Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife and plants does not threaten species survival. It protects over 35,000 species and regulates trade through a licensing system. Species are classified into Appendices based on extinction risk, with Appendix I prohibiting commercial trade. The CITES Secretariat coordinates implementation and services Parties, with functions like scientific and enforcement support. A Strategic Vision 2008-2020 guides CITES to adapt to changing circumstances and solve complex wildlife trade issues through 2020.
The document discusses air freight practices and provides information on:
- The benefits of air transportation for cargo including creating new markets, reducing costs, and allowing just-in-time inventory practices.
- Services offered by airlines for cargo including transportation, handling, tracking and more.
- International organizations that regulate air transport and cargo including ICAO, IATA, FIATA, and national level organizations in India.
The document contains questions and answers about various plants, trees, mountains and geographical features. It asks about the world's biggest flower (Rafflesia), plant that feeds on insects (Venus fly trap), tree with breathing roots (Mangroves), tallest grass (Bamboo), largest living tree (General Sherman), slowest flowering plant (Duckweed), longest river (Nile River), highest mountain (Mount Everest), highest active volcano (Cotopaxi Volcano), and largest desert (Sahara). The document was designed by P. Shashank Raju.
Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeast Asia. It has no stems, leaves, or roots, and is an endoparasite that spreads inside host vines. The largest species, R. arnoldii, produces flowers over 100 cm in diameter that weigh up to 10 kg and smell like rotting flesh to attract pollinating insects. While Rafflesia produces the largest single flower by weight, the titan arum is sometimes mistakenly considered the largest due to its large inflorescence.
Scientists determine if a species is endangered based on estimates of its breeding rates, threats from predators or disease, and population decreases over time. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides protection for species classified as endangered or threatened throughout a significant part of their range in the United States. Examples of endangered species include the sun bear, honey bee, quokka, kakapo, saola, and sand cat.
The Rafflesia flower is a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in Southeast Asia, including 28 species. It was first discovered in 1797 on Java by a French explorer but officially named in 1818 after British explorer Sir Stamford Raffles discovered a species on Sumatra. The Rafflesia is famous for having the largest single flower in the world, with some species reaching over 1 meter wide and weighing over 6 kg.
A number of plant species that were previously found in certain habitats in Pakistan are no longer present, including species from Sindh, Gilgit, Hunza Valley, Baltistan, Chitral, and the Indus Delta. Several plant species in Pakistan have gone extinct while many more are endangered. The government needs to take immediate action to conserve plants scientifically. Pakistan has a wide range of habitats from beaches to glaciers that support over 5,700 plant species, with 7.6% being endemic. Threats to plants include natural causes, population growth, habitat destruction, hunting, and pollution. Hong Kong also has a rich diversity of plants and animals due to its varied topography and subtropical climate.
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife and plants does not threaten species survival. It protects over 35,000 species and regulates trade through a licensing system. Species are classified into Appendices based on extinction risk, with Appendix I prohibiting commercial trade. The CITES Secretariat coordinates implementation and services Parties, with functions like scientific and enforcement support. A Strategic Vision 2008-2020 guides CITES to adapt to changing circumstances and solve complex wildlife trade issues through 2020.
The document discusses air freight practices and provides information on:
- The benefits of air transportation for cargo including creating new markets, reducing costs, and allowing just-in-time inventory practices.
- Services offered by airlines for cargo including transportation, handling, tracking and more.
- International organizations that regulate air transport and cargo including ICAO, IATA, FIATA, and national level organizations in India.
The document contains questions and answers about various plants, trees, mountains and geographical features. It asks about the world's biggest flower (Rafflesia), plant that feeds on insects (Venus fly trap), tree with breathing roots (Mangroves), tallest grass (Bamboo), largest living tree (General Sherman), slowest flowering plant (Duckweed), longest river (Nile River), highest mountain (Mount Everest), highest active volcano (Cotopaxi Volcano), and largest desert (Sahara). The document was designed by P. Shashank Raju.
Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeast Asia. It has no stems, leaves, or roots, and is an endoparasite that spreads inside host vines. The largest species, R. arnoldii, produces flowers over 100 cm in diameter that weigh up to 10 kg and smell like rotting flesh to attract pollinating insects. While Rafflesia produces the largest single flower by weight, the titan arum is sometimes mistakenly considered the largest due to its large inflorescence.
Scientists determine if a species is endangered based on estimates of its breeding rates, threats from predators or disease, and population decreases over time. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides protection for species classified as endangered or threatened throughout a significant part of their range in the United States. Examples of endangered species include the sun bear, honey bee, quokka, kakapo, saola, and sand cat.
The Rafflesia flower is a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in Southeast Asia, including 28 species. It was first discovered in 1797 on Java by a French explorer but officially named in 1818 after British explorer Sir Stamford Raffles discovered a species on Sumatra. The Rafflesia is famous for having the largest single flower in the world, with some species reaching over 1 meter wide and weighing over 6 kg.
A number of plant species that were previously found in certain habitats in Pakistan are no longer present, including species from Sindh, Gilgit, Hunza Valley, Baltistan, Chitral, and the Indus Delta. Several plant species in Pakistan have gone extinct while many more are endangered. The government needs to take immediate action to conserve plants scientifically. Pakistan has a wide range of habitats from beaches to glaciers that support over 5,700 plant species, with 7.6% being endemic. Threats to plants include natural causes, population growth, habitat destruction, hunting, and pollution. Hong Kong also has a rich diversity of plants and animals due to its varied topography and subtropical climate.
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife and plants does not threaten species survival. It protects over 35,000 species and regulates trade through a licensing system. Species are classified into three appendices based on extinction risk, and trade restrictions increase from Appendix I to III. The CITES Secretariat coordinates the convention's implementation and provides services to parties.
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES is an international agreement between governments created to ensure that international trade in animal and plant species does not threaten their survival. The document outlines the history and purpose of CITES, how it works through a system of appendices that regulate trade in different threatened species, and how the CITES Secretariat is organized to support the implementation of the convention.
Convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and...Michael Kwame-Biney
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It defines key terms, provides background on the need for CITES, and outlines the convention's aims, key provisions, implementation challenges, responsibilities of parties, current issues, and conclusion. CITES regulates international trade in endangered plants and animals through permitting and monitoring exports and imports. It lists species in three appendices based on protection needs. The convention aims to ensure trade does not threaten species' survival.
Illegal wildlife trading in India involves the sale or exchange of wild animals or plants in violation of the law. This black market trade includes live animals, dead animals, animal parts, and plant products. International conventions like CITES aim to regulate wildlife trade and protect endangered species. However, illegal wildlife trade continues to grow in India due to factors like poverty, weak enforcement, and corruption. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 prohibits most wildlife trading in India but enforcement of this law remains a challenge.
This document summarizes a report by TRAFFIC reviewing Thailand's legal framework for implementing CITES and regulating the trade in endangered species such as apes. It finds that while Thailand's Wild Animal Preservation and Protection Act (WARPA) addresses some aspects of illegal wildlife trade, there are loopholes that limit its effectiveness. For example, WARPA's definition of "trade" is inconsistent with CITES and it does not protect most non-native CITES-listed species. The report makes recommendations to close these loopholes by revising WARPA's proposed amendment to fully implement CITES and enable stronger enforcement of laws against illegal wildlife trade.
G20 High Level Principles on Combatting Corruption Related to Illegal Trade i...OECD Governance
At the leader’s summit in Hamburg on July 7-8, 2017, the G20 High Level Principles on Combatting Corruption Related to Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Wildlife Products were launched as an annex to the Leaders’ Declaration. The Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade (TF-CIT) provided substantive input to this document throughout its development. The OECD TF-CIT is specifically mentioned in the Principles in the context of ‘Assessment of Progress’, noting that the Task Force is a ‘network to evaluate impacts and to promote peer learning’.
The TF-CIT secretariat is proud to count on members’ support for the continued success and influence of the TF-CIT, and looks forward to deepening the impact of the work by and continuing to build off of these principles to advance the work of countering illicit trade across all sectors.
For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/risk/g20-principles-on-combatting-corruption-illegal-trade-in-wildlife.htm
Special program under cites on elephants in diferent countriesAdrian Bui
The document discusses CITES programs to monitor elephants and illegal ivory trade. It describes the MIKE and ETIS programs, which monitor elephant populations, poaching levels, and illegal ivory trade. MIKE collects data on elephant carcasses to determine poaching levels, while ETIS tracks illegal ivory seizures. The programs have found increases in elephant poaching since 2008 and identified poverty, governance, and ivory demand as drivers. MIKE and ETIS data have helped combat poaching by informing enforcement actions. National Ivory Action Plans provide steps for countries to strengthen controls on domestic ivory markets and combat illegal trade.
This report summarizes the findings of a study on the global caviar market. It analyzes CITES trade data from 2010-2015 and caviar seizure records from the EU and US during this period. Rapid assessments were conducted in 6 countries through online market surveys, physical market surveys in one city per country, and a review of domestic legislation. The study found evidence of illegal caviar trade such as lack of proper labeling and potential laundering. Wild caviar was found for sale despite lack of clarity on legal exports. Anecdotal evidence of poaching was found in Russia. Overall the report aims to better understand caviar markets and identify areas for improved enforcement of CITES regulations.
The document discusses CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), an international agreement between governments to ensure international trade in wildlife specimens does not threaten species survival. In Italy, CITES has been in force since 1980 and is managed by an organization called the CITES Service, with offices throughout the country regulating permits and trade. CITES lists over 5,800 animal species and 30,000 plant species in three appendices according to protection level. Currently 183 parties have joined CITES by submitting a declaration to the depositary government of Switzerland.
This document analyzes tiger seizure data from 11 tiger range countries between 2000-2010. A total of 481 seizures were documented, implicating between 1069-1220 tigers killed for their parts. The majority of seizures occurred in India, China, Nepal, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Seized parts included skins, bones, dead tigers, and claws. The report cautions that seizures likely represent only a fraction of actual illegal trade. It concludes that illegal tiger trade remains a severe threat and recommends improving understanding and enforcement of trade dynamics through data collection and analysis, intelligence-led investigations, regional cooperation, and increased political will.
Wildlife trafficking impacts a very wide range of
species of wild animals, plants and fungi, traded locally for domestic use and to international markets.
It encompasses a diverse range of commodities, including those used for food, medicine, construction,
adornment, display and keeping as live specimens.
It includes trafficking in contravention of laws governing large volume and high value natural resource
trade sectors, such as those producing timber and
fisheries goods. Although sometimes perceived as
somehow distinct from other wildlife trade sectors,
most food fisheries still come from wild sources, and
most timber comes from natural forests rather than
plantations, including from illegal sources (Box 2.1).
In practice, most of the analysis in this and previous editions of the World Wildlife Crime Report focuses on the trafficking of species subject to trade regulation under CITES.
The document discusses the role of scientific authorities in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES regulates international trade in endangered species through a permit system. Each party to CITES designates both a management authority and a scientific authority. The scientific authority advises the management authority on scientific matters like population assessments and issuing permits to ensure trade does not threaten species' survival. They also monitor trade impacts and propose amendments to CITES appendices listing protected species. In Uganda, the Wildlife Authority and Forest Services act as scientific authorities for fauna and flora, respectively.
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to licensing controls. Species covered are listed in three appendices based on protection needs. Appendix I lists threatened species where trade is only allowed in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II includes species where trade must be controlled to avoid threats. Appendix III contains species a country requests help with trade controls. A CITES permit is required to import or export specimens, with different requirements based on the appendix the species is listed in. Exemptions exist for certain circumstances like personal effects or captive bred animals.
The document summarizes information about CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). It discusses that CITES is an international agreement between governments to ensure international trade of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. It describes CITES' aims, fundamental principles around permitting and certifying trade, organizational structure, and how CITES regulates trade and collaborates with other groups. The summary highlights that CITES lists over 30,000 protected plant species in its three appendices and discusses some endangered Indian plant species regulated under CITES, including Aconitum chasmanthum and Commiphora wightii.
Combating illegal logging lessons from the eu flegt action planMinh Vu
The document summarizes the EU's FLEGT Action Plan, which aims to curb illegal logging and related trade. It discusses why forests matter, why combating illegal timber trade is important, how and why FLEGT was created through Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) between the EU and producer countries. The summary outlines the VPA process, lessons learned from FLEGT so far, and next steps to further reduce illegal logging on a global scale through increased collaboration and stronger legislation in major consumer markets.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It has grown to include over 180 member countries working together to ensure international trade of plants and animals does not threaten their survival.
2. CITES functions by placing species on one of three appendices based on how threatened they are. It then uses a permit system to regulate international trade of those species. Management Authorities in each country issue permits and ensure trade complies with CITES requirements.
3. Through cooperation between its member countries, standardized permits, and guidance from the Conference of Parties, CITES aims to ensure international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival in the wild.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It originated from earlier 20th century attempts to control wildlife trade that were not robust or global enough.
2. CITES works by listing species on one of three appendices based on extinction risk. It uses a permit system to regulate international trade of these species. Management and scientific authorities in each country implement CITES through permits and legislation.
3. Over 175 countries have joined CITES and work together through a conference of parties to amend the appendices and provide guidance on implementation. National legislation and cross-border permits are key to enforcing the goals of conserving species and ensuring international trade is sustainable.
World wild life's elephant and evory tradse in myanmarKyaw Ya
This document discusses the elephant and ivory trade in Myanmar. It finds that illegal trade in ivory and other elephant products remains widespread in Myanmar, especially in border markets. In 2006, TRAFFIC surveyed markets in Myanmar and border markets in Thailand and China, finding over 9,000 pieces of ivory and 16 whole tusks for sale, representing an estimated 116 elephants. It also documents reports of around 250 live elephants being exported from Myanmar to neighboring countries in the last ten years, mostly to supply the tourism industry in Thailand. The illegal killing of elephants and cross-border trade continues due to lack of enforcement of wildlife laws.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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Similar to Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife and plants does not threaten species survival. It protects over 35,000 species and regulates trade through a licensing system. Species are classified into three appendices based on extinction risk, and trade restrictions increase from Appendix I to III. The CITES Secretariat coordinates the convention's implementation and provides services to parties.
The document discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES is an international agreement between governments created to ensure that international trade in animal and plant species does not threaten their survival. The document outlines the history and purpose of CITES, how it works through a system of appendices that regulate trade in different threatened species, and how the CITES Secretariat is organized to support the implementation of the convention.
Convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and...Michael Kwame-Biney
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It defines key terms, provides background on the need for CITES, and outlines the convention's aims, key provisions, implementation challenges, responsibilities of parties, current issues, and conclusion. CITES regulates international trade in endangered plants and animals through permitting and monitoring exports and imports. It lists species in three appendices based on protection needs. The convention aims to ensure trade does not threaten species' survival.
Illegal wildlife trading in India involves the sale or exchange of wild animals or plants in violation of the law. This black market trade includes live animals, dead animals, animal parts, and plant products. International conventions like CITES aim to regulate wildlife trade and protect endangered species. However, illegal wildlife trade continues to grow in India due to factors like poverty, weak enforcement, and corruption. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 prohibits most wildlife trading in India but enforcement of this law remains a challenge.
This document summarizes a report by TRAFFIC reviewing Thailand's legal framework for implementing CITES and regulating the trade in endangered species such as apes. It finds that while Thailand's Wild Animal Preservation and Protection Act (WARPA) addresses some aspects of illegal wildlife trade, there are loopholes that limit its effectiveness. For example, WARPA's definition of "trade" is inconsistent with CITES and it does not protect most non-native CITES-listed species. The report makes recommendations to close these loopholes by revising WARPA's proposed amendment to fully implement CITES and enable stronger enforcement of laws against illegal wildlife trade.
G20 High Level Principles on Combatting Corruption Related to Illegal Trade i...OECD Governance
At the leader’s summit in Hamburg on July 7-8, 2017, the G20 High Level Principles on Combatting Corruption Related to Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Wildlife Products were launched as an annex to the Leaders’ Declaration. The Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade (TF-CIT) provided substantive input to this document throughout its development. The OECD TF-CIT is specifically mentioned in the Principles in the context of ‘Assessment of Progress’, noting that the Task Force is a ‘network to evaluate impacts and to promote peer learning’.
The TF-CIT secretariat is proud to count on members’ support for the continued success and influence of the TF-CIT, and looks forward to deepening the impact of the work by and continuing to build off of these principles to advance the work of countering illicit trade across all sectors.
For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/risk/g20-principles-on-combatting-corruption-illegal-trade-in-wildlife.htm
Special program under cites on elephants in diferent countriesAdrian Bui
The document discusses CITES programs to monitor elephants and illegal ivory trade. It describes the MIKE and ETIS programs, which monitor elephant populations, poaching levels, and illegal ivory trade. MIKE collects data on elephant carcasses to determine poaching levels, while ETIS tracks illegal ivory seizures. The programs have found increases in elephant poaching since 2008 and identified poverty, governance, and ivory demand as drivers. MIKE and ETIS data have helped combat poaching by informing enforcement actions. National Ivory Action Plans provide steps for countries to strengthen controls on domestic ivory markets and combat illegal trade.
This report summarizes the findings of a study on the global caviar market. It analyzes CITES trade data from 2010-2015 and caviar seizure records from the EU and US during this period. Rapid assessments were conducted in 6 countries through online market surveys, physical market surveys in one city per country, and a review of domestic legislation. The study found evidence of illegal caviar trade such as lack of proper labeling and potential laundering. Wild caviar was found for sale despite lack of clarity on legal exports. Anecdotal evidence of poaching was found in Russia. Overall the report aims to better understand caviar markets and identify areas for improved enforcement of CITES regulations.
The document discusses CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), an international agreement between governments to ensure international trade in wildlife specimens does not threaten species survival. In Italy, CITES has been in force since 1980 and is managed by an organization called the CITES Service, with offices throughout the country regulating permits and trade. CITES lists over 5,800 animal species and 30,000 plant species in three appendices according to protection level. Currently 183 parties have joined CITES by submitting a declaration to the depositary government of Switzerland.
This document analyzes tiger seizure data from 11 tiger range countries between 2000-2010. A total of 481 seizures were documented, implicating between 1069-1220 tigers killed for their parts. The majority of seizures occurred in India, China, Nepal, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Seized parts included skins, bones, dead tigers, and claws. The report cautions that seizures likely represent only a fraction of actual illegal trade. It concludes that illegal tiger trade remains a severe threat and recommends improving understanding and enforcement of trade dynamics through data collection and analysis, intelligence-led investigations, regional cooperation, and increased political will.
Wildlife trafficking impacts a very wide range of
species of wild animals, plants and fungi, traded locally for domestic use and to international markets.
It encompasses a diverse range of commodities, including those used for food, medicine, construction,
adornment, display and keeping as live specimens.
It includes trafficking in contravention of laws governing large volume and high value natural resource
trade sectors, such as those producing timber and
fisheries goods. Although sometimes perceived as
somehow distinct from other wildlife trade sectors,
most food fisheries still come from wild sources, and
most timber comes from natural forests rather than
plantations, including from illegal sources (Box 2.1).
In practice, most of the analysis in this and previous editions of the World Wildlife Crime Report focuses on the trafficking of species subject to trade regulation under CITES.
The document discusses the role of scientific authorities in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES regulates international trade in endangered species through a permit system. Each party to CITES designates both a management authority and a scientific authority. The scientific authority advises the management authority on scientific matters like population assessments and issuing permits to ensure trade does not threaten species' survival. They also monitor trade impacts and propose amendments to CITES appendices listing protected species. In Uganda, the Wildlife Authority and Forest Services act as scientific authorities for fauna and flora, respectively.
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to licensing controls. Species covered are listed in three appendices based on protection needs. Appendix I lists threatened species where trade is only allowed in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II includes species where trade must be controlled to avoid threats. Appendix III contains species a country requests help with trade controls. A CITES permit is required to import or export specimens, with different requirements based on the appendix the species is listed in. Exemptions exist for certain circumstances like personal effects or captive bred animals.
The document summarizes information about CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). It discusses that CITES is an international agreement between governments to ensure international trade of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. It describes CITES' aims, fundamental principles around permitting and certifying trade, organizational structure, and how CITES regulates trade and collaborates with other groups. The summary highlights that CITES lists over 30,000 protected plant species in its three appendices and discusses some endangered Indian plant species regulated under CITES, including Aconitum chasmanthum and Commiphora wightii.
Combating illegal logging lessons from the eu flegt action planMinh Vu
The document summarizes the EU's FLEGT Action Plan, which aims to curb illegal logging and related trade. It discusses why forests matter, why combating illegal timber trade is important, how and why FLEGT was created through Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) between the EU and producer countries. The summary outlines the VPA process, lessons learned from FLEGT so far, and next steps to further reduce illegal logging on a global scale through increased collaboration and stronger legislation in major consumer markets.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It has grown to include over 180 member countries working together to ensure international trade of plants and animals does not threaten their survival.
2. CITES functions by placing species on one of three appendices based on how threatened they are. It then uses a permit system to regulate international trade of those species. Management Authorities in each country issue permits and ensure trade complies with CITES requirements.
3. Through cooperation between its member countries, standardized permits, and guidance from the Conference of Parties, CITES aims to ensure international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival in the wild.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It originated from earlier 20th century attempts to control wildlife trade that were not robust or global enough.
2. CITES works by listing species on one of three appendices based on extinction risk. It uses a permit system to regulate international trade of these species. Management and scientific authorities in each country implement CITES through permits and legislation.
3. Over 175 countries have joined CITES and work together through a conference of parties to amend the appendices and provide guidance on implementation. National legislation and cross-border permits are key to enforcing the goals of conserving species and ensuring international trade is sustainable.
World wild life's elephant and evory tradse in myanmarKyaw Ya
This document discusses the elephant and ivory trade in Myanmar. It finds that illegal trade in ivory and other elephant products remains widespread in Myanmar, especially in border markets. In 2006, TRAFFIC surveyed markets in Myanmar and border markets in Thailand and China, finding over 9,000 pieces of ivory and 16 whole tusks for sale, representing an estimated 116 elephants. It also documents reports of around 250 live elephants being exported from Myanmar to neighboring countries in the last ten years, mostly to supply the tourism industry in Thailand. The illegal killing of elephants and cross-border trade continues due to lack of enforcement of wildlife laws.
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Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 11, Ver. I (Nov. 2015) PP 85-89
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-201118589 www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia
and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Lee Ee Ling1
, Mariani Ariffin1
and Latifah Abd Manaf2
1
(Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.)
2
(Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.)
Abstract: Asian elephant is categorised as „endangered‟ in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species of March
2015 and listed in Appendix I of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES) since July 1, 1975. In Malaysia, International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008 (Act 686),
hereinafter as “INTESA” is being enforced to regulate wildlife trade as required by CITES. Nevertheless,
occurrences of illegal ivory trade and transit across Malaysia still happen even after the implementation of
INTESA. Thus, the study is to determine the obligations of CITES in relation to Asian elephant conservation and
to what extent INTESA addresses the obligations through inductive and deductive thematic content analysis
method. The convention text, decisions and resolutions from CITES between 2004 and 2014 were gathered and
analysed. Obligations and sub-obligations related to Asian elephant conservation were selected and categorised
into themes and subthemes inductively to form a checklist. INTESA was read and analysed against the checklist
to examine to what extent INTESA addresses the obligations of CITES. The study found that INTESA addresses
elephant trade, including transit through systems of permit and certificate, yet, amendments in terms of import
permit, definition of derivatives for ivory, regulation on ivory in transit, management of ivory stockpiles and
elephant trades‟ records are imperative to protect Asian elephant from unlawful trade as outlined by CITES.
Keywords: Asian elephants, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008 (Act 686), inductive and deductive
thematic content analysis, obligation
I. Introduction
According to Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, treaty represents a written international
agreement between states, however, the present convention shall not apply to any international agreement
between states and other matters not included in international law, between other matters not included in
international law and international agreement that is not in written form. Treaty or convention is also being
defined as an international agreement between states that required states to follow a certain code of law, often
presented in the form of obligations and sub-obligations, in regulating inter-state relationships [1].
Asian elephant has been listed in Appendix I of CITES since July 1, 1975. The current conservation
status of Asian elephant is ‗endangered‘ under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species of March 2015. The
categorisation signifies the population of Asian elephant decreases more than half of the population over the last
10 years and threatened by trade since 1975. Malaysia has joined CITES in October 20, 1977 and enforced
CITES in January 18, 1978. This convention aims to regulate and monitor trades and markets of wildlife and its
derivatives through Appendix I, II, and III which varies in accordance to the level of species endangerment [2,
3]. The trades of species in all appendices are monitored by Management Authority (MA) and Scientific
Authority (SA). The MA is responsible for approving permit and certificates after obtaining appropriate advice
from SA. As of March 2015, a total of 180 countries have signed CITES. Therefore, CITES might be another
most important international treaty in conserving animals and plants through regulating trade and markets [4, 5].
In CITES, wild flora and fauna species threatened by trade are protected through categorising the
species into three appendices, namely Appendix I, II and III. Species listed in appendix I are endangered species
and is generally not allowed to be traded unless certain strict prerequisites are fulfilled. The import of species in
appendix I which is not detrimental and not for commercial purposes is permitted with appropriate care and
provided an import and export permits have been granted. Moreover, the re-export of species in appendix I is
allowed if species is properly cared while such trade is accompanied with import permit with no contravention
to the present convention. Appendix II species specifies species that are threatened with extinction if trade is not
regulated. However, trade is generally permitted for Appendix II species with preconditions. An export or re-
2. Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International…
DOI: 10.9790/0837-201118589 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
export permit is needed to import appendix II species and if the export is not detrimental to the species and
appropriate care is provided. The re-export of appendix II species will be allowed, if the species is imported
with appropriate care and no contravention with the convention. Species in appendix III lists identified species
by any party to prevent excessive exploitation which requires cooperation from other parties for trade
regulation. Appendix III species shall only be exported if proper care is given and such export does not
contravened to the convention. Meanwhile, the re-export of species in appendix III shall approve if the
certificate by the re-export state has been granted with no contravention to the present convention. Therefore,
Malaysia has implemented a national legislation namely International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008
(Act 686), hereinafter as ―INTESA‖, to address the obligations and sub-obligations specified in CITES.
In Malaysia, INTESA is being enforced to protect, conserve and regulate trade of wildlife including
Asian elephant through the system of permit, certificate and registration, as outlined in Third Schedule in
accordance to CITES appendices. Nevertheless, the extent of the implementation of INTESA in regulating
elephant and ivory trades involving import, export, re-export and transit in Malaysia are still remained unclear.
Malaysia has been identified as one of the transshipments points for ivory trade [6, 7]. In 2015, Thailand has
seized over three tones of African ivory shipped across Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore to Thailand [8]. In 2013,
ivory weighted in nearly 2 tonnes passed through Malaysia was seized by Vietnam in addition to another seizure
made by Hong Kong with nearly a tonne of ivory from Cote d‘Ivoire slipped through Malaysia within 2 weeks
[9]. This has been supported by TRAFFIC reports shown that ivory seizures for nearly 34 tonnes have slipped
through Malaysia between 2006 and 2013 [10]. On the other hand, 5 illegal ivory smuggling destined for
Malaysia were seized in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in 2010, 2011 and 2012 [10]. Additionally, 775 pieces of
ivory weighted 1.3 tonnes destined for Malaysia were seized at Mombasa, Kenya [11]. Since ivory trades
destined to and in transit in Malaysia remained persistent although INTESA has been enforced since 2008,
hence, it is imperative to analyse the obligations in relation to Asian elephant conservation from CITES and to
what extent INTESA addresses the obligations.
II. Method
The convention text and decisions and resolutions formed between 2004 and 2014 were downloaded
from CITES homepage. Meanwhile, INTESA primary law document was also downloaded from LawNet, the
subscribed law databases in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The articles in convention text were read and the
obligations related to Asian elephant conservation were identified and grouped into a checklist. The obligations
were further refined to obligations directly referred to regulations of elephant trade. Obligations directing to
administrative matters such as responsibilities of Management Authority (MA) and Scientific Authority (SA),
adoption of guidelines and etc were excluded. Similarly, the downloaded decisions and resolutions between
2004 and 2014 were also read, however, only the valid decisions and resolutions referring to the selected
obligations from the convention text were gathered and named as sub-obligations. This is simply because
decisions and resolution only valid within a specific of time. The identified sub-obligations were added into the
checklist and arranged following the related obligations. After the checklist was completed, themes and
subthemes were formed inductively as referred to the contents in the obligations and sub-obligations. Themes
and subthemes were also defined contextually. Next, the relationships between themes and subthemes were
examined deductively. Aside from the reading of convention text, decisions and resolutions, the content of
INTESA primary law document was also read to determine the extent of the related provisions in addressing the
obligations and sub-obligations.
III. Results
3.1 Obligations of CITES in relation to Asian elephant conservation
Parties are required to regulate trade of species in Appendix I through systems of permit and certificate.
In export of elephants or its derivatives, export permit will only be granted, if import permit has been granted
before application for export permit was made; sources of elephant were legal; and trade was not detrimental to
elephant species with safe shipment for living elephants.1
Similarly, the import permit of elephants or its
derivatives can only be granted, if the import is not detrimental to the elephant species with appropriate housing
and care in addition to the import is not for commercial purposes.2
Furthermore, the re-export certificate of
living elephant or its derivatives shall only be granted when import permit has been granted before application
to re-export certificate was made with appropriate housing and care provided during the shipment and legally
imported.3
In addition, parties shall also regulate domestic raw and worked ivory trade through registration of all
1
Article III, (2)(a), (b), (c) and (d) in CITES convention text.
2
Article III, (3)(a), (b) and (c) in CITES convention text.
3
Article III, (4)(a), (b) and (c) in CITES convention text.
3. Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International…
DOI: 10.9790/0837-201118589 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
traders, manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers involved in ivory trade; establishment and regulation on ivory
stockpiles; and collection of ivory samples from large seizures.4
Parties shall penalise any illegal elephant trade and possession and confiscate or return the seized living
elephants or its derivatives to state of export.5
The confiscated living elephants shall either to be entrusted to
MA followed by sending the confiscated elephants to rescue centre or returning them back to country of origin
after advised by Scientific Authority (SA).6
Furthermore, parties also shall ensure that all formalities involving
any wildlife trade shall be passed with minimum delay and living elephants shall be properly cared during
transit and shipment.7
In addition, parties shall also keep details of trade as records, such as names and address
of exporters and importers; number, type of permit and States involved; and quantity, type and name of
specimens traded.8
3.2 The extent of INTESA in addressing the obligations
The results reveal that INTESA regulates trade of Asian elephants and its derivatives through systems
of permit and certificate. However, import permit is not compulsory in INTESA for any export and re-export
involving elephant specimen.9
Furthermore, INTESA does not categorize elephant‘s ivory into raw and worked
ivory despite other elephant derivatives, such as meat, hide and hair were included as ‗readily recognizable part
or derivative of an animal‘.10
Nevertheless, ivory trade is still regulated by provisions enacted for the import,
export, re-export and transit of ivory.11
Meanwhile, comparable document also required when elephant trade
involving non parties to CITES.12
Elephant in transit also required to be accompanied with documents such as
permit, licence, certificate or written permission issued by country of export or re-export or import.13
Additionally, INTESA also authorises wildlife officers to collect samples of seized ivory with or without
warrant to assist the prosecution and identification processes, yet, INTESA does not mentioned the management
process of ivory stockpiled resulted from ivory seizures.14
INTESA also included the necessarily penalisation through seizure of living elephants and its
derivatives resulted from conviction to any illegal elephant trade.15
Seized elephant‘s specimen can either be
entrusted to MA or returned back to the country of import after advised from SA.16
Besides that, parties shall
also keep trade records of wildlife trade through recording the names and addresses of exporters and importers;
number, type of permit and states involved; and quantity, type and name of traded specimen. Nevertheless,
INTESA legislations only require MA and captive breeder to keep and maintain records of their stocks and
transactions.17
Otherwise, penalization in terms of fine, imprisonment or both will be imposed, if any captive
breeder failed to keep and maintain such records.18
IV. Discussion
The less reported illegal trade from Malaysia as compared with other parties might be the possible
reason that INTESA legislations do not obliged the applicant to obtain an import permit before export or re-
export permit or certification applications is being processed. However, valid documents are still needed for the
import, export, re-export and transshipment of elephant‘s derivatives. Notwithstanding that, online illegal trade
of ivory seems not to be much considered even though the fast increment of thousands of new advertisements on
the sale of ivory were found nearly every month between 2013 and 2014 even after the 1989 CITES trade ban
[12].
Worse still, the trend of illegal wildlife trade through internet is also gaining popularity in Malaysia
whereby youths have been arrested for illegal wildlife trading involving protected wildlife such as bear cub,
civet cat, slow loris and etc through mobile phone [13]. Thus, the rise of internet illegal wildlife trade might
further increase the existing illegal ivory trade in Malaysia. It can be argued that ivory hunting in Malaysia is
not as severe as compared to other Asian elephant range states, however, the sources to the wildlife involved in
4
Refer to Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. CoP 16) in https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/res/10/E-Res-10-10R16.pdf for more information.
5
Article VIII, (1)(a) and (b) in CITES convention text.
6
Article VIII, (4)(a), (b) and (c) in CITES convention text.
7
Article VIII, (3) in CITES convention text.
8
Article VIII, 6(a) and (b) in CITES convention text.
9
S11; and S16(1)(a), (2)(a), (3) and (4) in INTESA legislation.
10
S10; S11; S12; S13; S16(1)(a), (b), (2)(a), (b), (3) and (4); and S17 in INTESA legislation.
11
S6(1); S8(2); S9(a), (b); S10; S11; S12; S13; S14; S15(1), (2), (3) and (4); S16(1)(a), (b), (2)(a), (b), (3) and (4); and S17 in INTESA
legislation.
12
S10; S11; and S16 in INTESA legislation.
13
S13(1) and (2); and S34(9), (10) and (11) in INTESA legislation.
14
S23; S24; and S25 in INTESA legislation.
15
S9(e), (f) and (g); S13(2); S23(2), (3), (4), (5) and (6); S24; S25; S27; S28; S34; and S35 in INTESA legislation.
16
S34(7), (8), (9), (10) and (11); S35; and S36 in INTESA legislation; and Regulation 3, International Trade in Endangered Species (Rescue
Centre) Regulation 2009.
17
S7(1)(a); and S18(1) in INTESA legislation.
18
S18(3) in INTESA legislation.
4. Regulatory protection of Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia and Convention on International…
DOI: 10.9790/0837-201118589 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
online illegal trade in Malaysia are more likely from villagers who stay near the border between protected areas
(PAs) and human-dominated areas [13]. This is simply because their living environment near PAs allows them
to have better access and chances of contact with wildlife. Poverty can be another reason that caused villagers to
poach [14]. They will contact the online illegal trader once they capture any animals which then pictures being
posted in some Facebook pages such as Forever Pet, Dinend Sivali and Bany Isz, to attract potential customers
[13].
Similarly, the less occurrence of illegal elephant trade in Malaysia might be the reason behind to why
INTESA legislations only requires MA and captive breeder to keep trade and transaction records. It is also
possible that captive breeding for commercial purposes requires trade and transaction records to be recorded
because INTESA is being enforced to addresses obligations in relation to trade. Despite illegal elephant hunting
and trade in Malaysia are low, illegal ivory trade destined to Malaysia and transited across Malaysia is
commonly seized [8, 9, 15]. It can be argued that current level of illegal ivory transshipment across Malaysia is
moderate, however, the increasing trend of illegal ivory trade through internet in addition to high demand and
monetary return from ivory trade might have lead to increment of illegal ivory trade in Malaysia and in transit
across Malaysia. Therefore, the government shall take action to tackle the increasing trend of online illegal
wildlife trade.
Furthermore, the poorly known disposal or management methods of seized ivory often raises up the
concern of the fate of confiscated ivory. Despite the confiscated ivory are often being kept or stockpiled in the
country of confiscation, Malaysia has not shows any clear disposal methods to those confiscated ivory [16, 17,
18] even though some governments in Southeast Asia countries (eg. Philippines and Hong Kong) burned the
confiscated ivory to send a clear warning to illegal ivory trader that they will not tolerate to any illegal elephant
trade [19, 20]. This indicates the disposal or management of confiscated ivory in Malaysia is unclear.
Notwithstanding that, the lack of scientific technology in identification of the origin of seized ivory and
difficulties in differentiating ivory from teeth from walrus, hippo and etc by human naked eye might be the
reasons why confiscated ivory is being stockpiled rather than returning to the state of export. However, it can be
argued that Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) is capable of identifying the origins of seized
ivory, because a total of 14 carved ivories which one was originated from Asian or Africa elephants was
identified [21]. Yet, the existing technology in DNA identification seems to be inadequate to determine the
origins of confiscated ivory, let alone the appropriate methods to dispose them.
V. Conclusion
INTESA addresses the obligations in CITES in related to Asian elephant conservation on illegal
trading of living elephant and its derivatives through systems of permit and certificate. However, INTESA
should obligate import permit to be obtained before any export and re-export of living elephant or its derivatives
is permissible. Provisions direct to elephant in transit shall also be amended. Furthermore, the management of
ivory stockpiles in Malaysia is unclear although the appropriate disposal method of seized ivory is monitored by
MA with the advice from SA. It is recommended that INTESA to include provision to address the management
of ivory stockpiles since ivory seizures is expected to increase resulted from rapid human developments.
Moreover, all trade involving elephants shall also be recorded. In addition, the definition of ‗readily
recognizable part or derivative of an animal‘ to include both raw and work ivory shall be improved. To this end,
Malaysia government shall amend INTESA legislations in respective to permit system, transit, definition of
derivatives for ivory, trade record and management of ivory stockpiles to improve the current Asian elephant
conservation in Malaysia.
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