away from the customer and puts it in the hands of experts. It includes all manufacturer recommended services and repairs for major components. The main advantage is predictable monthly costs that allow easy budgeting. The servicing dealer is responsible for maintenance records and motivated to reduce costs. A full maintenance program may not be suitable if a fleet has low utilization and reasonable costs.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Kumar from the Institute of Engineering & Management in Kolkata. It describes his 15-day summer training at the Carriage and Wagon Workshop of the Northeast Frontier Railway in New Bongaigaon, Assam. The report provides details about the workshop, including its history and activities. It also describes several shops within the workshop such as the wheel turning shop, roller bearing shop, machine shop, and others. In each shop, it outlines the key machines and operations.
Summer Training Report on Indian Railways , C& W Workshop, NBQ, AssamDeepjyoti Patowary
This project report is based on Indian Railways Carriage and Wagon Workshop, New Bongaigaon, Assam under North-East Frontier (NFR) Railways. Project is uploaded here only based on educational purpose which will help the students studying engineering and undergoes industrial training. It may have some doubtful information. Readers are asked to re-verify the pieces of information before use.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of Indian Railways coaches. It discusses the history of Indian Railways beginning in 1853. It then outlines the three main rail coach factories in India and describes the two main types of coaches, ICF and LHB. For each coach type, it summarizes the key technical specifications including average speeds, materials used, braking systems, and safety features. It also briefly discusses the three power supply systems and the main R&D centers. In closing, it lists some key facts about Indian Railways coaches including the different train types and the railway zones.
Ajmer Railway locomotive Training ReportAshok Meena
The document discusses a summer training report submitted by Ashok Meena for their B.Tech degree. It provides details about their practical training at the locomotive workshop of North Western Railway in India. The report covers various departments and processes at the workshop, including wheel testing and repair, bogie assembly, diesel locomotive maintenance, and scheduled examinations.
The document provides safety guidelines for operating overhead cranes and hoists. It states that equipment must be inspected daily for wear and damage before use. Operators should warn others to stay clear of lifted loads and never allow anyone to ride the hook or load. Loads should be lifted smoothly and directly below the hoist, and brakes should be tested when lifting near maximum capacity. Cranes should never be left unattended while loads are suspended.
The Northern Railways is one of the 16 zones and the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways. Its headquarter is New Delhi Railway Station.
Northern Railways is one of nine old zones of Indian Railways and also the biggest in terms of network having 6807 kilometre route.[1] It covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and the Union territories of Delhi and Chandigarh.
Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai provides inplant training. This report details the training of Akshay Ghanwat and Satish Ghatge during the 2015-16 academic year. It describes the various shops in the workshop including the machine shop with lathes, CNC machines, and tools. It also discusses the wheel shop, welding shop, diesel locomotives, narrow gauge locomotives, and cranes.
The document is a four week industrial training report submitted by Deewan Singh to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at GLA University in Mathura. It provides an overview of Singh's training at the Division Carriage & Wagon Depot in Agra, including declarations, acknowledgements and a table of contents covering topics like the role of Carriage & Wagon in railways, types of coaches like ICF and LHB, bogie components, wheel defects and more.
The document provides information about Indian Railways and the North Western Railway zone. It discusses the Mechanical Department which oversees maintenance of rolling stock. It then summarizes the Ajmer Railway Workshop and Carriage Workshop, noting their history and roles in maintaining coaches. The document outlines different types of train maintenance including primary, turnaround, and secondary maintenance. It also describes maintenance schedules for coaches including A-Schedule, B-Schedule and periodic overhauling.
The document discusses electric overhead cranes. It describes how cranes are used to move materials in industrial settings and can be powered electrically. There are different types of electric overhead cranes including single girder, double girder, gantry, and monorail cranes. The document provides details on crane components, specifications to consider when selecting a crane, classifications of cranes by duty cycle, and methods for powering electric cranes.
This presentation provides an overview of the Jagadhri railway workshop located in Yamuna Nagar, India. It discusses the workshop's history and expansion over time. It also briefly describes different types of rolling stock used in railways like locomotives, coaches, wagons, and EMU and DMU trains. The presentation then covers important components of rolling stock like bodies, running gear, bogies, wheels, axles, and springs. It discusses maintenance processes like wheel fitting, axle grinding, ultrasonic testing, and repairs to brake cylinders and air brakes. Finally, it lists the main parts of a train trolley.
This is the hand book made by Jhansi Division of Indian Railways for the benefit of Railwaymen in particular to the staff involved in C&W maintenance. Excellent effort by the team.
This document provides an overview of overhead crane safety. It defines overhead cranes and lists their main parts. It describes the types of inspections that must be performed on cranes, including initial, frequent, periodic and annual inspections. It also covers crane operations, rigging, sling safety, and maintenance procedures. The key points are to inspect cranes and slings thoroughly before each use, follow load rating limits, and only have trained operators run cranes to prevent accidents.
This document is a training report submitted by Turendar Sahu to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an overview of Sahu's 4-week training at the South East Central Railway in Bilaspur, India. The report includes sections on the company profile, LHB coaches, types of coaches, couplers, and other technical aspects of the railway systems that Sahu learned about during the training.
This study analyzed human errors among 100 manual railway workers in Australia with over 1 year of experience. 80% of workers reported musculoskeletal disorders in at least one body region in the previous 12 months. The study aims to quantify the prevalence of human errors and how they can cause injuries, mortality and functional limitations among manual railway workers. Risk factors like repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, prolonged awkward postures and vibrations were found to increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal disorders and reduce work efficiency.
Review: Development and trends in vehicle safety automationDominic Portain
A brief review about the history, philosophy and current trends concerning automotive safety automation
...and why we won't have automatic cars during the next few decades
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book on reliability engineering and optimal maintenance. The book covers topics like imperfect maintenance modeling, dependence, multi-component systems, warranty costs, and software reliability. It consists of research published by the authors and their co-authors. The book aims to present state-of-the-art models and methods for reliability, maintenance, and optimization across 11 chapters covering areas like quasi-renewal processes, series systems, opportunistic maintenance, degradation modeling, and software testing.
The document discusses the Federal Aviation Administration's use of human factors analysis in air traffic management systems. It addresses how human factors research focuses on human performance, safety analysis, and system optimization. The FAA integrates human factors throughout the system development life cycle from research and requirements definition to post-implementation monitoring to improve safety and performance. Challenges include fully integrating human factors programs, but the FAA addresses this through standards, education, and communication across lines of business.
This document provides an overview of reliability, availability, maintainability, safety (RAMS) and life cycle costs (LCC) as they relate to railway systems. It discusses key RAMS definitions and metrics like mean time between failures. Standards like EN 50126 are described which provide guidance on specifying RAMS targets and demonstrating their achievement over the system lifecycle. The document gives an example LCC calculation for a brake resistor fan component. It emphasizes that early design decisions greatly impact total LCC and that RAMS analysis and LCC estimation should be considered from the start of a railway system's concept phase.
This document summarizes several existing approaches to operational performance management in the airline industry, and proposes a new predictive safety performance management system (PSPMS). It describes frameworks like the ATMAP, ARMS, and APF which define key performance areas, indicators, and integrate safety data to assess performance. The document also discusses ICAO's safety management system requirements for continuous monitoring and assessment of safety performance. It concludes that a new human factors-based framework is needed to better govern system performance and safety by identifying what changes are required and measuring their effects.
A Review on Travel Time Reliability on Urban RoadsIRJET Journal
This document reviews travel time reliability on urban roads. It discusses how travel time reliability is an important performance measure for transportation systems as it measures consistency of travel times. Various measures of reliability are described, including 95th percentile travel time, buffer index, and planning time index. Major causes of congestion like bottlenecks, infrastructure issues, traffic incidents are explained. The systematic approach to determine reliability measures is outlined as selecting appropriate measures, collecting traffic data like volume, travel times, and speeds.
A supply chain consists of all parties involved
directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The supply
chain includes not only the manufacturers and suppliers, but also
transporters, workhouse, retailers and even customers
themselves. Within each organization, such as a manufactures,
the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and
filling a customer request. These functions include, but are not
limited to, new product development, marketing operations,
distributions, finance, and customer service. Supply chain
management (SCM) is the management of an interconnected or
interlinked between network, channel and node businesses
involved in the provision of product and service packages
required by the end customers in a supply chain. Supply chain
management spans the movement and storage of raw materials,
work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of
origin to point of consumption. It is also defined as the "design,
planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain
activities with the objective of creating net value, building a
competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics,
synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance
globally.
IRJET-To Analyze Calibration of Car-Following Behavior of VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the calibration of car-following behavior for vehicles. It discusses how car-following models are used in traffic simulations and the importance of choosing input parameters that accurately reflect real-world driver behavior. The document also examines how connectivity between vehicles can provide information to drivers to improve decision-making and safety. It proposes using percolation theory to model how communication range and vehicle density affect information availability and therefore traffic flow stability, especially with connected and autonomous vehicles. The goal is to develop a more accurate understanding of how connectivity impacts traffic behavior.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing preventative safety regulation in aviation rather than reactive regulation. It argues that current risk assessment methods are limited by relying on expert judgement without extensive data. There is also no integrated risk metric for the entire air transport system to assess different risks. As a result, the implementation of safety management systems may not be able to prevent complex system accidents involving multiple factors. The document calls for improvements to risk assessment methodologies and the development of a standardized system-wide risk metric in order to realize the goals of preventative safety management.
ENHANCING URBAN ROAD NETWORK EFFICIENCY IN KERALA, INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANA...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic congestion and level of service on urban roads in Tirur, Kerala, India. Data was collected using the moving observer car method at 7 locations along a 13 km stretch of road between Rajiv Gandhi Stadium and Nariparambu Junction. Travel time reliability indices, level of service, and regression analysis were used to evaluate traffic conditions. Key findings included that road width impacted level of service and travel time was influenced by road length and vehicle speed. Recommendations were proposed to address congestion issues and improve traffic flow efficiency to enhance the urban road network and travel experiences.
This document discusses queuing theory and its application to traffic flow modeling. Some key points:
- Queuing theory is the mathematical analysis of waiting lines or queues. It allows prediction of line lengths and waiting times.
- As it relates operations research, queuing theory results are used for business decisions about resource requirements for service provision.
- It is relevant for modeling customer service situations as well as transport and telecom applications. Specifically applicable to traffic systems.
- The document outlines components of a queuing model for traffic, including relationships between traffic flow, density, and speed. Models arrival and service rates to estimate time in the system.
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
M. Wardman, P.J. Mackie and A. Gillies-Smith.
Chapter 2 of 'Economic evaluation of systems of
infrastructure provision: concepts,
approaches, methods'.
iBUILD/Leeds Report, Edited by Andrew Brown
and Mary Robertson. October 2014.
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
This document discusses performance standards for safety critical equipment on offshore oil and gas drilling units. It defines performance standards as documents that link safety cases to preventative maintenance tasks by establishing acceptance criteria and critical operating parameters. Performance standards help reduce risks by monitoring asset integrity and ensuring safety systems function properly. Regulatory agencies now require performance standards to improve safety. The document provides examples of how performance standards specify maintenance controls and allow equipment performance to be measured and tracked over time.
A Review on Performance of Toll Plaza by using Queuing Theoryijtsrd
One of the key problems in the study of any stream of traffic system is the analysis of delay. Delay is a more delicate concept. It may be well defined as the difference between the actual travel time on a given section and some ideal travel time of that section. This raises the question as what is the ideal travel time. In practice, the ideal travel time chosen will depend on the situation. There are two particular travel times that seem best suited as benchmarks for assessment with the actual performance of the system. These are the travel times under free flow conditions and travel time at capacity. Most recent research has found that for highway systems, there is reasonably little difference between these two speeds. The analysis of delay normally focuses on the delay when demand exceeds its capacity. Such delay is known as queuing delay, and may be studied by means of queuing theory. This theory involves the analysis which is known as a queuing system, which is composed of a server, a stream of customers who demand service, and a queue or line of customers waiting to be served. A. N. V. Ravindra | Mr. S. Siva Gowri Prasad "A Review on Performance of Toll Plaza by using Queuing Theory" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/28068/a-review-on-performance-of-toll-plaza-by-using-queuing-theory/a-n-v-ravindra
Transport Cluster Submission into NTC Issues PaperAdam Sacca
The document summarizes Transport for NSW's response to the National Transport Commission's issues paper on regulatory barriers to automated vehicles. It supports a nationally consistent regulatory framework and trials to promote innovation while ensuring safety. It notes potential issues around defining "drivers", liability, and ensuring rules account for variations between states. The response provides detailed commentary, identifying additional issues around heavy vehicles, rail safety, and interactions between automated and non-automated vehicles.
This document discusses reliability modeling approaches for complex command and control systems. It proposes using a multi-formalism modeling technique that combines different modeling formalisms like fault trees, Bayesian networks, repairable fault trees, and generalized stochastic Petri nets. This allows different aspects of the system to be modeled based on the formalism best suited to that aspect. An example is given of a multi-formalism availability model for a railway control system that combines these different modeling formalisms. The document also provides a brief introduction to some common modeling formalisms used for reliability, safety and security evaluation.
This document discusses association analysis and its applications in aviation. It describes association analysis techniques like the Apriori, Eclat, and FP-Growth algorithms that can be used to uncover relationships between variables in aviation data. Examples of how association analysis can optimize processes like maintenance, customer loyalty programs, and marketing are provided. Best practices like interpreting rules and selecting appropriate support/confidence thresholds are also covered.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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3. An effective rail system depends on the seamless integration of
a number of complex systems. If one system fails, the whole
service can be severely affected.
Reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (R.A.M.S)
are seen as major contributors to the quality of railway service
and are well covered in the European standard EN 50126.
This standard recognizes that railway safety and availability
are interlinked and are regarded as the most important
elements, and they can only be achieved if all the reliability
and maintainability requirements are achieved.
The quality of railway service is not only influenced by the four
R.A.M.S elements, but also by operations, maintenance, and
other factors
4.
5.
6. The word ‘reliability’ developed from the word ‘rely’, which is defined as a ‘sense
of dependence or trust and perhaps has a notion to fall back on’.
It was first used as early as 1816 by the poet Samuel T. Coleridge, who wrote about
his friend who inspired everybody around him with “perfect consistency and
absolute reliability”.
Since then the concept of reliability has become rather popular, and is used
extensively by the general public as well by the technical community.
When used by the technical community, the context and interpretation of the word
becomes rather specific, and can deviate substantially from the popular meaning.
There are divergent definitions of ‘reliability’; but one of the more appropriate
and recently-used definitions in the context of asset reliability is “the probability
that an item will perform its intended function for a specific interval under stated
conditions”.
7.
8. At first glance the definition seems to be self-explanatory, and
misinterpretation appears improbable; but stakeholders need to ensure
that the extent of intended function, the duration of the specific
interval, and the scope of stated conditions are well understood.
Reliability analysis is a systematic approach to analyzing the reliability
of systems, identifying and accessing the frequency and causes of
failures, and controlling the consequence of failures.
There are many reasons why reliability is important, such as reputation,
customer satisfaction, operation and maintenance cost, repeat
business, and competitive advantage.
But from a maintenance point of view, reliability will contribute to
greater availability, which is particularly important in the context of
RAMS.
9. As part of RAMS, availability is seen as one of the most important
reliability performance measures of maintained systems. It is defined
that the item must be “in a state to perform the required function under
given conditions…”.
The importance of reliability and availability in the rail industry is best
described by Milutinovic, who quantifies the influence of reliability on
availability. Reliability and availability are often misinterpreted, and in
certain cases they are wrongly used as interchangeable terms.
Reliability can be grouped into the reliability of equipment and the
reliability of people.
Studies have been done on human factors that include the influence of
human reliability on systems.
10. “Karanikas” concluded that human errors contribute to more
than three quarters of the failures during the life of an
asset, and added that “expecting to achieve perfection from
an imperfect human is unrealistic”.
“Vanderhaegen” describes human behavioral degradation
when performing tasks, and system degradation due to
human actions.
Without ignoring the importance of human reliability, in this
article the focus will be primarily on the reliability of
equipment, regardless of the cause of failure.
As stated, reliability is important, but it should not be
pursued at any cost. Ultimately, the cost of reliability needs
to be weighed against the total combined operation and
downtime cost.
11. Maintenance of industrial equipment is defined by “Pintelon and
Gelders” as “all activities necessary to restore equipment to, or keep
it in a specified operating condition”.
The objective of maintenance is to maximize equipment availability
by improving the reliability of the system through scheduled
preventative maintenance, replacements, and inspections (PMRI).
Asset-intensive organizations should recognize the importance of an
effective maintenance function.
Sadly, however, in many organizations maintenance is seen as an
expense account and not as a value-adding process that is able to
increase reliability.
12. “Pham and Wang” realized that not all maintenance activities
improve the condition of an item, and categorized maintenance
according to the degree to which the operating conditions of an item
is restored. They defined the following types of maintenance:
perfect maintenance, which restores the operating condition of
the system to as-good as-new;
minimal maintenance, which leaves the condition as-bad-as-old;
imperfect maintenance, which leaves the system somewhere
between the bad-as-old and good-as-new condition;
worse maintenance, which causes a system failure rate or actual
age increases without breakdown;
worst maintenance, which unintentionally causes a failure or
breakdown.
13. Possible causes identified by “Pham and Wang” as ‘imperfect’,
‘worse’, or ‘worst’ maintenance include repairing the wrong
part, partially repairing the fault, replacing with faulty parts,
and human error.
It was believed by traditional maintenance practitioners that
most failures of equipment were age-related, and a common
mistake was to use a single maintenance strategy for all
equipment.
Failure models are often used to select the most appropriate
maintenance strategies, and most of the six traditional failure
curves for ageing equipment can be managed by periodic time-
based maintenance activities.
Some failures, however, cannot be prevented even by applying
the best maintenance strategy, and these failures need to be
predicted using statistical methods. This approach forms the
focus of this article.
14. Many studies have been done on railway reliability and its effects, such as
the relationship between reliability and productivity in railroad services,
the importance of railway reliability to convince drivers of passenger
vehicles to switch to public transport, the effect of unreliability on travel
time, overcrowding because of delays and its effect on the productivity
and efficiency of workers, and the effect of reliability on the availability
of the service.
Railway reliability can be measured in different ways, such as the
punctuality of the service, cancellations and delays, and the number of
realized connections between trains.
From a passenger perspective, the punctuality of the service is often
used as a reliability measure, defined as the probability that the train will
arrive at the final destination within a certain margin of the scheduled
arrival time.
15. The average punctuality of some major European metro railroad
operators is around 95 per cent, where trains arrive at the final
destination within the international margin of five minutes, although
some operators use a three-minute margin and still manage a
punctuality of around 95per cent.
In South Africa the punctuality of the Metrorail railway system was
84.5 per cent in 2011 based on five minutes, which leaves room for
improvement when compared with international benchmarks.
Studies clearly show that reliability is important to railroad
companies, and the consequences of unreliability cannot be ignored.
It is also clear that most reliability measures are based on the
performance of the rail service, and that they are lagging indicators
that cannot be related to the source of the unreliability.
Lagging indicators show how well assets are managed, whereas leading
indicators are forward-looking and help to manage the performance of
an asset.
16. Railway signaling system is a safety-related electronic system that is used
to ensure the safe operation of railway traffic.
The railway signaling system is the key system to ensure the safe operation
of railway traffic.
It is therefore important to have a safe and reliable railway signaling
system.
The railway authority defines requirements that should be complied with.
The technical safety report is a vital documentation for the demonstration
of fulfillment of requirements to the railway authority.
One important part of this Safety Case is the technical safety report. The
technical safety report shall include technical evidence for the safety of
the design.
17. The railway network is a complex and distributed system with
several technologies working together to fulfil the demands on
capacity, speed and mobility to transport goods and passengers.
The railway system can be divided into different systems depending
on functionality, for example, the rolling stock, the track, the
power supply, the signaling system, etc.
Railway signaling systems can be considered a group of complex
systems that together provide control, supervision and protection
of railway operation.
When a failure occurs in the railway signaling system, other safety
mitigation measures are put into place to continue railway
operation, e.g. reduced speed, with the driver responsible for safe
operation.
Briefly stated, failures of the railway signaling system affect both
the capacity and safety of the railway.
18. A failure in a signaling system has economic consequences (penalties, high amount
of maintenance resources, etc.), can affect operation (delays, cancellations, speed
restrictions, etc.), and have safety consequences.
With a failed signaling system, a driver will operate in a degraded mode, with
safety assured by other mitigation measures, such as low speed restrictions. The
possibility of operating in a degraded mode reduces the economic and operational
effects of a failure of the signaling systems, but makes it more difficult to evaluate
the railway operation, since a failure will not necessarily be visible when
considering the delays or cancelations, even though safety has been compromised.
Furthermore, the probability of being operative in a degraded mode is not easily
measurable, as it is not directly linked to the number of failures and delays.
19.
20. Maintenance management of signaling systems is challenging, given the
amount of information needed to perform good preventive and
corrective maintenance.
The lack of proper data can lead to incorrect failure identification,
which, in turn, means more time spent on corrective maintenance and
lower system availability.
Maintenance support performance can be improved through configuration
management applied to the item structure or the organization providing
maintenance.
The item structure takes care of the items that are part of the system;
meanwhile, the organization providing maintenance defines the structure
of the human resources that are needed to perform the maintenance.
21.
22. The presence of many different stakeholders running the
maintenance and operation aspects of the railway network requires
good knowledge transfer. Each stakeholder has different knowledge
and needs, but they all work on the same railway system.
When maintenance activities are outsourced, there is a risk of losing
the knowledge required to perform these activities.
It can be difficult to find a company with the required knowledge, or
to study the effects on maintenance of a change in the infrastructure
design.
The knowledge transfer of best practices between different
stakeholders can provide benefits to all of them. Better efficiency of
maintenance activities can be achieved by taking advantage of the
available maintenance knowledge, thus contributing to time and
costs savings.
23. The methodology is now demonstrated by means of a case
study, where the reliability of rolling stock at Metrorail (a
subsidiary of the Passenger Rail Service of South Africa
(PRASA)) was modelled. Metrorail operates an ageing fleet of
trains, some in operation since 1958, and they
predominantly make use of cancellations and delays as
reliability measures for their fleet.
24. Metrorail defines a motor coach (MC) as a powered rail vehicle
able to pull unpowered passenger trailers (PT) and also able to
transport passengers.
A typical Metrorail train set consists of nine PTs and three MCs,
with an MC in the middle and at each end of the train set.
The contribution of PTs towards the reliability of a train set is
insignificant compared with the contribution of the MCs.
Thus, for the purpose of this article, the train set is
represented by three MCs only.
An MC consists of various sub-systems, configured in series and
parallel.
25. Although the subsystems have several components, a basic model was
constructed demonstrating the interaction of four different sub-
systems. Although a risk analysis, based on the impact and probability
of occurrence, would have been more effective in identifying the
components within each sub-system, the approach in this study is to
construct a basic model where each sub-system is represented by a
single component. The reasons for specifically selecting these
components for the MC model are:
each component is the main component in the respective sub-
system;
the components are either an electric motor or driven by an
electric motor;
these combined components contribute to more than 60 per cent of
cancellations and delays of rolling stock at Metrorail;
these components are serialized, repaired by Metrorail, and the
failure data is available.
26. Detail of the selected components is listed in Table 3, where the number of components
required to survive in either an MC or a train set is indicated. The RBD of an MC is shown in
Figure 5, which show the inter-relationship of the components and the redundancy.
27. Methods for the dependability and safety evaluation of railway
signaling systems4 Figure 1: RBD of a signaling system. The various
systems, such as track circuits or level crossings, provide input to
interlocking systems and radio block center systems (RBC).
Interlocking systems receive information, process it and make new
restrictions on system components.
For example, they can provide information to onboard signaling
systems through the GSM-R system. The onboard signaling system is
composed of a centralized computer that processes the different
inputs, giving supervision during the train’s operation.
An odometry system constantly measures the speed and acceleration
of the train. The balise antenna reads the information from the balises
placed on the track. The man-machine interface allows the driver to
interact with the onboard computer.
28. Most of the components are connected in series on an MC with redundancy
only in the traction motors (TMs). The TMs are best described as a
balanced k-out-of-n system represented by a series-parallel system, where
each bogie on the MC is represented by two TMs in series. AN MC needs to
have at least two TMs operating in series, which means that the failure of
one TM will shut down the other TM on the same bogie.
By making use of equations (1), (2) and with individual reliabilities for
each component, the reliability of the TM sub-system can be calculated as
where R=Reliability, R1=Reliability of TM1, R2 = Reliability of
TM2, etc.
29. The RBD for a train set consisting of three MCs is shown in Figure 6. It can
be seen that more redundancy is present in this configuration than in a
single MC. The power generation, vacuum, and compressed air systems are
best described as k-out-of-n systems, where two out of three sub-systems
are required to be operational for the system to be functional.
30. The data represents nearly 200 MCs of the 5M-type train. It was reported by
Metrorail that the data is incomplete, as the FMMS was not operating at times.
Thus the assumption is made that the available data represents the real situation.
For the purpose of this article, three MCs were selected with the worst failure
data during the observation period.
For the sake of simplicity, failure data was limited to the replacement of
components only – that is, perfect maintenance – ignoring any maintenance done in
between the replacements.
All components have one or more truncated failure observations (also called
suspensions), where the last failure data points of the data set are not failures, but
merely the end or beginning of the observation period.
31.
32.
33. Based on the results presented in this article, it can be
concluded that system reliability for rolling stock in the rail
environment can be successfully quantified.
This reliability measure is a leading indicator, and the source of
unreliability can be identified.
Based on lifetime data and the interdependency of different
systems, the overall reliability and the contribution of each
component in the entire system can be calculated.
It is also shown how time-dependent reliability expressions are
used to study reliability over the life of the system.
34. Instead of using time-based maintenance, maintenance
schedules can now be created based on the reliability of
individual train sets.
Train sets that meet the reliability target can be scheduled
for maintenance less frequently than train sets that do not
meet the target.
Not only will the availability of train sets be higher, but the
effort of the maintenance department will be focused on the
less reliable train sets.
This provides a different approach to maintenance
management for ageing rolling stock fleets, and with the
abundance of failure statistics, this method can contribute to
RAMS in rolling stock.