Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan
A proper study of the microbial infection on the human health in Pakistan. In this we cover the whole Pakistan and show you at what extent the water is polluted due to the inefficiency of the people .
This document discusses the challenges of sustainable water quality management in rural India. It notes that rural India, which makes up 70% of the population, often lacks interventions to monitor and ensure water quality that are present in major cities. The groundwater that rural India relies on as its main source of drinking water is often contaminated with problems like fluoride, arsenic, iron and salts. Effective water quality management requires redesigning data management systems, upgrading district-level laboratories, and addressing technical, legal and institutional issues. Decentralizing health monitoring at the village level through capacity building is also needed.
The document discusses factors that affect water quality and cause deterioration. It notes that water quality is influenced by both natural factors like geology and hydrology as well as human interferences. The major threats to water quality are scarcity, pathogenic pollution, oxygen depletion, salinity, and toxicity. The main causes of water quality degradation are point sources of pollution like domestic and industrial wastewater, and non-point sources like agricultural and storm runoff. Untreated sewage is a significant pollutant as India has a large gap between sewage generation and treatment. Other problems discussed are high levels of biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, heavy metals, and chemicals. Both river and groundwater quality are adversely impacted.
The document summarizes water pollution issues in Pakistan. It finds that over 70% of water samples tested in 13 districts, including Karachi, were found to be unfit for human consumption due to bacterial contamination, high turbidity, and excessive dissolved solids, hardness, sodium, and chlorine. The main sources of water pollution are identified as municipal sewage, industrial waste from various industries like textiles and fertilizers, and agricultural runoff of fertilizers and pesticides. The effects of water pollution on human health include increased mortality and diseases like diarrhea. Solutions proposed include better enforcement of environmental laws, upgrading water treatment facilities, reducing agricultural and industrial runoff, and increasing public awareness.
1) Bangladesh has faced severe environmental challenges including flooding, cyclones, and widespread arsenic contamination of groundwater affecting over 57 million people.
2) Several policies and projects have aimed to address arsenic contamination, including raising awareness, testing tube wells, identifying affected patients, and providing alternative safe water sources.
3) While progress has been made, arsenic contamination remains a severe public health issue for Bangladesh, with over 1 million tube wells contaminated and estimated cases of arsenicosis expected to rise to 2.5 million over the next 50 years.
This document discusses issues related to ensuring safe drinking water in Bangladesh. It outlines several challenges, including arsenic contamination of groundwater, cultivation of shrimp which increases salinity, reduction of upstream river flows, excessive groundwater use, and natural disasters. Current policy initiatives and the work of NGO Uttaran to increase access to safe drinking water are also mentioned. The document provides background on water management challenges in Bangladesh and their health, social and economic impacts.
Assignment On: “Water Resources Management in the Remediation of Ground Water...Asian Paint Bangladesh Ltd
The document summarizes the severe problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which has impacted millions of people. It discusses the need to find alternative sources of safe drinking water through improved water resources management. Potential alternatives discussed include surface water treated with pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, and exploring uncontaminated deep or other groundwater sources. Community-based management is needed to effectively utilize alternative water sources.
ARSENIC MITIGATION FOR SAFE GROUNDWATERSiti Mastura
This document summarizes the global issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater sources and the health risks posed by consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. It notes that millions of people across multiple countries in Asia and Latin America have been exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water. Common health effects include various cancers and skin lesions that develop over long periods of exposure. The document reviews mitigation strategies including using alternative uncontaminated water sources, deeper wells, and arsenic removal technologies like ion exchange, filtration, and activated alumina that have been applied at the community level. Effective and sustainable solutions require addressing social and behavioral factors through communication programs.
Buriganga River Presentation
Buriganga River Presentation
Buriganga River Presentation
Daffodil International University
Buriganga River Presentation
Daffodil International University
This document discusses the challenges of sustainable water quality management in rural India. It notes that rural India, which makes up 70% of the population, often lacks interventions to monitor and ensure water quality that are present in major cities. The groundwater that rural India relies on as its main source of drinking water is often contaminated with problems like fluoride, arsenic, iron and salts. Effective water quality management requires redesigning data management systems, upgrading district-level laboratories, and addressing technical, legal and institutional issues. Decentralizing health monitoring at the village level through capacity building is also needed.
The document discusses factors that affect water quality and cause deterioration. It notes that water quality is influenced by both natural factors like geology and hydrology as well as human interferences. The major threats to water quality are scarcity, pathogenic pollution, oxygen depletion, salinity, and toxicity. The main causes of water quality degradation are point sources of pollution like domestic and industrial wastewater, and non-point sources like agricultural and storm runoff. Untreated sewage is a significant pollutant as India has a large gap between sewage generation and treatment. Other problems discussed are high levels of biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, heavy metals, and chemicals. Both river and groundwater quality are adversely impacted.
The document summarizes water pollution issues in Pakistan. It finds that over 70% of water samples tested in 13 districts, including Karachi, were found to be unfit for human consumption due to bacterial contamination, high turbidity, and excessive dissolved solids, hardness, sodium, and chlorine. The main sources of water pollution are identified as municipal sewage, industrial waste from various industries like textiles and fertilizers, and agricultural runoff of fertilizers and pesticides. The effects of water pollution on human health include increased mortality and diseases like diarrhea. Solutions proposed include better enforcement of environmental laws, upgrading water treatment facilities, reducing agricultural and industrial runoff, and increasing public awareness.
1) Bangladesh has faced severe environmental challenges including flooding, cyclones, and widespread arsenic contamination of groundwater affecting over 57 million people.
2) Several policies and projects have aimed to address arsenic contamination, including raising awareness, testing tube wells, identifying affected patients, and providing alternative safe water sources.
3) While progress has been made, arsenic contamination remains a severe public health issue for Bangladesh, with over 1 million tube wells contaminated and estimated cases of arsenicosis expected to rise to 2.5 million over the next 50 years.
This document discusses issues related to ensuring safe drinking water in Bangladesh. It outlines several challenges, including arsenic contamination of groundwater, cultivation of shrimp which increases salinity, reduction of upstream river flows, excessive groundwater use, and natural disasters. Current policy initiatives and the work of NGO Uttaran to increase access to safe drinking water are also mentioned. The document provides background on water management challenges in Bangladesh and their health, social and economic impacts.
Assignment On: “Water Resources Management in the Remediation of Ground Water...Asian Paint Bangladesh Ltd
The document summarizes the severe problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which has impacted millions of people. It discusses the need to find alternative sources of safe drinking water through improved water resources management. Potential alternatives discussed include surface water treated with pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, and exploring uncontaminated deep or other groundwater sources. Community-based management is needed to effectively utilize alternative water sources.
ARSENIC MITIGATION FOR SAFE GROUNDWATERSiti Mastura
This document summarizes the global issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater sources and the health risks posed by consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. It notes that millions of people across multiple countries in Asia and Latin America have been exposed to high levels of arsenic in drinking water. Common health effects include various cancers and skin lesions that develop over long periods of exposure. The document reviews mitigation strategies including using alternative uncontaminated water sources, deeper wells, and arsenic removal technologies like ion exchange, filtration, and activated alumina that have been applied at the community level. Effective and sustainable solutions require addressing social and behavioral factors through communication programs.
Buriganga River Presentation
Buriganga River Presentation
Buriganga River Presentation
Daffodil International University
Buriganga River Presentation
Daffodil International University
The Buriganga River in Bangladesh has become heavily polluted over the past few decades. Once a source of drinking water and important for trade, the river is now close to biological death due to pollution from Dhaka's growing population. Sewage, waste from factories and tanneries, and oil spills have turned the river black and killed all fish. Solutions are needed such as wastewater treatment plants, dredging the riverbed, and controlling pollution from industries. With concerted efforts, it may be possible to restore the river as was done with London's Thames River.
This lecture discusses groundwater treatment systems for domestic and industrial hazards. It begins by defining groundwater and explaining how it is stored underground. Several causes of groundwater pollution are then outlined, including low-flow rates, cold temperatures, industrial activities, and sewage. The document discusses various groundwater treatment methods and challenges in treating domestic wastewater. It also notes increasing urban population and inadequate wastewater treatment are major factors contributing to water quality degradation in India.
The document discusses various causes and solutions regarding water pollution and water scarcity issues around the world. It addresses topics like unsustainable freshwater use, water conflicts over river basins in the Middle East, and increasing water demand outpacing supply. Solutions proposed include reducing water waste, improving irrigation efficiency, protecting watersheds and wetlands, preventing point and nonpoint source pollution, and increasing water recycling, reuse and desalination.
2013 my lect -wwd hotel palash-“international year of water cooperation-bra...SG PHADKE
International year of WaterCooperation-Brain stormingissues today”
The document discusses water issues in India on World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd. It summarizes the status of water and wastewater in India, including pollution issues affecting surface and groundwater sources. Key problems outlined are inadequate infrastructure, population growth, and depletion of resources. Water conflicts, diseases caused by contaminated water sources, and lack of proper sanitation are also addressed. The document advocates for improved management and cooperation to tackle India's water challenges.
The document discusses water supply and sanitation. It makes three key points:
1. Safe drinking water and sanitation are important for public health but over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 billion lack adequate sanitation as of 1990. This lack of access is a major cause of disease in developing countries.
2. Many diseases are transmitted through contaminated water, including viral, bacterial, protozoal and helminthic diseases. Unsafe water is a primary reason for ill health globally.
3. There are various methods of purifying water for individual and community use, including boiling, chemical disinfection, rapid sand filters and chlorination, which reduces bacteria and controls algae but has limitations
Water quality is determined by factors like dissolved oxygen and bacteria levels. Poor water quality is caused by industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals, domestic garbage, acid rain, and natural phenomena. This damages aquatic life, harms human health, destroys ecosystems, and hurts economies. Protecting water bodies from pollution is necessary to safeguard this vital resource for all life.
Study on groundwater resources and drinking water safety of xiangcheng county...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Through literature research, questionnaire survey, the method of combining of xiangcheng groundwater resource distribution and the investigation of rural drinking water safety, and by the methods of probability and statistics for the data collection, investigation and data analysis, summed up the county of groundwater resources and the basic situation of the safety of drinking water, underground project form the survey data of detailed and reliable, and can provide effective reference for decision-making for the relevant government departments, for the county water resources utilization, protection and planning management is of great significance. Keywords: Water Resource, Drinking Water Safety, Resources Investigation, Rural Environmental Protection
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
This document discusses safe drinking water and sanitation issues globally and in Pakistan. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water and over 4.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In Pakistan, approximately 38.5 million people do not have access to safe drinking water and 50.7 million lack adequate sanitation as of 2005. Water sources in Pakistan are often contaminated by untreated domestic and industrial waste, threatening public health. Common chemical contaminants like nitrates, arsenic, and fluoride found in drinking water can cause health issues if levels are elevated, including various cancers and birth defects. Ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation requires planning, infrastructure development and maintenance, capacity building, and promoting
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Kerala is facing several environmental issues due to factors like increasing population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and consumerism. This has led to extensive pollution of air, water, and land. Some specific issues include deterioration of water quality in rivers and wells due to dumping of solid waste and discharge of effluents, groundwater quality problems like salinity and high chemical concentrations, death of rivers due to lack of rain, deforestation, sand mining, and pollution, and loss of biodiversity in forests and agricultural lands due to degradation of native ecosystems.
standard of waste water discharged in india.rongkup
The document discusses wastewater treatment and regulation in India. It defines wastewater and its sources, and explains the harmful effects of discharging untreated wastewater. It then outlines the key treatment processes used, including physical, chemical and biological methods. The Environment Protection Act of 1986 and Central Pollution Control Board establish standards for wastewater discharge. Specific guidelines exist for discharge from shrimp farms and fish processing plants. Proper wastewater treatment, monitoring and enforcement of standards are emphasized to regulate discharge quality.
The document discusses various sources and effects of water pollution. It notes that water pollution can come from both point sources like pipes discharging municipal or industrial waste, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Water pollution increases levels of bacteria and nutrients which can cause diseases and eutrophication. It also discusses how pollutants biomagnify up the food chain. Various types of pollutants from urban, industrial and agricultural activities are listed that can contaminate both surface and groundwater sources.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
The document discusses the major lakes in Udaipur, India - Fatehsagar Lake and Pichola Lake. It notes that while these lakes were historically scenic beauty spots, in recent years pollution levels have increased significantly from sources like untreated chemical waste and solid waste. This pollution poses risks to aquatic life and humans, increasing disease incidence. The document also describes Udaipur's water purification process and calls for additional public cooperation and suggestions to address the city's water pollution problems.
The document discusses groundwater contamination and depletion in the state of Gujarat and cities like Kanpur in India. It provides details on the status of groundwater in various districts in Gujarat, including those that are overexploited, critical or semi-critical. It notes the major groundwater quality issues in different districts. It also discusses how factors like excessive pumping, unregulated waste disposal and lack of rainwater harvesting are leading to a lowering of the water table in many areas in India.
Sewage and its treatment - experience from setting up STPs PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for fresh water coupled with increased contamination from untreated waste water. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of waste water are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper describes most of the popular technologies adopted for sewage treatment and the possible reasons for their selection.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining water quality. It notes that water quality is declining due to population growth, industrialization, and climate change. Ensuring safe consumption requires regular water testing to check bacterial and chemical contents against standards. Common water quality problems include pollution, sedimentation, and contamination from plumbing systems. Solutions involve treating source water through processes like coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. Standards for drinking water quality are set by the EPA to limit toxic elements and pathogens and ensure water is safe for public use.
This document provides an overview of water pollution. It discusses how water availability is limited yet water is essential for life. Both surface water and groundwater can become polluted from a variety of point and non-point sources, including industrial and agricultural waste, sewage, and chemical dumping. Various types of pollutants are described. Water pollution has serious health and environmental effects. Preventing pollution and implementing treatment systems can help control this important problem. A case study analyzes pollution in an Indian river.
Water pollution presentation for nerds like you who do not leave their room for hours.
You deserve divine punishment, ediot
We should eat more chicken. And more potato based snacks.
The Buriganga River in Bangladesh has become heavily polluted over the past few decades. Once a source of drinking water and important for trade, the river is now close to biological death due to pollution from Dhaka's growing population. Sewage, waste from factories and tanneries, and oil spills have turned the river black and killed all fish. Solutions are needed such as wastewater treatment plants, dredging the riverbed, and controlling pollution from industries. With concerted efforts, it may be possible to restore the river as was done with London's Thames River.
This lecture discusses groundwater treatment systems for domestic and industrial hazards. It begins by defining groundwater and explaining how it is stored underground. Several causes of groundwater pollution are then outlined, including low-flow rates, cold temperatures, industrial activities, and sewage. The document discusses various groundwater treatment methods and challenges in treating domestic wastewater. It also notes increasing urban population and inadequate wastewater treatment are major factors contributing to water quality degradation in India.
The document discusses various causes and solutions regarding water pollution and water scarcity issues around the world. It addresses topics like unsustainable freshwater use, water conflicts over river basins in the Middle East, and increasing water demand outpacing supply. Solutions proposed include reducing water waste, improving irrigation efficiency, protecting watersheds and wetlands, preventing point and nonpoint source pollution, and increasing water recycling, reuse and desalination.
2013 my lect -wwd hotel palash-“international year of water cooperation-bra...SG PHADKE
International year of WaterCooperation-Brain stormingissues today”
The document discusses water issues in India on World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd. It summarizes the status of water and wastewater in India, including pollution issues affecting surface and groundwater sources. Key problems outlined are inadequate infrastructure, population growth, and depletion of resources. Water conflicts, diseases caused by contaminated water sources, and lack of proper sanitation are also addressed. The document advocates for improved management and cooperation to tackle India's water challenges.
The document discusses water supply and sanitation. It makes three key points:
1. Safe drinking water and sanitation are important for public health but over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 billion lack adequate sanitation as of 1990. This lack of access is a major cause of disease in developing countries.
2. Many diseases are transmitted through contaminated water, including viral, bacterial, protozoal and helminthic diseases. Unsafe water is a primary reason for ill health globally.
3. There are various methods of purifying water for individual and community use, including boiling, chemical disinfection, rapid sand filters and chlorination, which reduces bacteria and controls algae but has limitations
Water quality is determined by factors like dissolved oxygen and bacteria levels. Poor water quality is caused by industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals, domestic garbage, acid rain, and natural phenomena. This damages aquatic life, harms human health, destroys ecosystems, and hurts economies. Protecting water bodies from pollution is necessary to safeguard this vital resource for all life.
Study on groundwater resources and drinking water safety of xiangcheng county...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Through literature research, questionnaire survey, the method of combining of xiangcheng groundwater resource distribution and the investigation of rural drinking water safety, and by the methods of probability and statistics for the data collection, investigation and data analysis, summed up the county of groundwater resources and the basic situation of the safety of drinking water, underground project form the survey data of detailed and reliable, and can provide effective reference for decision-making for the relevant government departments, for the county water resources utilization, protection and planning management is of great significance. Keywords: Water Resource, Drinking Water Safety, Resources Investigation, Rural Environmental Protection
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
This document discusses safe drinking water and sanitation issues globally and in Pakistan. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water and over 4.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In Pakistan, approximately 38.5 million people do not have access to safe drinking water and 50.7 million lack adequate sanitation as of 2005. Water sources in Pakistan are often contaminated by untreated domestic and industrial waste, threatening public health. Common chemical contaminants like nitrates, arsenic, and fluoride found in drinking water can cause health issues if levels are elevated, including various cancers and birth defects. Ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation requires planning, infrastructure development and maintenance, capacity building, and promoting
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Kerala is facing several environmental issues due to factors like increasing population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and consumerism. This has led to extensive pollution of air, water, and land. Some specific issues include deterioration of water quality in rivers and wells due to dumping of solid waste and discharge of effluents, groundwater quality problems like salinity and high chemical concentrations, death of rivers due to lack of rain, deforestation, sand mining, and pollution, and loss of biodiversity in forests and agricultural lands due to degradation of native ecosystems.
standard of waste water discharged in india.rongkup
The document discusses wastewater treatment and regulation in India. It defines wastewater and its sources, and explains the harmful effects of discharging untreated wastewater. It then outlines the key treatment processes used, including physical, chemical and biological methods. The Environment Protection Act of 1986 and Central Pollution Control Board establish standards for wastewater discharge. Specific guidelines exist for discharge from shrimp farms and fish processing plants. Proper wastewater treatment, monitoring and enforcement of standards are emphasized to regulate discharge quality.
The document discusses various sources and effects of water pollution. It notes that water pollution can come from both point sources like pipes discharging municipal or industrial waste, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Water pollution increases levels of bacteria and nutrients which can cause diseases and eutrophication. It also discusses how pollutants biomagnify up the food chain. Various types of pollutants from urban, industrial and agricultural activities are listed that can contaminate both surface and groundwater sources.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
The document discusses the major lakes in Udaipur, India - Fatehsagar Lake and Pichola Lake. It notes that while these lakes were historically scenic beauty spots, in recent years pollution levels have increased significantly from sources like untreated chemical waste and solid waste. This pollution poses risks to aquatic life and humans, increasing disease incidence. The document also describes Udaipur's water purification process and calls for additional public cooperation and suggestions to address the city's water pollution problems.
The document discusses groundwater contamination and depletion in the state of Gujarat and cities like Kanpur in India. It provides details on the status of groundwater in various districts in Gujarat, including those that are overexploited, critical or semi-critical. It notes the major groundwater quality issues in different districts. It also discusses how factors like excessive pumping, unregulated waste disposal and lack of rainwater harvesting are leading to a lowering of the water table in many areas in India.
Sewage and its treatment - experience from setting up STPs PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for fresh water coupled with increased contamination from untreated waste water. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of waste water are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper describes most of the popular technologies adopted for sewage treatment and the possible reasons for their selection.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining water quality. It notes that water quality is declining due to population growth, industrialization, and climate change. Ensuring safe consumption requires regular water testing to check bacterial and chemical contents against standards. Common water quality problems include pollution, sedimentation, and contamination from plumbing systems. Solutions involve treating source water through processes like coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. Standards for drinking water quality are set by the EPA to limit toxic elements and pathogens and ensure water is safe for public use.
This document provides an overview of water pollution. It discusses how water availability is limited yet water is essential for life. Both surface water and groundwater can become polluted from a variety of point and non-point sources, including industrial and agricultural waste, sewage, and chemical dumping. Various types of pollutants are described. Water pollution has serious health and environmental effects. Preventing pollution and implementing treatment systems can help control this important problem. A case study analyzes pollution in an Indian river.
Water pollution presentation for nerds like you who do not leave their room for hours.
You deserve divine punishment, ediot
We should eat more chicken. And more potato based snacks.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines water pollution and notes it is a global problem that varies in magnitude and type of pollutant between regions. Water pollutants are divided into 8 categories: sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. The document discusses the sources and impacts of each type of pollutant. The two main sources of water pollution are identified as point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Agriculture is a leading cause of nonpoint source water pollution worldwide.
Water is an essential resource for life but only a tiny fraction of Earth's water is available as freshwater. As populations and demand grow, water scarcity will be a major factor in many countries' economic development. Water pollution from industrial, agricultural and domestic waste threatens available freshwater supplies. Pollution reduces water quality and can have harmful effects from toxic contaminants accumulating up the food chain to widespread impacts like eutrophication which starves aquatic ecosystems of oxygen. Improving sanitation, wastewater treatment, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices can help control water pollution.
This document discusses various topics related to water pollution including water availability, scarcity, sources of pollution, effects of pollution, and control measures. Only 3% of the Earth's water is freshwater, with most locked in ice caps and glaciers. As freshwater becomes more scarce, access to water will determine economic growth. Pollution comes from various point sources like industrial discharge and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Effects include waterborne diseases, eutrophication, and biomagnification up the food chain. Control measures center around effluent treatment, reuse, and sustainable agricultural practices.
Introduction to Water pollution and Bangladesh perspective (Buriganga Water pollution).
Water pollution is the contamination of ground water and surface water, mainly by human activities which change the physical and chemical characteristics of water. Bangladesh is vulnerable to water pollution.
WATER POLLUTION RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN.pptxMansorAhmad6
Major sources of water pollution in Pakistan include pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture, chemical and industrial waste, domestic sewage, and animal waste. Water pollution poses serious risks like various water-borne diseases affecting humans and ecological impacts like destruction of aquatic ecosystems. Current water quality in Pakistan is poor, with 80% of the population drinking unsafe water and many hospitalizations resulting from water-borne illnesses. Strategies to prevent further pollution include conservation efforts, sewage treatment, and reducing agricultural chemical usage.
The document discusses water quality issues in India. It states that over 60,000 Indian children under five die from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation annually. Water quality is affected by sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and industrial discharge. Common contaminants include fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates from various sources. Monitoring of water quality is done across India through networks measuring various biological, physical, chemical and aesthetic parameters. However, many areas still face poor water quality posing health risks like cancer and fluorosis. Ensuring access to safe drinking water remains a key challenge.
The document analyzes groundwater quality in Behal block of Bhiwani district in Haryana, India. 16 groundwater samples were collected and tested for various parameters. The pH of the samples ranged from 4.5 to 6.8, indicating the water is neutral to alkaline. Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.6 to 2.2 dS/m. Total dissolved solids ranged from 103 to 521 mg/L, with some samples above the recommended 300 mg/L limit. Potassium ranged from 80 to 100 ppm and sodium ranged from 102 to 136 ppm, meaning the water is suitable for drinking. While most parameters were within limits, the document concludes that some treatment may be needed due to
Do we need clean lakes or polluted lakesrrnagaricare
The document discusses pollution issues affecting a lake in Rajarajeshwarinagar, India. Sewage was allowed to mix with rainwater and drain into the lake during its rejuvenation. This caused high levels of nitrates and phosphates in groundwater, and an outbreak of diseases. Analyses found that sewage water percolating from the lake was the root cause of pollution. Allowing sewage mixing was questioned as the wrong decision, as pollution makes water unfit for use and caused cattle deaths from nitrate toxicity. Reducing pollution from sources like fertilizers and sewage is important to protect lake ecology and public health.
This document discusses water pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and measures to control it. Water pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants in water that can harm organisms or impair water's usefulness. The main causes of water pollution are domestic and industrial waste, sewage, solid waste, acid rain, oil industry waste, and excess aquatic plants. Effects of water pollution include death of aquatic organisms, rivers becoming dumping grounds, and shortage of drinking water. Measures to control water pollution include stabilizing ecosystems, sewage treatment plants, ion exchange methods, and reverse osmosis.
This document discusses water pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and measures to control it. Water pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants in water that can harm organisms or impair water's usefulness. The main causes of water pollution are domestic and industrial waste, sewage, solid waste, acid rain, oil industry waste, and excess aquatic plants. The effects of water pollution include death of aquatic organisms, rivers becoming dumping grounds, and shortage of drinking water. Measures to control water pollution include stabilizing ecosystems, sewage treatment plants, ion exchange methods, and reverse osmosis.
The document outlines the course outcomes and objectives of CIV238 Water Supply and Wastewater Engineering. The key topics covered include water demand analysis, water distribution systems, water quality standards, sewerage system design, wastewater characterization, and wastewater treatment plant design. It also discusses various water sources, water requirements, water characteristics, wastewater treatment stages including primary, secondary and tertiary treatment, and common secondary wastewater treatment options such as activated sludge process, aerated lagoons, and land treatment.
- Water is essential for life but only a small portion of Earth's water is available for human use. Water pollution occurs when human activities introduce harmful substances that make water unsuitable for its intended use.
- The main sources of water pollution are sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff and surface runoff from urban areas. This pollutes water bodies and harms aquatic life and humans.
- Key water quality parameters include physical aspects like turbidity, chemical components like pH and dissolved solids, and microbiological presence of pathogens. Various groups set standards to define acceptable water quality levels.
Water Pollution environmental microbiologyDENNISMMONDAH1
The document is a seminar presentation on water pollution given by Dennis M. Mondah at Davangere University under the guidance of K.L Soumya. It discusses the types, sources, and effects of water pollution as well as methods of control and wastewater treatment. The major sources of water pollution identified are sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, mining, and solid waste. Water pollution reduces water quality and makes it unsuitable for drinking, domestic, and industrial uses while also harming aquatic ecosystems. Proper wastewater treatment and regulation of polluting activities are needed to control water pollution and its negative effects.
Water quality is affected by various pollutants from point and non-point sources. The key water quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The major sources of water pollution are domestic and industrial sewage, agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, and microbial contaminants from animal and human waste. Poor water quality can cause various water-borne diseases and negatively impact human health. Stringent treatment is required to ensure water is safe for drinking and other daily uses.
This document discusses water pollution in India. It begins by noting how little of the Earth's water is available as freshwater for human use. It then discusses various sources and causes of water pollution including industrial and domestic waste, agricultural runoff, and thermal pollution from power plants. The effects of water pollution include increased disease, damage to ecosystems and food chains, and eutrophication. Natural processes can partially purify rivers through dilution, sedimentation, oxidation, and reduction with the help of microbes, sunlight, and oxygen. However, factors like temperature, turbulence, flow rate and organic matter levels influence purification. The document concludes by noting the poor state of India's rivers due to various human and religious activities.
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- Pakistan faces serious water challenges including decreasing groundwater levels, increasing salinity, inadequate access to safe water for many rural residents, and increasing pollution from sewage, sediments, nutrients, chemicals, and heat from industries.
- If not addressed, Pakistan's water shortages and pollution problems are projected to worsen in the coming decades due to continued population growth, urbanization, and industrialization.
River pollution is a major problem in Bangladesh. Many of the country's 230 rivers are polluted due to untreated industrial and agricultural waste, as well as sewage. Four rivers near Dhaka receive over 2 million cubic meters of wastewater per day. Common causes of river pollution include industrial waste, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and animal waste, sewage, oil, and airborne pollutants. River pollution has devastating impacts on the environment and human health, including mass fish deaths, loss of biodiversity, water shortages, and spread of diseases. Solutions include increasing public awareness, improving drainage systems, increasing river flows, and better management of solid wastes and industrial discharges.
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Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Environmenatl engg
1. In the name of Allah who is the
most beneficent and most merciful
2. Case Study (Environmental Engineering)
Topic : Drinking water quality status and contamination
in Pakistan
Group 2 Members: Adeel Akram (718)
Ihtasham Mehmood (719)
Feroz Saleem (720)
Shehzad Yousaf (726)
Rana Abu Bakar (729)
Muhammad Bilal (738)
4. Importance of water
• Water is essential for the all living things
• Water makes up more than two third of the weight of the human body
• The human brain is made up of 95% water
• Blood and lungs contain 82% and 90% water respectively.
• In addition to daily maintenance of the body, water plays a key role in
the prevention of diseases.
5. Importance of water
• Drinking eight glasses of water daily can decrease the risk of cancer by
45%.
• Without drinking water, humans would die in a few days.
• About 70% of the earth is covered with water and the 97.5% of that
constitutes salty oceans.
• The remaining 2.5% is fresh water, out of which less then 1% of
freshwater is useable.
6.
7.
8. Water Resources of Pakistan
1. Glaciers
• Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many
years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses.
• Presently glaciers occupy about 10% of the world
total land area, with most located in polar region
like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian arctic.
In Pakistan glaciers are mostly present in northern
areas
• Big glaciers in Pakistan like siachin, baltoro, Biafo
Glacier, Hispar Glacier, Batura Glacier. These glacier
are major source of water.
• Glacier area of Pakistan is about 13680 sq km.
9. 2. River Flows
• It is also a major source of water.
• Surface water resources of Pakistan mainly based on .
• Indus river and its tributaries (jhelum,ravi,chanab and
Sutlej).
3. Rainfall
• 70% of annual rainfall occurs in the month of June to
September.
• It increase the water level in ground.
4- Ground water
• Is another source of water. And important source of
irrigation water
• Ground water may be found closed to surface or at
profound depth.
10.
11. Crisis of water
• The quality and quantity of water is decreased in Pakistan continuously.
• Due to reforestation in Pakistan, climates change occurs . Forests help
to maintain temperature, rain, pollution.
• Due to climate change the glaciers melt faster.
• Improper use of water.
• The quality of water decrease due to industrial waste, municipal waste.
12.
13. Water Quality
• The surface water quality is dropping rapidly due to the addition of raw municipal and
industrial effluents and agriculture runoff into water resources. River water contains
high solid suspension.
• About 70% of water for drinking purposes comes from aquifers. The decrease in ground
water quality is due to the over pumping of saline water and its addition to fresh water.
• The ground water quality in Pakistan is found saline far away from the main rivers and
fresh water near to the main rivers.
• In Pakistan, in most areas where the fresh water source is not available and ground
water is saline, people have no choice but to use this type of water for drinking.
• The contamination of water due to microbes is the most blistering issue. The drinking
water distribution in urban areas does not meet the WHO standards. The main reason
of microbial contamination is due to the intermixing of sewer lines with drinking water
supply lines.
• In most of the rural areas of Pakistan, surface water is used for drinking after slow sand
filtration and chlorination is not done at filtration stations.
14. Water Pollution
• Water pollution is the deterioration of water quality due to the addition of
wastes coming from industries, domestic and agriculture.
• Industrialization and emergence of urban units placed immense stress on
water resources and discharge of wastewater into natural water resources
that decreases ground and surface water quality.
• The most serious pollutants in terms of human health worldwide are
pathogenic organisms. The main and major source of biological agents is
unprocessed and unconventional treatment of human waste. The highest
infant mortality rate (12.6%) and fertility rate (7%) reflect the poor health
status of Pakistan
15. Water Quality Parameters
• The physical, biological, and chemical properties of drinking
water have great importance because a minor fluctuation in
these parameters affects the human health.
• The pH is crucial factor that greatly affects water quality and
quantity of pollution in water bodies. However, pH of drinking
water has no direct effect on human. Indirectly it changes meat
solubility and provides suitable environment for pathogens.
High pH causes acidic taste of drinking water.
16. Parameters of water quality
There are three types of water quality
parameters:
1.Physical Parameters
2.Chemical Parameters
3.Biological Parameters
17. Physical parameters of water
quality
• Turbidity
• Temperature
• Color
• Taste and odor
• Solids
18.
19. Chemical parameters of water
quality
• pH (Acidity and Alkalinity)
• Chloride, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc
• Dissolved oxygen
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Toxic inorganic substances
• Toxic organic substances
• Radioactive substances
20. Biological parameters of water
quality
• Bacteria
• Algae
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Indicator organisms
23. Microbiological Contaminants
• Microbiological contamination refers to the non-intended or accidental
introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi,
virus, prions, protozoa or their toxins and by-products into water
bodies.
• In Pakistan, microbial pollution has been discovered as one of the
serious problems in rural as well as urban areas.
• This is due to the leakage of pipe, pollution from sewage lines intrusion
into drinking water supplies, and so forth.
24. Water pollution with pathogenic microorganisms
• Drinking water pollution with pathogenic microorganisms
contamination accounts for 20 to 40 % of all diseases in the
country.
• Improper disposal of industrial and municipal wastes is the most
important factor responsible for water pollution in the country
followed by cross-contamination due to old and leaking pipes and
lack of water filtration and disinfection facilities.
25.
26. Chemical Contaminants
• Chemical contaminants include nitrogen, bleach, salts, pesticides,
metals, toxins produced by bacteria, and human or animal drugs.
• Chemical contaminants come from industries, soil sediments, and runoff
from agriculture, that is, pesticides and fertilizers, and enter into water
resources.
• These fertilizer and pesticides, commonly insecticides, leach into ground
water resources by mixing with irrigated and rain water.
27. Other Chemical Contaminants
• In Pakistan, another important trouble with ground water is highest
concentration of salts, which is mainly due to irrigation, soil salts
dissolution, sea water encroachment, and chemical industries. Salinity
impacts the major areas of Baluchistan, KP, and Punjab.
• Effluent from industries and domestics contains high concentration of
arsenic that is becoming a severe problem. In major cities of Sindh
and Punjab, about sixteen percent of people are exposed to more
than 50 ppm of arsenic.
• Higher concentration of fluoride above permissible limits causes a
trouble in major areas of Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh.
28. Floods Cause Major Damage to Drainage System
• In Pakistan, floods have been creating great environmental
problems. They damage drains and ultimately cause spillage
of sewage water into water bodies.
• Severe flooding destroys buildings and standing crops. All
these may cause release of toxic chemicals and oil into river,
streams, and lakes, and so forth and may lead to death of
aquatic life.
• A lot of chemical contaminants mix with flood water on its
way.
• The current severe flood (2010) and heavy rains damaged
80% of Nowshera, devastating 40% of infrastructure. The
total destroyed and damaged houses were in the range of
10,000 and 40,000, respectively .
30. Water Quality Status in Twin cities
• To evaluate the drinking water quality of Islamabad, drinking water samples had been
collected from schools and colleges. Analysis showed that 20 samples out of 30 were
contaminated with fecal microbes and not fit for drinking purposes.
• In Rawalpindi, water distribution channels and treatment plants were also having fecal
coliform contamination. The Rawal Lake and its distributions channels are the main
source of drinking water for Rawalpindi, which were also found highly contaminated
with bacteria.
• In Islamabad The WASA supply lines were highly contaminated followed by capital
development authority lines and boring water and less contamination was found in
tanker water, while thirty two samples were collected from different water filtration
plants throughout Islamabad city and it was found that more than half of the samples
were contaminated with total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli. On the other hand
alkalinity, hardness, and TDS are in safe limits.
31.
32. Water quality status in Punjab
• Drinking water quality test carried out in twelve districts of Punjab showed that
microbial and heavy metal (arsenic) were major contamination found in all districts.
At least 45%of the samples of Kasur district were found to be contaminated with
microbes. About 73%, 100%, 64%, 94%, 100%, and 88% of drinking water samples of
Sheikhupura, Lahore, Gujranwala, Multan, Kasur, and Bahawalpur were highly
contaminated with arsenic.
• Faisalabad is known as polluted industrial city due to the inadequate treatment
facilities. The impact on water resources near Samundri drain in Faisalabad showed
that the ground water quality was the worst as 90% of samples were above the
WHO limits with respect to TDS, Na, K, Cl, and SO4. The microbial analysis showed
that all samples were contaminated with total coliforms and E. coli.
33. Water quality status in Punjab
• Drinking water quality of urban areas of southern Lahore was evaluated before
and after monsoon season. It was seen that the values of pH of all sources and
house connections were well within the WHO desirable limit both before and after
the monsoon season. The turbidity was found to be less then 0.5 NTU and higher
then 0.5 NTU after the monsoon. No bacterial contamination were detected while
fecal contamination was detected due to the water contact with human waste.
• The chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from rural areas of Punjab
indicated that water was unfit for drinking purpose. High values of EC, Cl, NO3, SO4
, Fe, Mn, and Pb were observed in many samples above the permissible limits. The
poor drainage system and improper waste dumping in villages of Pakistan are the
main source of drinking water contamination
34.
35. Water quality status in KPK
• The physicochemical analysis of drinking water samples collected from thirty
different sites across urban areas of Peshawar described that just 13% of the
samples were negative for bacterial contamination, 40% were found in the
satisfactory level, and 47% of the samples were found to be highly contaminated
with E. coli. And in almost all the samples magnesium were found to be higher then
the critical values.
• The analysis of heavy metal contamination in drinking water of urban as well as rural
areas of Peshawar described that the drinking water was highly contaminated with
Pb and Cd. However, the concentrations of As, Cu, Co, Hg, Ni, and Zn were
significantly higher than WHO limits making water unfit for drinking purpose.
36. Water quality status in KPK
• The physical and chemical parameters of drinking water in Narangi and sounding
areas of Swabi district demonstrated that the physical parameters were within
permissible limits but regarding chemical parameters Pb and nitrite concentrations
were found higher than WHO limits.
• The water quality of Nomal valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, indicated that the pH,
temperature, turbidity, hardness, odor, taste, and alkalinity were within
recommended range of WHO. But the microbial examination showed that all water
samples were highly polluted.
• Water samples collected for physicochemical analysis from tehsil of Jamrud and
Landikotal, Khyber agency, showed that all parameters were within range set by
WHO. However, the concentration of Ca and Mg exceeds the limits of WHO. The
heavy metal concentrations were also below the WHO permissible limits. But Cd
concentration was higher than WHO permissible limits.
37. Water quality status in KPK
• Chemical and microbial aspects of water samples collected from four cities that is,
Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar, and Manghora, were analyzed. More than 55% of
all samples from these cities were highly contaminated with microbes. In KP, iron
contamination was enlisted as second major contamination. In Peshawar and
Mardan more than 38% and 67% of samples were contaminated with iron,
respectively.
• The samples of drinking water collected from various reservoirs (streams, tube
wells, and water storage tanks) in Kohat showed that samples collected from tube
wells in Shakarda, Ara Khail, and Lachi were found to be safe for drinking but
storage tanks and wells were highly contaminated. The drinking water quality of
Charsadda was also poor as in other regions and indicated that the concentration of
sulphate, nitrate, and heavy metals was above the threshold level and they were
contaminated with coliform bacteria.
38.
39. Water Quality Status in Balochistan
• Biological and chemical water quality of Balochistan are not satisfactory as revealed by
various studies. In four cities of Baluchistan, that is, Ziarat, Loralai, Quetta, and Khuzdar,
the water quality was badly contaminated with microorganisms making water unfit for
human use.
• Water samples of these cities showed that NO3 concentration was higher than the
recommended limits of WHO. About 50% of water samples, collected from Ziarat, were
found highly contaminated with NO3.
• The drinking water quality assessment of different colonies in Quetta city revealed that
pH, TDS, and hardness value of all samples were within the WHO range but 50% of the
samples were found to have high EC value and COD of all samples was above the critical
limits of WHO.
40. Water Quality Status in Balochistan
• According to WHO and EPA, turbidity must not exceed 5 NTU and water having
turbidity less than 1.00 NTU is excellent for domestic consumption. Turbidity of all
samples was less than 5 NTU
• The surface and groundwater sources of drinking water throughout Balochistan
were highly contaminated with coliforms, heavy metals, and pesticides. Human
activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and
indiscriminate applications of agrochemicals in agriculture are the main factors
contributing to the deterioration of water quality.
• The fluoride concentration in various drinking water samples collected from tap and
wells water in Quetta indicated that all samples were within permissible limits of
WHO except one sample of tap water.
41. Water contamination
Due to the Human activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents.
42. Hingol river
• The bacteriological and physicochemical study of Hingol River situated at Hingol
National Park was carried out, where the majority of its inhabitants are leading
nomadic life style and consume the water of the river as no alternative water
resources are available.
• The physicochemical parameters of the samples collected were according to the
SDWQ standards. But the TDS value was greater than the permissible limits in post
monsoon. The BOD concentration was also relatively higher.
45. Water Quality Status in Sindh
• The drinking water quality of Khairpur, Sindh, showed high level coliform and fecal
coliform contamination in drinking water at different points therefore, it is not
suitable for drinking purpose.
• At the consumer level, the drinking water is getting more contaminated due to the
unhygienic handling and uncovered storage tanks.
• The ground water of different villages in district Khairpur, Sindh, was analyzed
physicochemically for drinking and irrigation purposes. The chemical and physical
characteristics of all samples were above the WHO guidelines and water was not fit
for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes
46. Water Quality Status in Sindh
• Bacteriological and physicochemical examination of groundwater in the coastal
areas of Sindh indicated that groundwater was unfit for drinking purpose. Phosphate
and sulphate concentrations were within range. But, organic and fecal
contamination was higher than turbidity and salinity.
• The ground water quality of various districts in Sindh showed that the pH of water
samples was within limits of WHO, while turbidity and most of the chemical
parameters were above the critical limits.
47. Drinking water quality in Karachi
• The physicochemical analysis of drinking water supply lines in Orangi Town, Karachi,
showed that physicochemical characteristics were within WHO permissible limits except
sulphate.
• The microbial investigation revealed that all samples were highly contaminated with total
coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli. The presence of microbial contamination indicated
poor water supply and sewage infrastructure.
• Microbial and physicochemical parameters of water supplied by WASA in Gulshan-e-Iqbal
demonstrated that the pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, and As were
satisfactory to the guidelines of WHO but only three samples were contaminated with
microbes because of leakage water mains and cross-connections between drinking water
supply lines and sewage
48. Water Quality Status in Sindh
• Drinking water quality of the Sindh province is also poor as that of other provinces.
About 67%–93% of samples collected from different locations in three main cities,
that is, Sukhur, Hyderabad, and Karachi, showed that water is unsafe for drinking
purposes due to microbial and chemical contamination.
51. Human health impacts
If drinking water contains unsafe levels of contaminants, it can cause health effects,
such as gastrointestinal illnesses, nervous system or reproductive effects, and
chronic diseases such as cancer.
There are two major causes of contamination in Pakistan given below and due to
these contaminations different kind of diseases can occur in that area,
• Microbiological contamination
• Chemical contamination
52. Microbiological contamination impacts :
The more common illnesses caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites can result in
stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fever, and kidney failure. Infectious
diseases such as hepatitis can also occur. Different types of microbes along with
their impact on the human health is also given,
• Compylobacter species are believed to cause 5-14% of cases of diarrhea
worldwide. The most commonly isolated species of Campylobacter is C. Jejune,
an organism that causes gastroenteritis. In developing countries the illness occurs
primarily in the children under 2 years of age. In a safe drinking water, there
should be no such organisms
53. • Vibrio cholera, is the causative organism of cholera. However, Vibrio cholera 01
spreads through food/water borne route and through the street vendors. The
disease causes massive diarrhea, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
• Escherichia coli can cause a variety of syndromes and is notoriously responsible
for diarrheal episodes, most common being the “Traveler's diarrhea”. Water
and food are the common vehicles of the transmission of the E coli.
• Hepatitis A and E are the waterborne viral illnesses that are the most common
ones to occur as an outbreak in a defined population. The water borne
hepatitis epidemics are common. In Islamabad and Rawalpindi, 4000 cases of
hepatitis were registered
54. Chemical Contamination Impacts:
A person who ingests chemical toxins in their water can be at risk of,
• Hormone disruption
• Cancer
• Altered brain function
• Damage to immune and reproductive systems
• cardiovascular and kidney problems
• Blue baby syndrome
• Muscle and bladder weakness
• Fatigue and blood pressure problems
55. Environmental impacts
• When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine environment, the
proliferation of newly introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae growth, which in
turn reduces oxygen levels in the water. This dearth of oxygen, known
as eutrophication, suffocates plants and animals and can create “dead zones”
• Chemicals and heavy metals from industrial and municipal wastewater contaminate
waterways as well. These contaminants are toxic to aquatic life most often reducing an
organism’s life span and ability to reproduce and make their way up the food chain as
predator eats prey. That’s how tuna and other big fish accumulate high quantities of
toxins such as mercury.
• Marine ecosystems are also threatened by marine debris, which can strangle, suffocate,
and starve animals. Much of this solid debris, such as plastic bags and soda cans, gets
swept into sewers and storm drains and eventually out to sea, turning our oceans into
trash soup and sometimes consolidating to form floating garbage patches.
56. Recommendations to maintain the standards of quality
drinking water
• Water distribution system and proper water metering
• Establishment of water monitoring authority
• Legislation of drinking water supplies
• General public awareness
• Proper governance of water treatment plants
• Monitor the waste disposal of industries
• Change in the irrigation system