Report on Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi with Annex (25, 30, 31, 35, 39, 47)-1.pdf

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
BY
MUKESH KUMAR SAH
PRAKASH ROKA MAGAR
PRIYANKA KARNA
RITESH ADHIKARI
SANDIP SETH
UJJWAL DEV
Submitted to :
Ar. Pradip Pokhrel
Ar. Kuber Shrestha
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Date : 20th May, 2022
REPORT ON REDEVELOPMENT OF MACHHABHAUDI

Report on Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi Department Of Architecture 20th May, 2022
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................5
1. Chapter 1 : Site Analysis and Proposal...........................................................................................6
1.1 Background / Introduction ..........................................................................................................6
1.2 About Site ...................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Site Analysis ...............................................................................................................................8
1.3.1 Development of settlement during the course of 5 years............................................8
1.3.2 Situation of Different site elements in and around the site .........................................8
1.3.3 Planning analysis......................................................................................................12
1.3.4 Neighborhood Planning Concept: .............................................................................13
1.3.5 Five elements of city .................................................................................................13
1.3.6 Urban Fabric and Forms............................................................................................16
1.3.7 Analysis of Planning and programs distributed in different floor plans ..................17
1.3.8 Infrastructure and its services....................................................................................21
1.3.9 Planning Standards and Norms :...............................................................................22
1.3.10 Conclusion.................................................................................................................27
1.4 Problem Statement....................................................................................................................30
1.5 Objectives .................................................................................................................................30
1.6 Rationale / Justification.............................................................................................................30
1.7 Methodology.............................................................................................................................31
1.8 Time and Resources / Limitations ............................................................................................34
2 Chapter 2 : Literature Review.......................................................................................................35
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................35
2.2 History of Redevelopment ........................................................................................35
2.3 Types of Redevelopment...........................................................................................36
2.4 STRATEGIES FOR MIXED USE REDEVELOPMENT........................................38
2.5 Need of mixed use redevelopment............................................................................38
2.6 Design guidelines for mixed use...............................................................................39
2.7 Design guidelines for commercial place ...................................................................42
2.8 Housing .....................................................................................................................44
2.9 Street scape................................................................................................................46

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2.10 Streets elements........................................................................................................48
2.11 Public space...............................................................................................................53
2.12 Street vendor aspect ..................................................................................................55
2.13 Site and services........................................................................................................58
2.14 Building by laws and planing norms.........................................................................61
2.15 Urban morphology ....................................................................................................62
2.16 Land pooling .............................................................................................................63
3 CHAPTER 3 : CASE STUDIES...................................................................................................65
3.1 CASE STUDY 1 : Songzhuang Micro Community Park .........................................65
3.2 CASE STUDY 2: Jintai Village Reconstruction Sichuan, China .............................68
3.3 CASE STUDY 3: Sydney Fish Market.....................................................................73
3.4 CASE STUDY 4 : Futako Tamagama ......................................................................77
4 CHAPTER 4 : Design Phase.........................................................................................................81
4.1 Zoning : .....................................................................................................................81
4.2 Conceptualization :....................................................................................................82
4.3 Design Strategies.......................................................................................................83
4.4 MASTER PLAN .......................................................................................................84
4.5 COMMERCIAL COMPLEX :..................................................................................85
4.6 Redevelopment of School .........................................................................................88
4.7 Community Park .......................................................................................................91
4.8 Commercial Zone :....................................................................................................94
4.9 Residential Zone........................................................................................................97
4.10 Co-living Housing...................................................................................................100
4.11 Condominium with community hall : .....................................................................103
4.12 Neighbourhood Square :..........................................................................................107
5 CHPTER 5 : Conclusion.............................................................................................................109
6 CHAPTER 6 : Bibliography .......................................................................................................110
7 CHAPTER 7 : ANNEX DRAWINGS........................................................................................110

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Acknowledgement
We would like to express our profound gratitude and thanks towards our respected professor
Ar. Pradip Pokhrel and Ar. Kuber Shrestha, for their continuous guide and supervision
during all the stages of our Design Studio VII. We thank them for their wisdom and suggestion
and always helping us out understanding our views and ideas. Their knowledge on the field of
architecture and research, valuable comments, guidance during the contextual site analysis,
literature review, case study, program formulation and conceptualization helped us in bringing
out our best output on Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi Zone 2.
Our thanks are due to the Department of Architecture and Institute of Engineering, Purwanchal
Campus for their co-operation and providing the continuous motivation, encouragement and
valuable guidance throughout this Design Studio project. Especially to the teachers, Ar.
Sanjaya Babu Maharjan and Ar. Sashi Mandal who are part of our Design Studio, for their
encouragement, patience and understanding that made us comfortable during this project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards the Ward President of Machhabhaudi
area and their people for their constant participation and mutual understanding during our
project which help us so much to make our contextual site analysis possible and informative.
Lastly, we would like to thank our family and friends who has supported us in every aspects,
and all the people who have helped us, with direct or indirect involvement in our project. We
are honored to have so many wonderful people lead us through in completion our project
“Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi Zone 2”.
Mukesh Kr. Sah (PUR074BAR025)
Prakash Roka Magar (PUR074BAR030)
Priyanka Karn (PUR074BAR031)
Ritesh Adhikari (PUR074BAR035)
Sandip Seth (PUR074BAR039)
Ujjwal Dev (PUR074BAR047)

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ABSTRACT
This report entitled to “Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi” is prepared to be submitted on
Department of Architecture, Purwanchal Campus, Dharan, about the attempt of giving life to
Machhabhaudi by providing the architecturally sound habitat, enhancing the commercial
activities to provide income generating opportunities and reviving the lost charm of Jatras
providing open public spaces & redefined performing path.
Machhabhaudi was regarded as the first settlement area and a center for economic activities of
the city before the establishment of Dharan Municipality. But now, it is a quiet, chaotic, less
vibrant area approaching to mixed use area as a trend of development with many problems like
streets lacking enclosure & activity, undeveloped inner core areas, and imbalance between
open and built spaces.
Hence, we intend to solve these pre-existing problems through architectural study and design
implementation by developing integrated mixed used development providing architecturally
sound habitat with proper infrastructural concept of Live, Work, Play and Learn, providing
proper streets with footpaths and drainage, and establishing social harmony with neighborhood
context providing community based spaces.

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1. Chapter 1 : Site Analysis and Proposal
1.1 Background / Introduction
Urban redevelopment is the process that involves the study of the past, predicting the future of
the place while designing for present to fulfill the current needs of the place.
It often involves rezoning and relocating of the spaces of a given area for its land readjustment.
It is also accompanied by a provision of infrastructu
re improvements that can provide facilities and services to the current and future needs.
Redevelopment is not just constructing building but also ensuring that residents of a community
are empowered to improve their quality of life and environment with planning of that place. It
is typically perceived as the physical placement while it is also about regulation of land and
structure in a better manner than before.
HISTORY
Since 1584 AD till 1774 AD, Dharan-Bijaypur was the capital city of Morang Kingdom of
Limbuwan. It was also effective capital of the entire Limbuwan region or ten Limbu Kingdoms
which was also known as Pallo Kirant Pradesh. Before King Prithivi Narayan Shah’s conquest
over Bijaypur, The capital of Morang Kingdom of Limbuwan, the capital city of Kiranti
pradesh (zone) was the base-land of the establishment. Dharan was known as Bijaypur until
1950s when the settlement grew on the southern portion of Bijaypur and took its own name as
Dharan.
Vijaypur started its development since 1985 BS. Then Prime Minister Chandra Samsher
established Chandra nagar (now purano bazaar) and Prime Minister Juddha Samsher
established Juddha nagar (now Naya Bazaar). City abstracted its name after “Dharan” (Nepali
word) a rectangular hollow dug under the ground and a low platform upon it for sawing logs
with a big saw; one person on the platform and other below it. And, after the establishment of
Dharan city, logs used to be widely split in “Dharan”.It took its present shape when Vijaypur
village panchayat and Ghopa village panchayat were merged into Dharan municipality in 2035
BS.
ABOUT DHARAN
Dharan is one of the Sub-Metropolitan cities in eastern Nepal, in the Sunsari District of Koshi
Zone, and is situated on the foothills of the Mahabharata Range in the north with its southern
tip touching the edge of the Terai region at an altitude of 1148 ft. (349m) serving as a trading
post between the hilly region and the plains of Terai region. It lies in altitude of 1778m.The
Dharan municipality having area of 21.12 sq. km has been expanded by addition of two VDCs
Panchkanya and Bishnupaduka and declared sub-metropolitan city in 2016, which updated
DSMC to total area of 192.61 sq. km. Post recent ward readjustment, DSMC has 20 wards in

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total. As many cities of Nepal, the settlements of Dharan was established along the major
Highway route to Dhankuta. The major business and financial activities existed along the
highway and a well-adjusted area has been
segregated for health, education and industry.
Dharan has attempted for a planned
development but the concentration has been
more on the center of city, with core area being
developed as trade and business hub, and as a
ribbon development.
1.2 About Site
Machhabhaudi was regarded as the first
settlement area and a center for economic
activities of the city before the establishment
of Dharan Municipality. But now, it is a quiet,
chaotic, less vibrant area approaching to mixed
use area as a trend of development with many problems like streets lacking enclosure &
activity, undeveloped inner core areas, and
imbalance between open and built spaces.
SITE INFORMATION
Site Area :21837.5m2
Latitude: 26.81 N
Longitude:87.28 E
Altitude :310m
Slope Difference :11 M
SOCIO- CULTURAL
Religion: Hindu , Buddhist
Caste Majority : Rai , Limbu , Newar
Caste Minority Brahmin, Chhetri , Tamang
Demography
No: of household : 85 houses inside the site ,
177uses with neighbourhood
Existing structures on the site

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1.3 Site Analysis
1.3.1 Development of settlement during the course of 5 years
The commercial activities and major settlement flourished on
the northern part in 2004 while the settlement was added
haphazardly in the core part of the site in 2009 A.D. the
settlements god added in 2014 AD and small scattered unused
open spaces can be seen due to haphazard development till 2021.
Fig: showing settelemnt pattern
1.3.2 Situation of Different site elements in and around the site
Schools / colleges: there is high
traffic of both vehicles and
pedestrian during office hours. This
has created public gathering. There is a strong
need to create pedestrianized road and establish
children play areas.
Hospitals:
the health services and hospitals are easily
accessible to our site. There is high flow of
trafficthat helps in economy. There is need of wide
roads or separate access for emergency
vehicles.Proper places for solid waste
management and disposal of medical appliance
seems to be needed.
Temples / mosque:
the temples around the site have preserved the
belief of religion and culture which is also a reason
to bring people together as public gathering. But
there is lack of spaces for religious people to perform their rituals.
Bhanu chowk
Another feature around the site is Bhanu Chowk which is easily accessible to all kinds of
infrastructures and has high flow of traffic. It is the main business trade center. Out site has
made easy access to Bhanu Chowk. Since there is high traffic of people and congestion of road,
wide roads are needed to control traffic flow.
Socio-cultural

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The majority of religion based on our site is of Hindu and Buddhists. The caste majority is of
Rai Limbu and Newars while caste minority is of Brahmin, Chhetri and Tamang.
Demography
The number of households is 85 houses inside the site, 177 houses with neighborhood. The
area of ward no 3 is 0.13 km2
.And the population of ward no 3 is 4838. This gives the
population density as 4838 / 130000 i.e., 0.0372 people/m2
.This shows population of site as
815 persons approximately.
Social status
Dharan has 83.14% literacy rate with female literacy rate as 77.36% showing women
empowerment and equal participation in terms of development. This shows there is higher
prospects of development that could be implemented with greater level of participation.
Cultural character
Having transit access to religious sites of
temple, site has potential of relating cultural
values, promoting tourism.
Figure 2: Increment in female land ownership
promoting gender equality
Figure 1: 58 different castes following different
religion live together by sharing and caring
with harmony
Figure 3: Site is famous for educational
institutions and transit access to religious sites

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Social character
Figure 4: Traditional Figure 5: Modern
Figure 6: New generations flying to foreign for employment are
influenced with westerm culture resulting in declination of cultural
practices of jatras and festives in modern times
Figure 7: Urban space with mixed use
building patterns having balcony, frontages
in the building promoting street life
Figure 8: Social understanding in the
community creating sense of harmony and
equity

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Socio-cultural activities
Our site is rich in socio-cultural activities. Since past time, it has been a hub for cultural activities and
performances of jaatras and naach in different times of the year. But due to western influence and
urbanization, people are not performing these activities nowadays.
Earlier ghode jaatra, baagh jaatra ropai jaatra, gaai jaatra, laathi naach used to be performed on our
site. While laakhe naach is also considered as street festival, nowadays holi, dhaan naach are also
performed. But there is lack of community based spaces to cater these activities.
Figure 9: Lack of community-based spaces demands vibrancy to
respond the sense of place in city centre

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Economic aspect
Since Dharan lies on the trade route of India and China, it has the economic prospects since past
times.
1.3.3 Planning analysis
As per our planning analysis, the development of
settlement can be seen along the street. Higher
density of settlement on the northern part and lower
density at south east side can be found.
Internal roads are not well connected, creating
certain dead ends. This is due to development of settlement along main
streets.
Proper balance between built spaces i.e., mass and void i.e., open space
can be traced out but spaces were not properly managed. No proper
arrangement of open space with built spaces can be seen
Figure 10: Dharan as trade route
connecting hilly region with terai
Figure 11: Source of income through
remittance
Figure 12: Inflation rate hike
resulting in nuclear family
Figure 13: Revenues through tourism
and religious activity

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Development of settlement along the street making the inner core undeveloped results in
making any two points inaccessible to each other.
1.3.4 Neighborhood Planning Concept:
After finding the issues on planning, we tried to put some
suggestion based on Clearence Perry neighborhood unit with the
following purposes:
Learnings from Neighborhood Planning
The planning formula for the distribution of playgrounds can be
adapted. The society has to be formed in a way to socialize
people. The public space should be common & shareable. There
should be measures for safe and healthy neighborhood
environment along with safe & efficient road & pedestrian route.
Form these learnings, we can apply them in our design by combining
schools and placing at the center to avoid traffic. Placing commercial
hubs / shopping area to the edges or perimeter to exclude non traffic.
Providing sufficient open spaces and parks for community interaction &
socialization. The houses or unit can be well surrounded by wide arterial
streets to facilitate its people. Design can distinguish curvilinear internal
streets for the safety & aesthetic purpose of the street.
1.3.5 Five elements of city
Paths:
The channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally or
potentially moves. may be street, walk ways, transits line, canals, and
rail roads. Arrange space and movement between spaces.
concentration of special use or activity along a street may give it
prominence. (For eg: Vendors in Sadan road). paths may not be
identifiable or continuous but have directional quality.

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Edges:
Edge are the linear elements not considered as paths: they are usually
but not always. The boundaries between two kinds of area, linear
breaks in continuity, acting as lateral fences. Strong edges are not
necessarily impenetrable, while continuity and visibility are crucial.
Can be either real or perceived. There are walls, buildings, and short
lines, overpasses etc.The edges also give the skyline, and the skyline
of our site tells there is more growth and flourishment on the north due
to high skyline.
Districts:
Districts are the medium to large sections of the city having two-
dimensional extent, recognizable as having some common,
identifying characters. the physical characteristics of districts
consists of endless variety of components: texture spaces, form,
detail, symbol, building type, use, activity, degree of maintenance
and topography. homogeneities of facade material, modeling,
ornament, color, sky line, special fenestrations are all basic clues
in identifying major street. Some districts may be single, standing
along their zone and others may be connected to each other.
Landmarks:
Landmarks are the type of point-reference, where observer doesn't enter the within, they are
external. Usually, a rather simply defined physical objects: building, signs, or mountain can be
considered as landmark. Location at a junction involving path decisions strengthens a
landmark. Spatial prominence can establish landmarks in following ways of making some
elements visible and distinct from away location, setting up local contrast with nearby elements
or clarity of general form, shape and height.

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Nodes:
Nodes are points or the strategic spot in a city into which an
observer can enter. It is considered as the intensive foci to and
from which she/he is travelling. They may be primary junctions,
which gain their importance from bringing the condensation of
some use or physical character, as a street corner hangout or an
enclosed square. The also act as breathing voids, activity hubs or
public realm.
Building Typology
We further tried to study the existing living
condition of housed of Shanti Path. This shows
the most poor living condition of the site area.
There are old houses having unhygenic
lifestyle that affects the livability of the people
in urban area. This also hampers the urban
image of the site.
The condition is so worse that, there is no
proper drainage system. Also there is
probability of Flash flood in the raini season
since it is at the lowest elevation.
The adjacent figure
shows conditions of
different portions a
typical house.
There is use of R.C.C. buildings
mostly that includes tile cladding.
There is lack of cross ventilation
since the buildings are built on dead
end with no offsets. There is lighting
problems on the east part of shown
adjacent buildings

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Even here, RCC is used as
building material. In this
typology, there is central
passage system that lacks
cross ventilation, but enough
lighting is gained through
large windows.
In the 3rd
typology, there is
roofing of typical truss style and
central passage system can be
found same as above. It also licks
cross ventilation but has good
lighting.
Even in this typology which is
having single bay system,
there is lighting and cross
ventilation issue.
1.3.6 Urban Fabric and Forms
Urban Fabric is the physical form of towns and cities. Comparing it to our site, we can observe
we have, variations in the urban fabric i.e. there is course grain
in the inner core dure to unplanned settlement and haphazard
paths formation. While there is fine grains along the streets at th
outer peripheri.
Impacts of Fine grains:Fine grains are the urban fabric
consisting of several small blocks on the close proximity.. This
offers many opportunities for discovery and explorations. There
are vacant plots for surface parking. Also as there are more
intersections, the traffic is slower and safer. This creates an
urban fabric that seamlessly evolve over time from lightly
developed residential areas to mixed used retails to dense urban
core.

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Course grains Impact
Instead of asserting control over the street, such places turn inward,
fortifying themselves aginst the perceived dangers of outside
peripheri. This shows more unsdesirability of the school within.
1.3.7 Analysis of Planning and programs distributed in different floor plans
From the analysis of different floorplans within the site, we can observe that, there is more
commercial activities in the ground floor. While, there are 3 schools, one withing the site, and
two on its peripheri. Also there can be found higher abundance of the use of CGI sheets. And
the residential units can be found more on the southern part, ine. Around the Milan path and
Shanti Path.

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Street Analysis
While doing our contextual analysis of our site, we visited the different streets of our site
multiple times. We try to analyze the different aspects of the streets as per our need and
possibility. We find different problems on the different aspects like flash flooding, street
lighting, street character, footpath, traafic, drainage etc
Fig: showing activities of different streets

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Sadan road
There is no proper foothpath and sidewalks are used by street vendors resulting in bad condition
of road ways. There is more commercialized activities on this road. There is dominanance of
modern house (mostly 2 storey). High traffic of both vehicles and pedestrians can be found.
There is uncovered drain on one side hving width of 2 ft. there is Highly densed settlement/
housing but less green space. No proper parking space can be found there. On the other hand,
reconstruction / renovation works is being done tomake road 50 ft wide from 30 ft.
Milan path
mostly residential zone.good condition road. very less traffic of vehcles and
pedestrians.Optimum green spaces.Well arranged buildings with open spaces/Yard.Both
traditional and modern building,Linkage between two major road/areas. Well covered side
drain(2ft).
SADAN ROAD
Milan Path

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Shanti path road / area
Average road conditions can be found in this area. There is mild traffic of both vehicles and
pedestrian. Mix used of commercial and residential activities can be seen. There is 2 ft one side
average drain. Modern house dominance can be found. There is unmanaged parking space
resulting inn congestion.
Street Sadan
Road
Milan
Path
Shanti
Path/road
Bhanu
marga
Road condition Back top
Bad
Back top
Good
Back top
Good
Back top
good
Traffic High Low Mild Low
Building style Modern
dominance
Mix Modern Modern
Zone Commercial/com
mercial
Residential Mix Mix
Drain 2ft.(1side) 2ft.(1side) 2ft.(1side) 1ft.4in
(2side)
Foothpath Yes
Construction R.C.C Wooden+R.C.C R.C.C. R.C.C.
Shanti Path
Bhanu Smriti Path

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1.3.8 Infrastructure and its services
Open space
Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities andsystem that support the sustainable functionability
of household and firms. Serving a countret, city or other area includingthe service and facilities
necessary for its economy.
Market place
Our site mostly has grocery shop and khaja ghar for other services, they need to reach Bhanu
chowk. (new bajar).
School
Our site is rich in educational institute but there is lack of some basic
facilities. Poor ventiation and lighting problem can be seen. There is lack of
proper libary/ lab in the schools. Also, open space and sanitation isn’t
provided in government school.
Water supply drainage
Currently water is supplied from Dharan khane pani sasthan. Water is also retrived from
several wells bolt in charkose jungle in dharan. Our site is currently getting water supply from
pindeshowri sub-system of water supply. The water supplies in a summer and winter schedule
Market place Transportation
School Ambulance
Fire hydrant
Fig: allocation of infrastructures and services in
master plan

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should be in aprox 600 ft from one fire hydrant to another. Fire hydrant is not avilable in our
site fire brigade need to return municipilites to recharge it again.
Open Space:
There is lack in open space or park. Also there is lack of space for socio-cultural events. Space
for physically disabled is not kept into considerations.
Hospital
The main hospital i.e.Bpkh is 19 km away bijayapur is 1.2 kilometer from our site. Presence
of small medical center is around our site.
Transportation
For transportation facility, site has got tampo and safari stand. ambulance and fire brigade is
almost accessible in all part of site but it is difficult to reach in of site
1.3.9 Planning Standards and Norms : The following norms and standards for the
plannings and building designs are to be considered. For that we have made a deep
study and tried to obey the rules and regulations as per the standards for our design
implementationMarket centre (above 50 shops)
1. Road collecter street local street in
local street and outside the
site
Row Setback Footh
path
20 1 2
10 1 2
2. Water supply public stand qty:25-70lpcd -once a day water
post with avg.45lpcd supply
-standpipe for 15-25hh - no public water tap
- Accessible within 100m. - Public tap is periferi of
Site
3.sanitation/sewer -on site -water seal toilet -toilet provided at
sanitation - 1 public toilet/bathhouse almost
with septic for one market centre - households with
tank septic trank
-provision of
public toilets
4.solid waste -collection centre -communal collection -muncipality vechile
Management with bio gas plant -max distance to disposal comes to once a week
compost plant at point<500m from the to collect wastes
household level market centre
S.N. Types of
Infrastructure standards site construction
Physical infrastructure
measurement in mm.

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5.electricity - national grid -100% electricty - 24/7 availablity of
supply line coverage electricity
-Except some cases
6.telecommunication -alternative energy -20 watt solar home system -solar
Community -1ctb/market center energy
- telephone booths -smart phone
at shops with almost
everyone
social infrastructure
7. Educational - primary/basic level -1/3000 populatio -1secondary school in site
at a distance of 0.4-0.8km -3 school and college
outside our site
1.Natural Resources Area - 80-90% of land settlement shall not be allowed.
Agriculctural forest -Discourage -buffer min 15m - hapharzard
geographic fragmentation around sensitive use of land
features of land no - buffer area as a no for construction
Environmentally construction go/ -no enough open
Sensitive areas in sensitive area
And around water bodies use zone sapaces
2.settlement promoted -10-20% of land - low density of -max land use for
settlement
allowable development
50 person/ha
Residential cum- commercial-resturants, -encourage mixuse land - mixed building in
the
Commercial hotel,multipurpose hall use along main roads resturants,cafe
repairing center -development of at ,repairs,offices
liberary,residential:row least home stay
housing,
institutional:religious center

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Residential -dwelling structure and -should be located at -residing in
other selected amenities office, a distances of 1km the upper
bank,liberary,residential:row away from the main floors in
housing,hostel market center mixe use
building
10.community center -community -1 communi -not provided in site
building center/1market but located in the
including liberary center periphery of site
11.security -police post -0.1ha/site -no special security
market center services provided
C.economic infrastructure
12.haat bazar -twice a week -0.2ha for per - glocery vegetable
vegetable site meat shops
market/meat market with
cold storage
13.parking space - public parking -1parking lot/1 -no specific area
space for two/ market center for parking space
three/four wheeler
Light Plane analysis
From the light plane analysis we have analysed that, the height of the buildings and the width
of road including footpaths in between the buildings are in proportion for good ssight, sunlight,
ventilation. But due to higher demads and congestion in near future , the builigs ma even go
higher than existing condition. For that, provisions
for offsets as per building norms and standards are
to be provided. Also the addition of floors has to be
as per the allowance of bye laws of Dharan city. In
addition, the proposed extension of roads have to be
implemented for the maintenance of light plane.

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Analysis through Graphs and Charts
From the analysis of building type, we can see the
dominance of modern building in our site.This predicts the
inclination of peoples towards modern material and teste
which gives architecturally freedom for design in terms of
materials.
From the analysis of builing construction type, we can
observe the dominance of R.C.C. construction type in our
site.This shows potential of diversity in form while using
R.C.C.
From the analysis of building typology, we can observe the
dominance of mix used building type in our site. We can
observe the dominance of 2 storey houses in our site. This
somehow shows the economic status of people living there and
we have to be concern with relation of building hierarchy in
terms of height.
From the analysis of roof character, we can observe
the dominance of truss /CGI sheet roof in our site.This
shows the consideration of rainfall while designing.

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From the above chart, we can observe that flow of traffic is higher in Sadan Road compared to
the other roads. This tells about the traffic flow and activity happening related commercial.
This also tells the site and surrounding has fine grains of urban fabric.
After interviewing the residents of the site and making the analysis, we can observe that, the
higher dominance of houses are 20-40 years old having their own parking space. They rarely
visit the temples but often visit the nearby parks for recreation.
Figure 15 graph ofsurvey
Figure 14 traafic flow chart

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1.3.10 Conclusion
Current situation and problems of site
According to 2020 inflation rate of Nepal is 5.05 % while economic growth rate is only 2.3% resulting
in high-cost price of land making unaffordable for people to buy land, build home and settle and to
respond this situation, many youths are forced to leave their native land to foreign. This is resulting in
cut off of linkage for intergenerational transmission of cultural practices. There is declination of existing
infrastructures and road along with drainage conditions. The haphazard urbanization has resulted in to
unmanaged land used. The lack of community based public spaces has resulted in to isolation of society.
SWOT Analysis
Strength
 The location of the site is at the center of city having potential of developing commercial zones.
 It has existing park nearby park for human interaction for all age for interactions and
socialization.
 It has close proximity to Koshi highway, religious sites.
 It also has access to all services and amenities.
Weakness
 The old residential areas have turned in to poor and unhygienic living condition
 There is unmanaged drainage condition and lack of sufficient water supply.
 The arterial roads have insufficient width that is lack of connection leading to dead end.
 There is traffic congestion at peak hours.
 There is lack of street furniture and proper street lights and open spaces.
Opportunities
 There is opportunity of rainwater harvesting as Dharan gets high rainfall.
 There is panoramic view of hills, accessibility, transportation facilities having feasibility for
good livability.
 The quiet environment is justifying educational and institutional zones.
 Being in city center, site has potential to attract people from various zones.
Threat
Figure 16: Lost the sense and charm of place as market hub that
site had in the past

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 There is higher threat of earthquake and flash flooding prone zone inviting natural calamities
as per past history.
 There is lack of public parking that has led to parking on sidewalks and tendency to traffic
congestion.
 There is no system of check and balance for future land development and the issuance of
building permits.
Trend of development of Dharan
Since history to now, the trend of development is that green jungles of the ancient time is getting
converted into concrete jungle rapidly because of population growth and high demands related to
housing infrastructure and services. The tendency of native people leaving to foreign land for
employment opportunities is getting higher. The trend of development seen in the building typology is
the transformation of shelter to house and now house to mixed use building as residential and
commercial building.
Reasons for site demanding redevelopment
Our site in in dire of redevelopment for the vision and direction for future land use, place making and
infrastructure development. In order to revitalize existing commercial activities as market hub and lift
economic aspect regeneration has to be adopted. Similarly, to establish social harmony with
neighborhood context with community-based spaces, and accordingly to seek for possibility of reviving
the open spaces as a recreation spot in cityscape also there is need for redevelopment. For that we also
need to provide traffic free road networks, footpaths and pedestrians with proper drainage and solid
waste management facilities.
Development approaches that could be considered
After making deep research about redevelopment and studying different parameters of site, we can
conclude and considers certain ideas to adapt for redevelopment withing our design. In order to solve
the existing problems of the site and prepare the site for future growth, we have sorted out the following
ideas to improve the livability of the people along with development of infrastructure.

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Revitalizing commercial activity space Regenerating sense of place
Replacing vehicles with vibrancy of
people
Connecting dead ends with access Improving livability
Converting congestion into free
access

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1.4 Problem Statement
After visiting our site frequently, we have identified some of the major problems on our site
which are mentioned below:-
 Development of settlement along the streets results in undeveloped inner core creating
certain dead ends as internal streets are not well connected.
 Uncovered one sided drain couldn’t hold the sewage or waste water coming from the
hills of vijayapur during raining season, leads to flash flooding in that areas.
 The characteristics of the urban street is missing on our streets lacking enclosure,
activity and movement etc., such as no proper footpaths and parallel parking spaces.
 Proper balance between built and unbuilt space but unbuilt spaces aren’t properly
managed thus, demanding a place having a great sense of public open space.
 There is a difference in the living condition of people out there in terms of lighting,
ventilation and circulations.
 The cultural richness that Newari and Rai community had, are being declined as they
are not performing their Jatras, events and rituals regularly.
1.5 Objectives
Following objectives were set to solve the problems and provide vision and shape to our entire
project.
 To develop the inner core of the site controlling the haphazard development with proper
zoning and well connected curvilinear internal streets.
 To revive the lost charm of Jatras, events and rituals providing public open spaces and
proper streets to perform it in a bigger and better way.
 To develop and manage the small scale commercial activities in the existing place or
shift it to a common place with all the commercial activities combined.
1.6 Rationale / Justification
Machhabhaudi is not the place, it used to be during its evolution or development as a new hub.
Thus, providing proper planning help in developing each corner of the site area with proper
internal streets. Providing proper public open spaces and proper streets, helps in building social
interaction and in reviving the lost charms of Jatras and their rituals. Managing commercial
activities helps to stop the crowd of the people and also helps in the economy of that area.

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1.7 Methodology
The understanding of the project is achieved through the various processes and layers. The
procedures to carry out the complete project is shown in the flow diagram.
Interview – Questionnaire
We asked few of the native people of that area about the socio-cultural aspects of the society
to know more about the jatras, and their rituals.
A) Socio- cultural aspect
1) What type of cultural or religious activity/ event happens in this area?
PROJECT UNDERSTANDING
SITE VISIT AND ANLYSIS
COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
INTERVIEW, QUESTIONAIRE AND
OBSERVATION
LITERATURE AND CASE STUDY
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PROGRAM
FORMULATION
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
FINAL DESIGN

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Ans : Various type of cultural and religious activity happens in this area. But mostly celebrated
cultural and religious activities are Jatra, Holi, Shivaratri, Dashin ,Tihar etc. Jatra includes
Gai jatra, Lathi nach, Lakhe Nach
1) When jatra and festival are celebrated?
Ans: Jatra is celebrated in the month of Bhadra whereas Holi and Shivaratri is celebrated in the
month of Falgun and chaitra. 1st
day of jatra is celebrated as Gai jatra and Lathi Nach similarly
2nd
,3rd, 4th
and 5th
- 12th
day is celebrated as Hile jatra or Goru jatra and Rophai jatra, Bagh
jatra,Godhe jatra,and Maruni jatra.
2) What type of space is required for jatra or religious activity?
Ans: Mostly, jatra is performed on the street where as Holi, shivaratri, chandi and Dhan nachi
is performed in open space or chowks.
3) What’s the actual route of jatra ?
Ans: It is taken from site to Ram temple or Krishna temple for final rituals and taken back to
our site.
4) Are Jatra and festival celebrated as enthusiastically as in the past ? Yes/no why?
Ans: No, it is not celebrated as enthusiastically as before because of modern influences, lack
of interest of young generation , e-migration to foreign countries and old knowledgeable people
death.
5) How many people do often gather during jatra?
Ans: Around 500-800 people gather in jatra.
As we were visiting our site, we get to introduce with some of the staffs of the school Bhanu
Smriti School and ask some of the question.
6) When was the Bhanu Smitri School established?
Ans: It was established in 2020 B.S.
7) Upto which level, classes are taught in this school?
Ans: Upto the level of SEE classes taught in this school and is likely to upgrade to +2 in future.
8) How many students are there in this school?
Ans: Around 280-300 students are there in this school.

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9) What type of students study in this school?
Ans: Mostly economically poor students study in this school.
10) Which community or caste do students belongs to?
Ans : Students with all community and caste comes for study.
11) Where do the students come from, to study in the school?
Ans: students from the surrounding areas, few from bagarkot, gabari and Patrangbari (dharan-
4) come to study in the school.
12) How much time does it require for the students from the farthest distance to reach
school?
Ans : It requires 45minutes at maximum for the students from farthest distance to reach the
school.
13) What type of services are provided by the school?
Ans: the school lacks to provide most of the services like transportation ,playground, parking ,
seminar hall, etc. and only few services with less equipments like library,science lab, computer
lab with limited space are provided.
Questionnaire
Some of the questionnaire prepared to ask the users of our site.
1) When was the building constructed?
A) Less than 20 yrs
B) 20-40 yrs
C) Above 40 yrs
2) Where do you park your own vehicle?
A) Own parking
B) Road parking
C) Neighbor parking
3) How often do you visit Temples?
A) Rarely
B) Often
C) Regularly

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4) How often do you visit parks?
A) Rarely
B) Often
C) Regularly
OBSERVATIONS
The first observation taken by us during the site visit about the buildings were listed down.
1.8 Time and Resources / Limitations
The project aims to demolish the buildings structurally unfit with poor living condition or older
than 25 years and design well facilitated housing units, open public spaces. On the other hand,
the project also focus on revitalizing the commercial spaces improving road networks and
conditions and provide dedicated spaces for walkable sidewalks, proper parking spaces and
amenities etc.CC Not just that, the project also has concerns to conserve and preserve historical
structures that has essence and memories of past and still stand surviving earthquake as an
identity of the place from past in the form of landmark.

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2 Chapter 2 : Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
Redevelopment is any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses. It represents a
process of land development uses to revitalize the physical, economic and social fabric of urban
space.
 Urban infill on vacant parcels that have no existing activity but were previously developed,
especially on Brownfield land, such as the redevelopment of an industrial site into a mixed-
use development.
 Constructing with a denser land usage, such as the redevelopment of a block of townhouses
into a large apartment building.
 Adaptive reuse, where older structures are converted for improved current market use, such
as an industrial mill into housing lofts.
Redevelopment projects can be small or large ranging from a single building to entire new
neighborhoods or "new town in town" projects.
Redevelopment also refers to state and federal statutes which give cities and counties the
authority to establish redevelopment agencies and give the agencies the authority to attack
problems of urban decay. The fundamental tools of a redevelopment agency include the
authority to acquire real property, the power of eminent domain, to develop and sell property
without bidding and the authority and responsibility of relocating persons who have interests
in the property acquired by the agency. The financing/funding of such operations might come
from government grants, borrowing from federal or state governments and selling bonds and
from Tax Increment Financing.
Redevelopment is process that involves the study of the past, predicting the future of the place
while designing for the current needs of the place.
2.2 History of Redevelopment
 In world scenario, in England in 19th
century and later imposed in 1853 as
redevelopment in Paris.
 In Nepal scenario, in Bhakatapur in July 1974 AD to improve the living condition of
local people.
Need of redevelopment
 Vision for future place making with re-planning, conservation and rehabilitation.
 Improvement of land use, infrastructure with dedicated spaces.
 Provision for residential, commercial, industrial, open and public spaces, plazas with
streets, pedestrian connections, etc.
Advantages of Redevelopment
 Community development with proper planning and design.

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 Preservation of historical assets, public spaces, promotion of the ecology.
 To boost socio-economical aspect making project, people and place self-sustaining.
Disadvantage of Redevelopment
 Inconvenience to residents, as they have to shift to the alternative place.
 Often teardown of essence of place to build luxury building for rich.
 Haphazardly done without consent of society for profits.
2.3 Types of Redevelopment
1. Urban infill : Urban infill is defined as new development that is sited on vacant or
undeveloped land within an existing community, and that is enclosed by other types of
development. The term “urban infill” itself implies that existing land is mostly built-out and
what is being built is in effect “filling in” the gaps. The term most commonly refers to building
single-family homes in existing neighborhoods but may also be used to describe new
development in commercial, office or mixed-use areas.
Prescriptive steps towards implementation:
1. Identify area(s) within the community that seem to be subject to inappropriate infill
development or those areas that perhaps aren’t dealing with infill development just yet but
are in need of measures to prevent inappropriate infill in the future.
2. Work with municipal staff and officials and the community to craft new regulations
designed to control development within those areas
3. Keep the controls limited, focusing primarily on building height, building setbacks and
lot layout
4. Test proposed regulations by mock- designing a development from start to finish as if it
were to be built according to the regulations, then analyzing whether the design meets the
community’s goals.
5. Use existing staff and officials to provide additional commentary and reports on the
proposed changes
6. Prepare staff and officials for the administration of the proposed changes
7.Adopt proposed policy changes utilizing the standard process for the municipality
2. Adaptive reuse: Adaptive reuse is a specific form of redevelopment that, in recent decades,
has driven the revitalization of historic neighborhoods around the world. Adaptive reuse refers
to a specific variety of redevelopment that makes use of existing building stock for the purposes
of contemporary living—even if that existing building stock was built for obsolete uses in a
bygone era.

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The adaptive reuse process implies the renovation of an existing building, but whereas
renovation stops at freshening and refinishing a building for its original purpose, adaptive reuse
implies a transformation of use. In many examples of adaptive reuse projects in the past two
decades, vacant office buildings have been adapted to new forms as residential buildings, with
either apartments to rent or condominiums to buy. Former industrial warehouses converted to
restaurants are another common example of adaptive reuse. Many other versions of adaptive
reuse are possible depending on the development history of cities and the current state of the
economy in the nation and the region.
3. Mixed use redevelopment: As defined by the MRSC of Washington, mixed-use
development is characterized as pedestrian-friendly development that blends two or more
residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and/or industrial uses. Mixed use is one of the
ten principles of Smart Growth, a planning strategy that seeks to foster community design and
development that serves the economy, community, public health, and the environment.
While mixed use has become a popular buzz word, the term can be confusing. It is not just
limited to a multi-story development that incorporates commercial use on the first floor with
residential uses on upper floors. The Urban Land Institute’s Mixed-Use Development
Handbook characterizes mixed-use development as one that 1) provides three or more
significant revenue-producing uses (such as retail/entertainment, office, residential, hotel,
and/or civic/cultural/recreation), 2) fosters integration, density, and compatibility of land uses,
and 3) creates a walkable community with uninterrupted pedestrian connection.
Mixed-use zoning allows for the horizontal and vertical combination of land uses in a given
area. Commercial, residential, and even in some instances, light industrial are fit together to
help create built environments where residents can live, work, and play. The Placemakers’
blog, and a brief prepared by the Village of Caledonia, WI, further explains that while there
are many forms of mixed-use development, it can be categorized three ways:
Vertical Mixed-Use Development
 Combines different uses within the same building
 Provides for more public uses on the lower floor such as retail shops,
restaurants, of commercial businesses
 Provides for more private uses on the upper floors such as residential
units, hotel rooms, or office space.
Horizontal mix use redevelopment
refers to those where each building has a designated use, within a complex
or development filled with buildings each with their own assigned use.

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Walkable mix use redevelopment
Providing all those mixed used fuctions at walkable distances.
It can be found on both the vertical and horizontal mix use
redevelopment
2.4 STRATEGIES FOR MIXED USE REDEVELOPMENT
 Maintain existing vehicular access, relocate drives as needed, share access where possible,
and discourage additional vehicular access to an arterial street
 Encourage a higher floor area ratio for commercial redevelopment and supermarkets or
specialty grocery stores
 Establish or reestablish an internal public or private street network within the node that has
substantial connectivity to adjacent neighborhoods.
 Create public/semi-public green or open spaces such as parks, plazas, or community
gardens.
 Orient buildings to the street, especially corners.
 Encourage a vertical mix of residential and commercial use types.
 Incorporate a variety of residential use types such as
row houses, apartment buildings, apartments in
mixed use buildings, live-work units, and special
needs housing. These buildings could also serve as
a transition to the existing neighborhood.
2.5 Need of mixed use redevelopment
 Urban sprawl and low density expansions
 Large scale development of green fields
 Creation of unsafe negative spaces in the city
 Increased requirements of roads, sewer and water
systems
 Lack of vibrancy and a sense of place
Importance of mixed use development

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 It ensures vitality through activity and diversity
 It makes areas safer.
 It reduces the need to travel, making people less reliant on cars
 Welcome environmental benefits
2.6 Design guidelines for mixed use
 Focus on human scale design using podium at ground floor to achieve a human scale with
an attractive and active street experience
 Effective façade detailing and articulation improve streetscape minimising the perceived
scale of new bldgs.
 Where the street proportions and character are strongly defined, respond to those key
features
 Use vertical and horizontal architectural elements and spacings
Building frontage
 The building shall be designed in a manner so that its height does not overwhelm the
character and scale of other buildings in the mixed used development zones.
 Building height shall no
RESIDENTIAL AREA

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Building access and parking
Provide clearly visible and welcoming entrance. Incorporate feature awnings, signage or
landscape treatments to highlight entries. Separate the resident and visitor entries from
commercial entries, service areas and loading zones.prioritise high quality streetscapes and
pleasant people environments through considered parking and access design that minimises
visual and physical impacts.
COMMERCIAL ZONE
PRIMARY FRONTAGE SECONDARY FRONTAGE

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Landscaping
High quality landscaping that softens built forms and positively contributes to urban amenity
like vegetative buffers, open space.prioritize green urban gardens using planting on structures
and green walls in places such as building entries, rooftop decks.
Public open space
A public open space is defined as an open piece of land both green space or hard space to which
there is public access.Depending on which of these definitions are adopted, any of the
following could be called Public Open Space Depending on the definitions are adopted, any of
the following could be called Public Open Space:
 a public park
 a town square
 a green whhich is open to the public but runs
through farmland or a forest
 a publicy
 a private with public access
Minimize the impact of overshadowing on
existing and future public open space.
Maximize passive surveillance and activation of public open space. dwellings and commercial
spaces should address the public realm

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Materials, textures & colours
Incorporate high quality materials, textures and colours that respond to local characteristics.
for example, the use of brick within the street wall/podium to complement existing traditional
streetscapes is strongly encouraged.
Materials should be durable, sustainable and attractive and
meet all relevant building regulations.
Passive survelliance
Provide clearly visible and welcoming entrance.incorporate
feature awnings, signage or landscape treatments to highlight
entries.separate the resident and visitor entries from
commercial entries, service areas and loading zones.
Commercial place redevelopment
Commercial space redevelopment means that modifing the
current state of commercial spaces through right design
attritubes making sense of place ,that ehnance the
userexperience and leads to growth of economy of local
people.
2.7 Design guidelines for commercial place
Pedestrain friendly neighborhoods
One of the distinctions of most of our commercial
neighborhoods is their usability by pedestrians.
Main building entries
Main entries should occur along street side of
buildings
Parking
Street frontages should not be dominated by
parking and driveways. where parking is required
it should occur at the rear or sides of a project

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Visually prominent sites
On visually prominent sites, the building has an
important responsibility for defining the
character of the surrounding neighborhood.
projects on such sites should clearly respond to
the street and to the adjacent architecture.
Architectural compatibility
Commercial projects should be architecturally
compatible with the existing fabric of the
commercial neighborhood. projects should
include architectural styles and forms that
harmonize with the buildings that exist in the
neighborhood.
Managing mass and bulk
The term mass represents the
overall appearance of the
building and its apparent size and
solidity. mass includes actual and
apparent components. it does not
necessarily refer to the actual size
of a building, but to the apparent
size.
Managing the mass and bulk of a building is a fundamental design task that must be
considered from the earliest part of the design process. It is important that designers consider
these criteria as soon as plans begin to emerge. as plans evolve, tenant space plans and
arrangements may change to accommodate exterior
considerations.
Human scale
A human scale building will feel right and will be
quite possibly unnoticed. a building that is out of
scale will seem large and can make the users feel
small, sometimes overpowered.

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Primary and secondary elements
Beyond making buildings simply smaller, the volume of a building can be articulated into
primary and secondary volumes. By reducing the size of the primary volume and allocating
space to secondary volumes, the apparent mass is reduced without necessarily reducing space.
2.8 Housing
Housing is a social unit, planned on neighborhood or
community principle
Types of housing:
Cluster Housing:
Resulted from site planning or newer zoning.dwelling units
are clustered into relatively high density units.cost saving can
be considerable.

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Matrix housing:
Most interesting application of the attached dwelling
with private courT. The dwellings are arranged around an
inner court, and maximum daylight
penetration.sometimes called carpet housing.
ROW HOUSING:
These are line of dwelling units, attached at the side or
rear by means of common walls.they are characterized
by great economy and ordinarily row houses are two
stories.they are not adaptable to steep contours and
defined either as "court plans" or "parallel row plan"
Single family detached housing:
Located separately & completely independent single family
residences.it is often described as ranch, high ranch, split level
or two stories.
Duplex housing:
two or more housing units form a group and
common party walls are jointly owned.

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Quadruplex housing:
The consolidation of four single-family houses
into one structure utilizing common wall.greater
use of total site for outdoor living is achi
2.9 Street scape
Streetcape is a term “that refers to is used to describe the natural and built fabric of the street,
and defined as the design quality of the street and its visual effect.” The concept recognizes
that a street is a public place where people are ableto engage in various activities. Streetscapes
and their visual experience largely influences public places where people interact, and it
ultimately helps define a community’s aesthetic quality, economic activity, health, and
sustainability.A successful streetscape has multiple aspects. Because all roads have multiple
users and serve many functions, each streetscape design must be context sensititve.
Roads
A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improve surface for use
by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike streets, the main function
of roads is transportation.
Types of roads
Arterials road (path)
Roads laid inside the city or town for the movement high volume of traffic.
Collector road : Road connecting the city to local streets
PARTY WALL
DWELLING UNIT

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Encloser of street proportions
Streetscape for commercial and residential
Street orientation, pattern and widening
Scale 1:2 Scale 1:1
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL

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Streets/wide main avenues should be aligned in parallel, or up to 30 degrees to the prevailing
wind direction
2.10 Streets elements
Cycle track
Width – 2m (one way), 3m (two way) and
vertical clearance – 2.4mbollard of height
max. 0.4m
Footpath
Clear and unobstructed min. walking zone
of 2m horizontally with 2.4m vertical
clearance.uniform height of max. 150mm
above road level, if not possible railing or
curbstone type separators to segregate from
carriageway.
Pedestrian road crossing
Designed to have direct and shorter. provided at every 150m distance, width be less than 3m.
minimum width of refuge island to be 1m, 3m to be accessed by wheelchair users.
MINIMUM WIDTH OF REFUGE ISLAND TO BE 1M, 3M TO BE ACCESSED BY WHEELCHAIR USERS

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Street furniture
Provided at such locations having high public activity and pedestrian flow decided depending
on the adjacent.
Central median, railing, bollards
Raised barriers that separate the street in two halves and direct traffic flows. Railings provided
to ensure that pedestrians can cross only at the designed crossing and also prevent vehicular
movement on footpath. height of railing to be a maximum 1.1m. bollards.
Plantation
Branched above 2.4m to provide adequate walking clearance under branches.

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Garbage container
Size not more than 2 sq.m at internal of not more than 200m. should not place on footpath,
ideally placed at muz, parking with proper platform.
Public toilets
Toilet block at every 1.5 km on mobility and feeder corridors. public toilets should be provided
near transit stations and off street parking areas.
Street lighting
Generally be placed within verge, muz, central median, curbside of roads. recommended to se
only led for street lighting. major and minor roads are not to distinct, and pedestrian routes
defined.
CLEAR LIGHTING PATTERNS GLARE REDUCTION

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Universal accessibility and barrier free design
Distance of 600 mm from the edge of footpath or any obstruction to place warning blocks. 300
mm before the beginning and end of the ramps, stairs and entrances. 900 mm wide across the
entire footpath where the crossing occurs

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Speed breakers
Speed breakers are induced
elements on the streets whose
sole purpose is to reduce vehicle
speeds. there are 3 types of
speedbreakers.
Parking
Parallel car parking is recommended on street where parking is permitted . inclined and
perpendicular on street car parking should be avoided. parking on mobility corridors during
peak hours should be avoided .parking bays at road side need note be continuous . they shoulld
be interrupted at max 22.m to provide bulbout space for street furniture, vending and pedestrain
crossing.
Recommended min. dimension
car park = 2m x 5m parallel parking
2 wheeler parking = 1m x 2m
cycle parking = 1m x 2m
Recommendations for tempoo stands
Location near 50m m away from intersection. parking should be more then 7 nos, and palced
near place of high foot fall. tampoo stand should be located at road side with orientation along
the traffic direction, 15m away from raised pedestrian crossing.

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2.11 Public space
Placemaking inspires people to collectively reimagine and reinvent public spaces as the heart
of every community. strengthenning the connection between people and the places they share,
placemaking refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order
to maximize shared value.
Sucessful public space (power of 10+)
A destination might be a downtown square, a main street, a waterfront, a park, or a museum.
what makes each destination successful is that it has multiple places within it. for example,
a square needs at least 10 places:

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Plaza
Kevin lynch(1981,443) suggested that “the plaza is
intended as an activity focous , at the heart of some
intensive urban areas. typically, it will be
paved ,enclosed by high denisty structures and
surrounded by street, or in contact with them, it
contains features meant to attract groups of people
and to facilitate meeting.
Street plaza
A street plaza is a smalll portion of public open space immediately adjacent to the sidewalk
and closely connected to the street.
location for street plaza :visually predominantial spaces, nodes and junctions.
Pedestrians behavior in plaza
Pockets parks
Major users of pocket parks:this is almost exclusively a family park, mainly serving parents
and yong children, and groups from nearby preschools .
Design considerations

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2.12 Street vendor aspect
Person engaged in vending services to the general
public, in a street, lane, sidewalk, footpath, pavement,
public park or any other public or private area.
temporary built up structure or moving structure
includes hawker, peddler, squatter
Types of vendors
There are so many different vendors which will sell different small or big things on the street
as a hawker or vendor creating permanent or temporary stalls

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Display space for different vending activities
Street space requirements

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Type of market or street vending area
City market - selling specialist clothes or goods. neighborhood market - selling day-to-day
goods, such as vegetables, meat, or bread. street market - serving passing trade, eg: with cooked
food, vegetables,etc. hub market - at busy pedestrian locations, eg: a transport node, religious
place, or hospital; specialist markets- eg: selling flowers or used clothes.
Pavements

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Road space
2.13 Site and services
Site and services
The water demand in nepal is 135 lpcd.
 Gravity flow system
 Pressure flow system
 Dual system
Sanitary
 Gravity only system
 Construct backward from disposal unit to
septic tank unit
Location of supply mains
 Under the side walk
 In the painting strip
 Under the street
DRAINAGE
Size of pipe 8" for the mains, lateral and 6" pipe for house branches manholes placed not more
than 100 to 150 m apart minimum diameter of sewer draining to street= 300m sewer lines
below the water mains minimum diameter for the water mains=6” minimum depth of 2 to 2.5m
below ground level is sufficient for sanitary sewer in parts of the city where basements are
frequent.

Page 59
Distance and clearance
Minimum 3.2m from the nearest sewer or gas main. septic
tank to the water tank: 15.2m. sewer and drainage field to
the water tank: 30.5m
Diameter of pipe
The main pipeline is 4” . sub pipe line: ½” residence.
according to the customers requirements 1” or 2” diameter.
general pipe line of main water supply = 20 to 25 m. in
every 6m connection textures are required.
DRAINAGE
Size of pipe 8" for the mains, lateral and 6" pipe for house branches
manholes placed not more than 100 to 150 m apart minimum diameter of sewer draining to
street= 300m sewer lines below the water mains minimum diameter for the water mains=6”
minimum depth of 2 to 2.5m below ground level is sufficient for sanitary sewer in parts of the
city where basements are frequent.
WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT
RING SYSTEM GRID SYSTEM

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HEIGHT OF POLE
 High or local roads pole - 9.9m.
 collector road pole - 10.7m.
 arterial road pole - 12.5m.
 distance between the poles for 9.9m to 10.7m high
pole - 16.5m.
 for 12.5m high poles - 20m.
 head clearance of a street light from street surface
should be a minimum of 6.85m. location of the post
to which the street light is fixed should be a
minimum of 0.5m from the edge of the street or the
outer of the adjoining pedestrian walking, should
the width of the walking be within 2m.
 overhead electricity lines from street level should be a minimum of 5m.
 the location of a pole (or post) carrying overhead electricity lines should be a minimum of
2m from the edge of the street.
DEAD OR TREE SYSTEM RADIAL SYSTEM
LOOP SYSTEM BRANCH SYSTEM

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2.14 Building by laws and planing norms

Page 62
2.15 Urban morphology
Form of city
Radio centric
◦ Centralized terminal or origin
◦ Central congestion
◦ Difficult building sites
Linear
◦ Result of natural topography or transport spin
◦ Restricts growth and lack focus
 Satellite
◦ Constellation of cities around main center.
◦ Dependent of parent city but having own identity.
 Grid iron
◦ Radio centric with right angles.
◦ Hit accessibility and expansion flexibility.
◦ Limited adaptability to the terrain.
 Star
◦ Radio centric with open spaces between the
Outreaching corridors of development.
Figure and ground
Common tools in urban planning and design to represent the
relationship between built and un-built space in a city.
Urban fabric
Describes the physical characteristics of urban areas, that is,
cities, and towns.
Urban grain
The arrangement or pattern of the buildings and streets within
the built form
Fine grain
Fine grain urban fabric consists of severalsmall blocks in close proximity.within each block are
severalbuildings, most with narrow frontages, frequent store fronts, and minimal setbacks from
the street.

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Coarse grain
Coarse grain urban fabric is like burlap: rough, large-scale weaves that are functional, but not
usually comfortable.coarse grain happens when similar urban components are clustered
together
2.16 Land pooling
Land pooling is an activity where a group of landowners handover their land parcels to the
government collectively for infrastructure development.
Existing plots Guided land development Land acquisation
FINE GRAIN COARSE GRAIN

Page 64
Plot and block
Plot is a basic element in the pattern of
land divisions that works as an
organizational grid for urban form.
block is the space within the street
pattern of a city that is subdivided into
land lots for the construction of
buildings
Advantages of land pooling
Improvised construction, often along existing roads, leading to urban congestion. planned
growth and development of the land gives away the issues of land and densities incomplete or
poorly designed infrastructure.
Challenges of land pooling
Misconception among land owners about the idea of re-plotting and redistribution. the
percentage to be agreed by land owners is a challenging job for planners (51%). land
administration and cadastral mapping system are often not compatible with each other; so land
plotting is very difficult.

Page 65
3 CHAPTER 3 : CASE STUDIES
3.1 CASE STUDY 1 : Songzhuang Micro Community Park
INTRODUCTION:
Songzhaung micro community park is located in Tongzhou, Beijing, China. It is situated on a
street corner which converted the site in to a place for meeting, gathering and play It offers
engaging activity spaces that can cater the people of generations throughout the day (7am – 8
pm). Its construction period was of 14 months and it is spread on an area of 5900 m2
.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn how a public space can respond the need of diverse group of visitors promoting social
inclusion.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project of creating a micro community park evolved with the concept of providing
interactive spaces to the people throughout the day (7 am to 8 pm). This was done to create
vibrancy of people at the street corner which is adjacent to the parking lot. For that the project
initiated with the idea of providing playful spaces to the children, meeting spaces for the adults
and interactive spaces for the old people.
Different elements used in the parks are:
1) Grey walls
2) Trees
3) Yellow strips
4) Mirror element
The park basically contains 4 functional spaces:
1
2
4
3
1
2
4
3

Page 66
Welcoming room:
Social room:
Play room:
Exercise room:
This room provides space for morning-tie chi
and fan dance. Occasional pet owners also
visit this space during the morning and
evening time.
This is the send room that provide space for tranquil
interaction. It invites chess players and audiences to
cheer up. It also includes shadow spaces for elderly
ladies to chat along with the spaces for youths to have
some coffee and take selfies.
This room is dedicated to the children that had
perforated walls for peak-a-boo and hide and seek
games along with the speaking tubes. It also has
spaces for the parents and caretaker to sit and
distance, watch the children.
This is the 4th
room of the park which provides space
for morning and evening exercise activities. It also
provides space for gym.
WELCOMING ROOM
SOCIAL ROOM
PLAY ROOM
EXERCISE ROOM

Page 67
Fig: Master plan of park
Fig: Section of park
INFERENCE:
It provides inclusive spaces to all age groups socio-cultural and environmental
regeneration sense of public gathering space for promotion of cultural activities and
social harmony.

Page 68
3.2 CASE STUDY 2: Jintai Village Reconstruction Sichuan, China
INTRODUCTION:
Designed by John Lin and Joshua Bolchover, Jintai Village Reconstruction project is situated
in Nanjiang, Bazhong, Sichuan, China. Its area is of 4000 Sq.m. That caters 22 residential units
on a terrain topographic land. The planning approach for this project was adopted as
Neighbourhood Planning and this was implemented by the agency of Rural Urban Framework.
It was complected in the year 2014.
OBJECTIVES:
 To study how dense urban living can be combined in a rural context.
 To study how a sustainable community can be built in a limited site area.

Page 69
Project Description:
After the earthquake hit the city Wechuan in 2008, nearly 80% buildings and 5 million lives
were affected. The project was so proposed as a prototype village to be constructed for the
affected people.
Fig: Planning of project
Aerial View Of Village

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PLANNING APPROACHES:
 Terraced roofs have been used for urban agriculture that supports self-sufficiency and
small-scale farming for earning.
 Community center and open spaces on the ground level allow for individual family-
owned workshops with satisfying sustainable aspects like natural ventilation, rainwater
harvesting systems, and insulation made of straw.
 Narrow alleys in between.
 Use of vertical courtyard
for natural light and
ventilation
 Section of community
center, water collection


Page 71
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF PLANNING:
Fig: different elements used in planning
1) Permeable paving system: this system creates a permeable ground for stormwater
run off to infiltrate into the soil below.
2) Rainwater Collection System: This system collects the rain water from the roof for
the use in dry seasons.
3) Graywater Recycling System: It collects and reuses the rainwater and domestic
graywater for planting, daily washing, toilet-flushing.
4) Main Sewage Pipeline
Fig: 3 types of houses having different building typologies, shape and roof sections.

Page 72
5) Collective Septic Tank: It collects domestic blackwater for primary sewage
treatment.
6) Constructed Wetland: It filters and purifies the sewage using local water plants
before discharging the effluent into the river nearby.
7) Biogas for energy
8) Underground biogas system: It provides renewable energy for the community
9) Animal-keeping Facility: It helps in the production of biogas.
INFERENCE
• Sustainability features that can be implemented in our project.
• Creating urban village in small space.
• Process of creating social inclusion.

Page 73
3.3 CASE STUDY 3: Sydney Fish Market
INTRODUCTION:
OBJECTIVE: To study the redevelopment of a
commercial hub in a different way.
The project is based on the concept of providing localized
widening of bridge road to provide an improved and
widened footpath. The height of building and the height of
trees are maintained giving concern to the human scale
development. Techniques of Marine Piling is used for
overall development.
DESIGN CONCEPT AND PLANNING:
Designed by the Architect Steven Holl, Sydney
Fish Market is a commercial hub local in New
South Wales. Sydney. The total site area is of
8000 m2
. The project is going to be completed
in 2023.
A central boulevard connecting the east west axis is
incorporated in the design.
Tiered seating is provided in public places to accommodate
leisure time.
Widening of bridge road is done to provide new green
boulevard, shared cycle path, landscaping.
Creating recreational park for fun to develop commercial
hub in different way
Fig: Recreational Park Fig: Urban Street Fig: Tiered seating
Fig: Central boulevard
Fig: Shiftment of commercial complex

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PROGRAM MIX
Open Spaces
7% Auction
10%
Wholesale
15%
Loading Duck
10%
Catering
35%
Retail
20%
Office
3%
Fig: typical section

Page 75
DIFFERENT SPACES PROVIDING VARIETY OF EXPERIENCES
Promenade, wholesale & retail
Loading duck & retail
Pontoon platform
Tiered seating
Promenade boardwalk

Page 76
INFERENCE:
⮚ Methods of developing commercial hub as a cultural and tourist destination has been
learned.
⮚ Development of urban park can promote community interaction.
⮚ Designing of streetscape in human scale can be done by using vertical and horizontal
elements.
⮚ Development of public walk way in public places is necessary for better urban life
experience.

Page 77
3.4 CASE STUDY 4 : Futako Tamagama
INTRODUCTION:
Futako Tamagama is also designed by architect Steven Holl. It is located in Tokyo, Japan.
The total site area is of 123600 sq. M. Its year of completion was in 2013.
OBJECTIVE:
• To learn about mixed use development project
• To understand integration of biophilia and successful creation of lively public spaces.
Shibuya is a major railway terminal in Tokyo and important center for Tokyo corporation as
the home of the Tokyo group. This project is developed as Transit oriented development along
the major railway terminal. The project is the first in Japan to achieve LEED. The aim of this
project is to achieve urban development where everyone can live comfort, advancing the
favorable living environment establish commercial hub.
Fig: Planning of different spaces
Walk-way as well as Segway facilities covers the entire site vehicular parking and moment is
kept under the ground to not interfere with pedestrian movement also zebra crossing have been
extensively deployed to connect area with site.

Page 78
Fig: allocation of different space
Similarly, 30-story office building is surmounted by 3 storey hotels. 28-40 storeys residential
towers as well as two low-rise residential building providing a total of 1000 homes all
connect to train station and connect to walk way which lead to river Tama.

Page 79
The design of the buildings, which all settle on a unifying stone plateau, responds to the
changing environment on this route. Departmental store with single storey and shopping complex
are also provided.
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING:
SITE PLANNING THE COMMON STREET
Celebrating the transitional route from the city toward the green site acting as a threshold
between city and nature
OVERALL ZONING PLANNING

Page 80
ACTIVITY MAPPING:
RELATION DIAGRAM:
INFERENCE:
 Development methods and strategies for creating high density urban space could be
learn.
 Ideas of transit-oriented development for better and fast-growing urban life could be
understood.
A- Open space as place of bustle
that establish facing commercial
facilities.
D- Galleria
B- Kashinok Open Space
C- Bird Mall Open Space
E- The Open Space
F- Fountain Open Space

Page 81
4 CHAPTER 4 : Design Phase
4.1 Zoning :
After doing the contextual analysis of site, we get to know about the existing pattern of
zoning of site and the demand of the actities by the community people. So, we have done our
zoning considering the existing zoning pattern and the activity need of the people.
EXISTING ZONING OF SITE
PROPOSED ZONING OF SITE
Residential Zone
Commercial Zone
Mixed-use Zone
Existing School

Page 82
4.2 Conceptualization :
 Creating diverse neighbourd within the site to develop integrated mix-use development –
Live, Work, Learn and Play providing proper housing with school and working
environment.
 Developing community park to come, gather and interact with each other, serving as a
recreational and social focus of the neighborhoods.
PERFORMING NODES STARTING POINT
 Redefining the performing path of jatras providing neighbourhood square as a starting
point and performing stage at nodes.
CONCEPTUAL ZONING OF PROGRAMS THROUGH SECTION

Page 83
4.3 Design Strategies
 Developing secondary connections on the site to increase the permeability of the site.
 Developing concept of co-living all around the residential zoning to have community
interaction
 Making all individual units act as a single unit by creating unity among all the unity through
the repetition of architectural element or building materials.
 Screening of bouleyards between pedestrian and vehicular pathways
 Maintain the scale of road and building blocks as 1:1 or 1:2 as public realm
SECONDARY CONNECTIONS CONCEPT OF CO-LIVING
UNITY THROUGH REPITITION
PUBLIC REALM
BOULEYARDS INSTALLATION

Page 84
4.4 MASTER PLAN
1
2
3 5
4 6
8
10
9
11
7
1. COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
2. COMMERCIAL ZONE
3. REDEVELOPED SCHOOL
4. URBAN PARK
5. LIBRARY WITH CAFÉ
6. PRIVATE RESIDENCE
7. URBAN SQUARE
8. CO-LIVING ZONE
9. COMMUNITY HALL
10. CONDOMINIUM
11. EXISTING PRESERVED
STRUCTURES
INDEX

Page 85
4.5 COMMERCIAL COMPLEX :
Introduction:
A commercial complex is purposed on the northern part of the site as the Sadan road has the
highest value of commercial activities. It is designed to develop the commercial activities
keeping in mind the existing commercial activities and the needs of the people to provide
generating opportunities.
Concept and Design Development :
The initial concept is to provide all the commercial activities under the same roof with some
recreational activities on architecturally sound building. So, planning is done on the basis of
the proposed activities. After that the evolution of the design is acted by the external centripetal
forces like the buffering from school and alignment to streets. Later on the different planes are
adjusted to make the volume look interesting.
Massing of the block
Breaking down into blocks and aligning the blocks on
the alignment of the road
Pushing the block inward to create the buffering from
schooling area
Connecting the different blocks through bridge and
punctureing the block to create atrium
Playing with different planes to create visibility from
all around

Page 86
Program Formulation :
The program formulation of the commercial complex is done by providing the existing
commercial activities of the site and fulfilling the demand of the public on commercial
activities known form the survey done on site.
Proposed program :
 Departmental Store
 Electronics Store
 Furniture and Interior Decor
 Diagnostic Centre
 Pharmacy
 Gymnasium
 Movie Theatre
 Restaurant
 Food Court
 Gaming Zone
 Individual Retails
GAMING ZONE
PHARMACY
AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF COMPLEX
NOTE : All the detailed architectural
drawing are on the annex 001- 005

Page 87
Architectural Features :
 Well composed building blocks connected by bridge
 Visually connection between different zones
 Central atrium spaces for natural light and air stack effect
 Southern part of the complex is connected to the community park through OAT
 Well-designed facades with exposed brick masonry and white wash
AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF COMPLEX
SECTION THROUGH ELEVATOR

Page 88
4.6 Redevelopment of School
Introduction:
The redevelopment of school is done by providing a better functional learning spaces with the
existing structures and foundation adding some rooms on the upper storey. The school is
proposed with better infrastructures including the higher sencodary education level (plus 2).
The main concept is to redevelop the school on the existing footprints with good learning
environment. The building blocks on the western part of the school is demolished to provide
enough natural lighting and south east part is demolished to construct proper administration
building block.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SKETCHES

Page 89
The program formulation of the school in done as per the need of the school with good
infrastructures.
Proposed program :
Academics
 Classroom
 Library
 Physics Lab
 Chemistry Lab
 Biology Lab
 Computer Lab
 Audio-visual Room
Administration
 Reception
 Accountant Room
 Vice-Principal Room
 Principal Room
 Meeting Hall
 Teachers Cubicles
Miscellaneous
 Cafeteria
 Washroom (G &B)
 Half Basketball Court
NOTE : All the detailed architectural
drawing are on the annex 001- 005
AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF SCHOOL

Page 90
 Well designe pitched roof for natural ventilation in laboratories
 Connection between different blocks through bridges
 Well composed geometrical block


Page 91
4.7 Community Park
Introduction:
A community park is a place for the people of the neighbourhood to come, gather and interact
with each other, serving as a recreational and social focus of the neighborhoods. This park is
proposed to serve the people of different age group from children to elderly people providing
them different spaces as per their interest like fun park for children and open library seating
spaces for old people etc.
The initial thought is to serve the socialing spaces for the people of neighbourhood as there
were no public spaces as of now. So we thought of children park where they can learn, grow
and explore with designed elements. We think of providing informal learning spaces to
different age group people with a calesthenic park and develop initial sketches of our ideas.

Page 92
The program formulation of the community park is done as per the zoning of different areas
like Children Park, Learning Spaces and Calisthenic Park.
Proposed program :
Children Park
 Seating spaces
 Maze with geometrical volumes
 Playing zone- slide, seesaw
 Sensory place
Calisthenic Park
 Exercise zone
 Resting spaces
 Playing areas
Learning Space
 Open Amphitheatre
 Seating spaces
AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF PARK

Page 93
 Connection between commercial and residential zone through park
 Different types on learning spaces i.e oat and different seating spaces
 Elements of sensory experience for children
 Playing with light and shade in geometrical volumes in maze
 Separate exercise zone with resting seting spaces
Fig : Maze to experience volumes Fig : Pavillion for sensory experience
Fig : OAT and environment to connect commercial areas to
residential zone through park
Fig : Playing environment
Fig : Exercise zone

Page 94
4.8 Commercial Zone :
Introduction:
A commercial zone is purposed to cater the commercial and corporate activities of the area
providing the working opportunities (work place) for the people. Proposing the small retail area
as market hub is the main idea of developing small different block after a huge scale
commercial complex on the north west side of this zone.
The concept is to create a commercial zone of retails with some corporate activities through
vertical zoning. The vibrant space of the park and neighbourhood square is supposed to be
enjoyed from the southern part of this zone thus balcony spaces of different types are provide
on the southern facades. We just try to keep our material palette authentic and true to the context
using exposed brick & concrete with white wash. And we try to play with the form symbolizing
character of Dharan with pitched roof providing glass facades being in commercial zone
Massing of the block
Initial Conceptual Sketches of block A
Initial Conceptual Sketches of block B

Page 95
The program formulation of the commercial zone is not done so much except some of the
activies like Corporate zone, cafe and coaching centre etc. And all the other spaces are left for
the individual retails to explore their own ideas.
Proposed program :
 Corporate Banks
 Restaurant
 Food Court
 Coaching Centre
 Individual Retails
NOTE : All the detailed architectural drawing are on
the annex 001- 005
Block “B”
Block “A” Block “C”
Axonometric View Of Commercial Zone
INDEX

Page 96
 Placement of void on the centre to connect people visually utilizing the maximum
natural lighting
 Free flowing open doubled height ground floor to make the space more inviting and
grand through plazas
 Proper balcony spaces on the southern part of buildings to watch out the vibrancy of
park and neighborhood square
 Exposed brick masonry and white wash with pitched roof to represent the character of
dharan
NORTH ELEVATION STREET VIEW
SECTION AT X-X

Report on Redevelopment of Machhabhaudi with Annex (25, 30, 31, 35, 39, 47)-1.pdf

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