AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE STUDY OF SURAT

SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
Gujarat Technological University
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Graduate Report on
“AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE
STUDY OF SURAT”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING (TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING) – I
SEMESTER – I
Under the subject of
URBAN HOUSING
(Course code: 2714802)
Prepared by:
SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR
(Enrollment No: 190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – I
Under the guidance of
Prof. Himanshu J Padhya
Associate Professor, FCE, SCET
Prof. Sejal B Bhagat
Ad – Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
(DECEMBER, 2019)

i
SARVAJANIK COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “ Affordable Housing Shortage in
India : A Case Study Of SURAT ” is presented and report is submitted by SHAH
YASH S of First Semester for partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING of
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the academic
year 2019.
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya
Associate professor
FEC, SCET
Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Ad-Hoc Assistant professor
FEC, SCET
Dr. Pratima A. Patel
Professor & Head FEC,
SCET
External Examiner
Date:
Place:

ii
Table of Contents
1) Introduction:- .....................................................................................................................1
2) Estimation of housing shortage in India:-..........................................................................1
3) Distribution of Housing Shortage across Major States:.....................................................2
3.1 Key statistics:-.............................................................................................................3
4) Need for Affordable Urban Housing in India:-..................................................................4
5) Affordable Housing:-.........................................................................................................5
5.1 Overview:....................................................................................................................5
5.2 Defining Affordable Housing in India: .......................................................................5
5.3 Benefits of Affordable Housing:......................................................................................6
6) Affordable Housing Market - INDIA:-..............................................................................7
6.1 Shortage of affordable housing (million units):..........................................................7
7) Government Policy For Affordable Housing:- ..................................................................8
8) Adoption of Affordable Housing Shortage for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (PMAY): A Case Study of SURAT ............................................................................12
8.1 Affordable housing market in Surat:-........................................................................12
8.2 Slum Decline:-...........................................................................................................13
8.3 Competitive Advantage:- ..........................................................................................13
8.4 Manpower Availability:-...........................................................................................14
8.5 Project Information:-.................................................................................................14
8.6 Challenges faced by Surat: - ........................................................................................18
8.7 Project Cost and Means of Finance:- ........................................................................19
9) Concluding Remark :-......................................................................................................21
Refernce...................................................................................................................................21

iii
List of Table
Table 1 Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories ....................................3
Table 2 Distribution of estimating urban housing shortage in India (million) ..........................4
Table 3 Urbanization Rate in India............................................................................................5
Table 4 Income Categories ........................................................................................................5
Table 5 Project Information.....................................................................................................14
Table 6 Private Partnership under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana ...........................................16
Table 7 Project Cost.................................................................................................................19

iv
List of Figure
Figure 1 Urban Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011.....2
Figure 2 Urban Housing Shortage .............................................................................................2
Figure 3 Affordable Housing Market - INDIA..........................................................................7
Figure 4 Shortage of Affordable Housing .................................................................................7
Figure 5 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana ...................................................................................10
Figure 6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL) ..................................................................11
Figure 7 Pradhan mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) ......................................................................11
Figure 8 Affordable Housing Market in Surat.........................................................................13
Figure 9 Slum Decline .............................................................................................................13
Figure 10 Surat city..................................................................................................................15

ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 1
1) Introduction:-
The current population of our country is at 1.37 billion and according to a UN report, it is
expected to reach an alarmingly high of 1.5 billion by 2030 that will eventually surpass China
in its population. This rapid urbanization gives growth to the infrastructure and housing
market but at the same time, it also calls for affordability. It is estimated that currently, India
faces a shortage for 20 million homes along with water scarcity, lack of waste disposal and
proper transport infrastructure. India is the second most populated country in the world after
China. According to census 2011, the population of India is 121 crores with a decadal growth
rate of 17.64%. About 37.7 crores people from India’s total population of 121 crores are
urban dwellers. With more than 1 crore people migrating to cities and towns every year, the
total urban population is expected to reach about 60 crores by 2031. Furthermore, between
2015 and 2031, the pace of urbanization is likely to increase at a compounded annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 2.1%, which is estimated to be double of China’s growth rate. The problem is
further compounded as there are only a few urban centers in India that promise better
prospects than most cities and towns leading to much more pressure on their infrastructure
and housing and resulting in disordered urbanization. This is reflected in almost 6.55 crores
Indians who, according to the country’s 2011 census, live in urban slums and sprawls.
Causes of Housing Shortage in India can be list out as following:
• Rapid population growth
• Migration
• Urbanization
• Limited land supply
• Affordability
• War and Violence
• Lack of financing etc
Housing shortage would not be a major problem if there is no mismatch between the people
for whom the houses are being built and those who need them. It would, however, be
unrealistic to assume that those living in ‘housing poverty’ would have affordability and
access to the burgeoning supply in the market. Within the urban population, there is a rapidly
growing informal sector whose ability to borrow from the formal market is not adequately

AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
recognized. This is also posing a new challenge to the Policymakers and financiers. For the
housing shortage, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched that was there to
tackle housing problems in both, urban and rural sector. Under this scheme, 20 million
houses are expected to be built by 2022, but the number keeps revising according to the
demand of the country.
2) Estimation of housing shortage in India:-
According to the report of the technical group on urban housing shortage (2012-2017) by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA).
 The Obsolescence Factor: Non serviceable Units (0.99 million as per Census 2011)
is taken out of the housing stock. All bad houses excluding those that are less than 40
years of age (1.39 % NSS 65th Round results) and all houses aged 80 years or more
(1.43 % – NSS 65th Round results) constitute the obsolescence factor (2.27 Million).
The estimated figure regarding the same works out to be 3.26 millions on 1.3.2012.
 The Congestion Factor: The ratio of households that are residing in unacceptably
‘congested conditions’ from physical and socio cultural view point (via married
couples sharing the room with other adults etc.) was worked out using NSS results –
65th round. The number of households requiring a separate dwelling unit on account
of congestion comes out to 14,986,312 (18.42 % congestion rate from NSS was
applied to the estimated population on 1.3. 2012 based on Census 2011 & inter census
growth rate).

 Homeless People: Census 2001 data of 0.8 million homeless people has been
assumed to remain constant during 2001-11. Considering that half of the homeless are
single migrants and the other half have average household size of three, Technical
Group calculated total housing requirement of 0.53 million ( 0.4 Million for single
migrants and 0.13 for rest with average household size of 3) .
3) Distribution of Housing Shortage across Major States:
A population census, henceforth referred to as census, is the total process of collecting,
compiling, evaluating and disseminating demographic, social and other data at a specified
Figure 1 Urban Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011
Image source: www.naredco.in
Figure 2 Urban Housing Shortage

time covering all persons in a country or in well-delimited part(s) of a country. It is a major
source of social statistics, with its obvious advantage of providing reliable data – that is,
unaffected by sampling error - for small geographic units. A census is an ideal method for
providing information on size, composition and spatial distribution of the population in
addition to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. In general the census collects
information for each individual in households and each set of living quarters, usually for the
whole country or well-defined parts of the country.
Taking into account the fact that the shortage in housing is significant in lower income group,
for 2012, TG-12 distributed the shortage on the basis of State’s contribution to the total, on
the basis of average of total number of households below poverty line in urban areas &
households with katcha houses in urban areas. In the past national level housing shortage was
distributed among the states in proportion to number of urban households.
Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories: Three fourths of the shortage is
in the EWS (Economically Weaker Section - income up to Rs. 5000 per month category and
another quarter of the shortage is in LIG (Lower Income Group- Income between Rs. 5001-
10,000 per month) category. In the latter, a significant proportion of shortage is on account of
congestion in living conditions.
Table 1 Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories
3.1 Key statistics:-
By the year 2030, an additional 3 billion people, about 40 percent of the world’s population,
will need access to housing. This translates into a demand for 96,150 new affordable units
every day and 4,000 every hour. One out of every three city dwellers – nearly a billion people
lives in a slum and that number is expected to double in the next 25 years. Slum indicators

include: lack of water, lack of sanitation, overcrowding, non-durable structures and insecure
tenure.
Access to land is fundamental to adequate shelter. Having legal title to that land encourages
families to invest and improve their homes and allows them to access credit and other public
services such as water and electricity. Nearly one sixth of the world’s population is living
without secure tenure.
The quality of housing stock & amenities directly affect health & quality of life One’s health
is directly linked to housing and housing related basics such as water and sanitation. In
Mexico, researchers at the World Bank and University of California, Berkeley, found that
replacing dirt floors with concrete floors improved the health of children.
4) Need for Affordable Urban Housing in India:-
As per the Report of the Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage (2012), there has
been a huge gap in demand and supply of urban housing in India. The economically weaker sections
(EWS) and low income group (LIG) accounted for 96 per cent of the total housing shortage in India.
Table 2 Distribution of estimating urban housing shortage in India (million)
According to the McKinsey Report (2010), India will have 40 per cent of its population living in
urban areas with 68 cities with one million plus population (from 42 currently) by 2030 (Table 3). It

estimates that the demand for affordable housing will increase to 38 million housing units in 2030
from 19 million in 2012.
Table 3 Urbanization Rate in India
5) Affordable Housing:-
5.1 Overview:
Affordable housing is defined as any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion.
The affordability criterion is different for different countries. For example in United States
and Canada, a common accepted criterion for affordable housing is that the cost of housing
should not be more than 30 percent of a household's gross income. Housing costs include
taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs.
5.2 Defining Affordable Housing in India:
The Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Associations of India (CREDAI) has
developed definitions of affordable housing for Tier I, II and III cities, based on three key
parameters income level, size of the dwelling unit, and affordability.
Table 4 Income Categories

5.3 Benefits of Affordable Housing:
 Affordable housing has mass appeal. As a result collections from volume sales
outpace the collections from premium housing sale resulting in larger proceeds.
 Affordable housing projects have lower development costs leading to improvement in
developers finances.
 Affordable housing helps to diversify the risks faced by developers when there is
sudden fall in market demand of mid income and high end housing segments.
 It helps to improve the basic quality of life of the lower income group by providing
basic amenities such as sanitation, adequate water supply and power.

6) Affordable Housing Market - INDIA:-
Figure 3 Affordable Housing Market - INDIA.
 Affordable housing segment is forecasted to grow about 1.5 times from an estimated
25 million households in 2010 to 38 million in 2030.
 Maximum potential is believed to be in the Tier 1 cities that have considerable
population of urban poor, and in lower-income Tier 4 cities.
6.1 Shortage of affordable housing (million units):
Figure 4 Shortage of Affordable Housing
 There is strong demand for affordable houses and is expected to grow. The supply on
the other hand has been low, thus creating substantial opportunities to bridge the gap.
 The current environment of high economic activity and low inflation. Is likely to
trigger a growth in the demand for affordable housing, especially from the expanding
urban middle class.

7) Government Policy For Affordable Housing:-
First National Housing Policy in India was formulated in 1988, followed by a new National
Housing Policy in August 1994. Further, in July, 1998, another National Housing & Habitat
Policy was announced with some landmark initiatives like involvement of multi-stakeholders,
repeal of Urban Land Ceiling Act, permitting Foreign Direct Investment in housing and real
estate sector, etc.
However, all these policies were generic and applicable to both rural and urban areas. Taking
into account emerging challenges of required shelter and growth of slums, the first ever urban
areas specific National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 was announced in December
2007.
A. The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 has sought to earmark land
for EWS/LIG groups in new housing projects for provision of affordable housing for
this segment of the population. To prevent frauds in loan cases involving multiple
lending from different banks/HFCs on the same immovable property, the Government
has facilitated setting up of Central Electronic Registry under the SARFAESI Act,
2002. This Registry has become operational with effect from March 31, 2011.
B. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was
launched in December 2005 with aim to cover construction of 1.5 m houses for urban
poor during the Mission period (2005- 2012).
It has two Sub-Missions:
I. Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) seeks to provide seven entitlements/
services - security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education
and social security in low income segments in the 65 Mission Cities.
II. The Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) seeks to
provide the above mentioned 7 entitlements, services in towns/cities other than the
Mission Cities.
C. The Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) has been focused on the provision of cash subsidy
scheme to rural BPL families for construction of dwelling units using their own
design and technology. The funding under the Scheme is provided by the Centre and

State in the ratio of 75:25 respectively. The Two Million Housing Programme,
launched in 1998-99 is a loan based Scheme and seeks to facilitate the construction of
20 lakh additional houses per annum of which 7 lakh are targeted in urban areas and
13 lakh in rural areas.
D. Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) has sought to
enhance affordability of the urban poor through the provision of an interest subsidy of
five per cent per annum on a loan amount of up to 1 lakh for the economically weaker
sections and lower income groups in the urban areas for acquisition/construction of
houses. The Government has also launched a scheme of Affordable Housing in
Partnership with an outlay of 5,000 crore for construction of one million houses for
EWS/LIG/MIG with at least 25 per cent for EWS category. The Scheme aims at
partnership between various agencies/ Government/parastatals/ Urban Local Bodies/
developers for realizing the goal of affordable housing for all.
E. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) aims to create a Mortgage Risk Guarantee Fund to
enable provision of credit to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and LIG
households and to encourage the States to adopt policies that will create a slum free
India on ‘whole City approach.
F. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) launched in 2015 provides a fresh impetus
the PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) subsumes all the previous urban housing schemes and
aims at ‘Housing for All’ to be achieved by the year 2022. The total housing shortage
envisaged to be addressed through the PMAY-U is 20 million. The mission has four
components:

Figure 5 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
I. In-situ slum redevelopment (ISSR): using land as resource, the scheme aims to
provide houses to eligible slum dwellers by redeveloping the existing slums on public/
private land. Under this scheme, a grant of `1 lakh per house is provided by the central
government to the planning and implementing authorities of the states/UTs.
II. Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): under this scheme, easy institutional credit is
provided to EWS, LIG and MIG households for purchase of homes with interest
subsidy credited upfront to the borrower’s account through primary lending
institutions (PLIs), effectively reducing housing loan and equated monthly instalments
(EMI).
III. Affordable housing in partnership (AHP): it aims to provide financial assistance to
private developers to boost private participation in affordable housing projects; central
assistance is provided at the rate of 1.5 lakh per EWS house in private projects where
at least 35 per cent of the houses are constructed for the EWS category.
IV. Beneficiary-led construction or enhancement (BLC): this scheme involves central
assistance of 1.5 lakh per family for new construction or extension of existing houses
for the EWS/LIG.
(A)Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL)

Figure 6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL)
Source: - www.pmayg.nic.in
PMAY in the rural areas is to address the homelessness and the dilapidated condition of
houses. The beneficiaries are selected through an objective process with the help of the Gram
Sabha and data from the Socio-Economic and Caste Census. The government provides an
assistance of Rs 1.20 lakhs in plain areas and Rs 1.30 lakhs in hilly areas to selected
beneficiaries.
(B) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
Figure 7 Pradhan mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
Source: - www.pmayg.nic.in

In urban areas, the urban affairs minister Hardeep Singh Puri claimed in September that 50%
of the target had been met. But the government’s website shows of the 1.2 crore urban houses
it aims to build, 68.5 lakh houses have been sanctioned, and just 18% of the sanctioned
houses have been built. With house completion taking an average of two or three years, the
government needs to finish sanctioning all homes by 2020 in order to finish all construction
by 2022, the report states. The report estimates the government will need Rs 1.5 lakh crore to
meet the target of building 1.2 crore urban houses by 2022. Only 22% – around Rs 33,000
crore – has been disbursed so far.
8) Adoption of Affordable Housing Shortage for Implementation
of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): A Case Study of
SURAT
8.1 Affordable housing market in Surat:-
 In the next five years, demand for housing in Surat is estimated at 2.30 lacs residential
units during 2016-2020.
 Nearly 80% demand is derived from lower income and middle income group.
 Affordable housing is one segment which has still gained ground in Surat amid
recession in the realty market.
 Industrial development and opening up of new areas in service sector have propelled
the demand for affordable housing.
 Demand for housing is likely to increase at a strong rate of 6-7% resulting in a
cumulative incremental demand of 2,30,000 till 2020.

Figure 8 Affordable Housing Market in Surat
8.2 Slum Decline:-
 Percentage of slums has come down to 7% from 18% in just 7 years.
 The city had 70-75,000 slum units left in 2013 involving 3.50 lakh to 3.75 lakh slum
population.
 SMC wants to make Surat a zero-slum city by 2019.
 These slum areas would be given to private developers to rebuild multistoried houses
for slum dwellers.
 Private developers would be given additional FSI for their work.
8.3 Competitive Advantage:-
Surat ranks fourth in a global study of fastest-developing cities in the world in terms of
economic prosperity.
A. Booming Real Estate Sector:- Real estate is a new emerging business in Surat
and is growing at annual rate of 15-20%.The housing sectors is one of the most
preferred segments with leading property developers coming up with all kinds of
affordable and luxury housing projects.
Figure 9 Slum Decline

B. High Quality Infrastructure:- Surat has adequate water supply network
covering 95 % of the city with some parts having 24*7 water supply. 95% of the city
is covered by underground sewerage system. Surat has waste to energy plants
installed for converting sewage waste to energy.
C. Effective Governance System:- The city has an efficient and effective
governance system with most of the civic services being available online and citizens
can do most of the transactions online on Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC)’s
website and Mobile application.
D. Advanced systems and Capabilities:- Advance systems like CCTV
surveillance, Mobile APP, Tertiary Treatment Plan for recycling waste Water,
Underground Cabling , Energy from Renewable sources, Wi-Fi hotspots etc. are
already present in Surat. This makes it an ideal investment Destination.
E. High GDP growth rate: - Surat has registered high GDP growth rate of 12 to
13% from 2013-15. It contributes to 42% of world’s total rough diamond cutting and
polishing; accounting for US$ 10 billion, which forms approximately 65% of the total
diamond exports from India.
8.4 Manpower Availability:- More than 70% of Surat’s population is under 35 years
of age. This indicates availability of potentially large working population. Fast
development of various industries in and around Surat City makes it a preferred
destination for job seekers from all around the country.
8.5 Project Information:-
Table 5 Project Information
Project Name Construction of 5750 units under affordable
housing on PPP under smart city mission,
Surat
Location Surat, Gujarat
Area 60 Acres
Focus Sector Real Estate – Slum Development
Target Audience Real estate developers and Indian corporates
 Project site – Surat, Gujarat

 The city is located in the southwest part of Gujarat on the banks of Tapti River with a
geographical spread of over 326 sq.km. It shares border with Bharuch, Narmada in
north, Navsari in south, Bharuch and Gulf of Cambay to the west.
Figure 10 Surat city
 Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) is responsible for making Surat self-reliant and a
sustainable city with all basic amenities and providing a better quality of life.
 SMC also takes care of affordability in housing sector and has constructed more than
80,000 houses for the urban poor and 2,460 units under slum redevelopment
 Diamond city Surat's population grew from 28.12 lakh in 2001 to 60.81 lakh in 2011 a
rise of 58.68%
 Spiral in Surat's population is due to "immigration" from other parts of Gujarat as well
as other states of India.

Table 6 Private Partnership under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

8.6 Challenges faced by Surat: - Due to the booming industries in Surat there is a
high population influx. This could impact the infrastructure of the city which can collapse
anytime. The city is also periodically prone to floods.
I. Lack of Availability of Urban Land: Rapid growth of urbanization has led to
high population density in urban areas thereby creating a huge demand for land. The
shortage is further exacerbated by poorly conceived central, state and municipal
regulations resulting in high land prices.
II. Lack of Marketable Land Parcels: Government authorities or state-owned
entities such as railways and ports own large tracts of urban land, which are
nonmarketable resulting in inefficient use. There is also proliferation of slums and
squatter settlements in these areas.
III. Lack of Access to Home Finance for Low-Income Groups: Low-income
groups (LIGs) lack access to housing finance. Majority of the loans (~80 %) disbursed
by Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) are to Mid-Income and High-Income Groups
(>INR 10 lakhs). Risk of loan turning into NPAs and uneven repayment pattern
deprives LIGs from availing loan.
IV. Regulatory Constraints: Real estate development projects are subjected to
lengthy approval process resulting in project delays which escalates construction cost.
Also there is lack of clarity in building bylaws and rules for Floor Space Index (FSI),
zoning and development plans formulated by the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and
Urban Development Departments (UDDs) in India.
V. Lack of transparency in governance: There have been instances around
conflict of interests like being a franchise and a league owner at the same time,
controversial auctioning of players and spot-fixing. Such incidents have raised
questions on professional governance and transparency.

8.7 Project Cost and Means of Finance:-
Table 7 Project Cost

9) Concluding Remark :-
It is very difficult to complete the mass low cost housing projects, taken up under the
schemes like PMAY for a mission of achieving “Housing for All by 2022 (HFA by 2022)”,
with conventional technologies since these projects are time bound and constrained heavily
by the availability of the funds. So, an appropriate and new technology that can provide better
control over cost and time without compromising on quality only can be a promising tool for
any engineer to achieve the goal for completing the project.
Hence the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) of GOI has established cell
in the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) to help
implementation of PMAY by identifying the new and appropriate technologies that can be
implemented to achieve the targets. The technologies thus identified are general and the state
governments have to identify the suitable technology to implement in their respective states
to achieve the targets in time.
Refernce
• Report of The Technician Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) 2012-17,
• National Buildings Organization, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation.
• Housing, Household Amenities and Assets - Key Results from Census 2011 ,
• Websites of National Housing Bank & National Buildings Organization.
• Report on “Government Initiatives and Programme for Affordable Housing”,
presented in National Workshop on Pro-Poor Housing Finance October 29, 2008,
• Website of Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation
• M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao, Adoption of
Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): A
Case Study of Andhra Pradesh, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 199–207.
• http://www.gujarathousingboard.org
• http://http://www.udd.gujarat.gov.in/
• https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/

AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE STUDY OF SURAT

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AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE STUDY OF SURAT