This document summarizes research on regenerating cardiomyocytes through bone marrow stem cell transplantation and other factors that aid heart repair. It discusses how stem cell transplantation combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy or drug combination therapy has been shown to effectively regenerate damaged heart tissue in mice models of myocardial infarction. The conclusion states that while stem cell transplantation alone benefits patients, combining it with VEGF injection or cardiovascular drugs like statins and ACE inhibitors produces even better outcomes for regenerating heart muscle after a heart attack.

1. Regeneration of Cardiomyocytes by Using
Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell
Transplantation and Other Factors Involved
in Heart Repair
Pablo Gonzalez
Sanchez
UPR-Cayey
November 2, 2011

2. The Heart
 It is a muscle in charge of pumping oxygenated
blood through our body.
 It can beat up to 72 time per minute, and 2.5
billion times in a 66 year life span.
 It can become easily damaged by having an
unhealthy life style.
 All these factors can lead to a heart attack.

3. What is a heart attack?
 Heart attacks also known as myocardial infarction
A heart attack occurs about every 20 seconds
with a heart attack death about every minute..
 A heart attack is when fatty substances clog the
hearts arteries causing an ischemia.
 Lack of oxygen prevents the heart from pumping
blood.
 Cells begin to die.

4. Heart Failure
 After someone has had a heart attack their heart
pumps less blood each time.
 Eventually it can not pump enough oxygenated
blood to meet the body’s demands.
 The main causes are coronary heart
disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

5. Treatment
 There are still no known cures for heart
failure, but there are treatments.
 Bone Marrow Derived Cell (BMC) transplantation
is one of the main treatments for cardiomyocyte
regeneration.
 The BMC cells are stem cells derived of the bone
marrow (there are many types of stem cells).
 The most commonly used are bone marrow stem
cells.

6. Studies With Mice
 Are made by placing a ligature on one of the
major blood vessels.
 Mice receiving the therapy seemed more healthy
and active than those who did not (Beltrami
2001).
 These mice also survived in greater numbers.

7. Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor
 Also abbreviated VEGF is a molecule that has
been found to be an inducer of angiogenesis.
 Secreted after myocardial infarction, it attracts
stem cells.
 It is injected after the transplantation of BMC’s.
 Helps improve myocardial ischemia.

8. Evaluation of the Effects of VEGF on
Mice
 Like the the other experiment, rats had induced
heart attacks.
 Were injected with phVEGF-A and phPDGF-BB
were injected into the rats.
 Hearts were harvested 1 and 4 weeks after
plasmid injection.
 phVEGF-A165 increased capillary density more
than phPDGF-BB, but did not induce
angiogenesis (Tille et.al 2003).

9. Drug Combination Therapy
 The administration of drugs to a patient after he
has suffered an infarction.
 Some are 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme
A reductase inhibitors, also known as statins.
 They have become standard part in the
prevention and treatment of coronary artery
disease.
 Statins seem to have non–lipid-lowering effects
that impact neurohormonal activation and cardiac
remodeling (rosuvastatin, lipitor, and simvastatin).

10. Drug Combination Therapy
 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE).
 These type of medications lower blood pressure
by blocking the conversion of a specific protein
from its inactive to its active form
(capoten,vasotec, and prinivil).
 Both of these have proven to regenerate the
damaged myocardium

11. Conclusion
 Bone Marrow Cell transplantation has
demonstrated good results in patients, but it is
even more effective with the use of VEGF
injection or drugs.
 These two have also shown good results, it all
depends on which the patient chooses.
 The drugs administered may need to be taken
few times a day and may be less painful than
receiving the injection.
 They may also target other components such as
inflammation.
 VEGF decreases cellular stress and increases
pro-survival factors.

12. Conclusion
 In conclusion, BMC transplantation has been
proven to give beneficial results, but is even more
effective when it is combined with VEGF therapy
or drug combination therapy.
 It has opened the pathway for new myocardial
infarction treatments that will make an
improvement on society.

13. References:
 -Boyle Andrew. Et.al. September
12, 2011.Myocardial Production and Release of
MCP-1 and SDF-1 Following Myocardial
Infarction: Differences Between Mice and
Man.[Internet]Cited November 14, 2011.
 -Hoeben Ann, Landuyt Bart, Highley
Martin, Wildiers Hans, Oosterom Aallan, Bruijn
Ernest.2004. Vascular Endothellial Growth Factor
and Angiogenesis.Pharmacological Reviews.Vol.
56, No.4.Cited November 14, 2011.
 - Mingliang Ren, Zhang Bo, Wang
Zhengguo.June 15,2011. Stem Cells for Cardiac
Repair: Status, Mechanisms, and New
Strategies[Internet]Cited October 6, 2011.

14. References:
 -Payne Thomas, Oshima Hideki, Okada
Masaho, Momoi Nobuo, Tobita Kimimasa, Keller
Bradley, Peng Hairong, Huard Johnny.2007.A
Relationship Between Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor, Angiogenesis, and Cardiac Repair After
Muscle Cell Transplantation into Ischemic
Hearts.[Internet]Cited November 15, 2011.
 - Sambasiva K. R. S., Ananda K., Sai K, Berrocal
Ruben, Rao K.S.April 3, 2011. Myocardial infarction
and stem cells.[Internet]Cited October 7, 2011.
 Beltrami, A.P., Urbanek, K., Kajstura, J., Yan, S.M., Fi
nato, N., Bussani, R., Nadal-
Ginard, B., Silvestri, F., Leri, A., Beltrami, C.A., and
Anversa, P. (2001). Evidence that human cardiac
myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N. Engl.
J. Med. 344, 1750–1757.

15. References:
 Tille Jean-Critophe, et.al. Vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 signaling
mediates VEGF-CΔNΔC- and VEGF-A-induced
angiogenesis in vitro. April 11, 2003. Cited
November 20, 2006.

16. Thank you for your
attention!