Reformation
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The document discusses the religious and political landscape in Europe on the eve of the Protestant Reformation in the 15th-16th centuries. It touches on topics like the consolidation of nation states, Renaissance humanism, economic expansion, anti-clericalism, and the crisis of Martin Luther that helped spark the Reformation. The Reformation led to the fracturing of religious unity in Europe and the emergence of religion mapping onto political boundaries.
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Protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther publicly protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in Germany. This sparked divisions in the Catholic Church and the emergence of Protestantism. Key figures like Luther and John Calvin rejected the authority of the Pope and certain Catholic doctrines, believing salvation came from faith alone rather than good works. The Reformation led to the permanent split of Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant denominations and spread Protestant ideas across Europe through the 16th century, resulting in religious conflicts and wars.
WH1112, Unit 1: The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 15th century Europe as a reaction against corrupt practices in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in 1517 with his 95 Theses. This sparked the Reformation and divided Western Christianity between Protestant and Catholic denominations. Luther's theology emphasized salvation by faith alone rather than works. His refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521 had wide religious, political, and intellectual impacts that transformed Europe.
1.3 protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk and theology professor, nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. The 95 Theses criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences. Luther's criticisms spread quickly through Europe due to the newly invented printing press. Another important reformer was John Calvin, who challenged church authority from Switzerland and established a theocracy in Geneva based on beliefs like predestination. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Council of Trent.
Reformation and religious wars
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It summarizes that the Catholic Church was facing problems like corruption and secular power among Popes before the Reformation. Martin Luther originally wanted to reform the Catholic Church but was excommunicated and helped establish Lutheranism. This led to other Protestant movements and religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. The Catholic Church responded with the Council of Trent and reforms, establishing stricter rules for clergy and new orders like the Jesuits to strengthen the Church and combat the growing Protestant influence.
11 the results of the reformation
The Protestant Perspective:
Civilization And The Protestant Reformation, by John W. Robbins
Martin Luther nailed 95 theological propositions challenging the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation established principles of democracy, constitutionalism, religious liberty, and a free market economy. It promoted the idea that all individuals have equal standing before God and law, weakening political and religious hierarchies. By translating the Bible into common languages, Luther empowered individuals to interpret scripture for themselves rather than rely on clergy. The Reformation transformed Western society, politics, law, and economics.
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Calvinism was a theological system developed by John Calvin that emphasized predestination, the authority of God, and the depravity of man. It was very popular despite appearing cold because it appealed to those who wanted strict religious rules and signs of election to assure their salvation. Calvinism shared some beliefs with Lutheranism, such as the primacy of Scripture and justification by faith, but differed in its views of irresistible grace, certainty of salvation only for the elect, and establishing a theocratic polity in Geneva.
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This document provides a condensed timeline of key events during the Protestant Reformation from 1440 to 1564. It highlights the roles of important figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII and key Anabaptist leaders. Major events included Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517, his appearance before the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, the Peasant's War from 1524-1526, and the publication of Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. The timeline also notes the growing persecution of Anabaptists and their beliefs in martyrdom, as well as developments like the English Act of Supremacy in 1534 that made Henry VIII the head of
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Protestant reformation
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The Protestant Reformation began in 15th century Europe as a reaction against corrupt practices in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in 1517 with his 95 Theses. This sparked the Reformation and divided Western Christianity between Protestant and Catholic denominations. Luther's theology emphasized salvation by faith alone rather than works. His refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521 had wide religious, political, and intellectual impacts that transformed Europe.
1.3 protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk and theology professor, nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. The 95 Theses criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences. Luther's criticisms spread quickly through Europe due to the newly invented printing press. Another important reformer was John Calvin, who challenged church authority from Switzerland and established a theocracy in Geneva based on beliefs like predestination. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Council of Trent.
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Martin Luther nailed 95 theological propositions challenging the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation established principles of democracy, constitutionalism, religious liberty, and a free market economy. It promoted the idea that all individuals have equal standing before God and law, weakening political and religious hierarchies. By translating the Bible into common languages, Luther empowered individuals to interpret scripture for themselves rather than rely on clergy. The Reformation transformed Western society, politics, law, and economics.
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Reformation
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- Martin Luther sparked the Reformation through his doctrine of justification by faith alone, challenging the authority of the Pope and priesthood.
- Henry VIII was a key driver of the English Reformation due to his love, money, power and theological views; this led to the formation of the Church of England and increased Parliament's role.
- Ulrich Zwingli differed from Luther in his views on baptism and saints, questioning established Catholic teachings and spurring the Anabaptist movement.
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3. Theologians like Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized the Church and its doctrines, helping spark the Reformation.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther. Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation, and emphasized faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. The printing press helped spread his ideas to a wider audience. Other reformers like Calvin and Henry VIII also challenged Catholic doctrine. This led to over a century of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.
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Apostolic period ends in 100 AD. bec. there no more apostles left then came the church fathers these were the disciples of the apostles...
Ang repormasyon
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred between the 15th-17th centuries and split Christianity into Catholic and Protestant denominations. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther who criticized the Catholic Church and sparked the Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517. The Catholic Church responded with reforms through councils like Trent and groups like the Jesuits to strengthen Catholicism in the face of Protestant growth. The Reformation had significant effects such as religious divisions in Europe and the establishment of new Protestant sects.
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- Martin Luther sparked the Reformation through his doctrine of justification by faith alone, challenging the authority of the Pope and priesthood.
- Henry VIII was a key driver of the English Reformation due to his love, money, power and theological views; this led to the formation of the Church of England and increased Parliament's role.
- Ulrich Zwingli differed from Luther in his views on baptism and saints, questioning established Catholic teachings and spurring the Anabaptist movement.
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The document discusses the factors that led to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Some of the key factors mentioned include:
1. Corruption and abuse of power within the Catholic Church hierarchy.
2. The rise of nationalism across European states weakened the influence of the Church.
3. Theologians like Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized the Church and its doctrines, helping spark the Reformation.
Constantine & Religion
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther. Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation, and emphasized faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. The printing press helped spread his ideas to a wider audience. Other reformers like Calvin and Henry VIII also challenged Catholic doctrine. This led to over a century of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.
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Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was an attempt in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Europe. Reformers like Martin Luther wanted to restore faith in the church and questioned the corruption and power of Catholic Church leaders. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation where Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian denominations like Lutheran and Calvinist churches.
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Martin Luther was a 16th century German monk who sparked the Protestant Reformation. He criticized the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences and believed salvation came through faith alone, not good works. In 1517, Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, which led to his excommunication in 1520. Luther found protection from the elector of Saxony and refused to recant his beliefs. His writings established key Protestant doctrines like sola fide (faith alone) and sola scriptura (scripture alone as religious authority). The Reformation split Christianity in Europe between Catholic and Protestant denominations.
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The Powerpoint
This document provides an analysis of the poem "Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light" written by Jose Rizal at age 15 in 1876. The poem focuses on the importance of education and how it provides enlightenment and security for one's country. It expresses Rizal's view that education, not violence, was the path toward progress and reform in the Philippines under Spanish rule in the 19th century.
Education 1
The document discusses poems by Jose Rizal about the importance of education in nation building. It analyzes Rizal's concepts from poems written in 1876 while at Ateneo de Manila. The main theme of the poems is that education provides light and multiplies gifts that are imparted to humanity, and it is crucial for developing character and guiding the nation. Education cultivates sciences, arts and virtues. The document also discusses concepts of 21st century education and learning, emphasizing skills like critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity.
Through education our motherland receives light
The document discusses the importance of education for every Filipino person. It argues that education provides capabilities that improve the state, multiply resources, and lead to peace and order. When youth excel in education and apply proven theories, it opens eyes and leads to improvements in law, nourishment, resources, and seeking truth where evil does not prevail and others follow right intentions for change and sealing wrong thoughts with strong souls and unwavering minds for the dominion of the motherland, keeping promises of hope and developing their own motherland. Education is vital for everyone's own improvement and their motherland's improvement.
To the filipino youth
Rizal requested the Filipino youth to:
1. Lift up their radiant brows and show their abundant talents resplendently and grandly.
2. Soar high with great genius and fill their virgin minds with noble thoughts to find honor's glorious seat more rapidly than the wind.
3. Descend with the arts and sciences to the plain and break forthright the chains of their poetic genius.
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The poem discusses the importance of education. It states that education uplifts and brings honor to one's homeland by instilling virtue in youth. It allows a nation's citizens to flourish and subdue vice and crime. The poem also emphasizes that through education's guidance and examples of good men, a nation can be led to prosperity and glory.
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The document is a poem written in Tagalog by Jose Rizal when he was eight years old expressing his love for the Tagalog language. The poem states that those who truly love their people will love the language given to them by heaven and will yearn for freedom like a bird in the sky. It says that one can judge a town or kingdom by its language, and like all things, people love their freedom. The poem calls those who do not love their native tongue worse than rotten fish or beasts. It describes the Tagalog language as being akin to Latin, English, Spanish and more, and that God bestowed this language upon the people. The poem was originally much longer but parts were lost when a boat sank
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The poem discusses two poems written by Harold Eugene Q. Urmaza. The first poem from 1879 addresses Filipino youth, encouraging them to have confidence and improve their nation. The second poem from 1882 discusses the difficulty of writing poetry upon request in Madrid while longing for his homeland.
Rizal’s+education
Rizal received an early education in Calamba and Biñan, showing great intellectual abilities. He attended Ateneo Municipal de Manila and University of Santo Tomas in Manila, where he faced discrimination. Rizal then traveled alone to Europe for further studies, earning multiple degrees including medicine. He lived in Europe for 10 years, becoming multilingual and excelling in many fields while beginning to write his novels which criticized Spanish rule.
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Rizal encourages the Filipino youth to unleash their talents and abilities. He urges them to soar high with noble thoughts and fill their minds with genius. Rizal also encourages them to share their gifts of art, science, poetry and music. He believes the youth have the power to immortalize their ideas and challenge even the proudest of nations. Rizal charges the youth to run towards their destiny, where a crown of fame awaits them.
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This poem by Jose Rizal praises the benefits of education for a country. It says that education inspires virtue and exalts humanity. It places a country in a seat of glory and glow, similar to how the gentle breeze brightens flowers. Education is a benefactress that guides people with a wise hand. Through education, arts and sciences are born. Just as a pure rivulet flows from a high mount, education provides a country with tranquility. Where education establishes itself, youth are invigorated to subdue error with noble ideas. It halts crime and humbles barbarous nations, transforming savages into champions.
Poems of Rizal
POEMS OF RIZAL
Sa Aking Mga Kabata
“To my fellow children”
a poem about the love of one's native language written in Tagalog.
Jose Rizal wrote it in 1869 at the age of eight.
The poem was widely taught in Philippine schools to point out Rizal's precociousness and early development of his nationalistic ideals.
Mi Primera Inspiracion
“My first inspiration”
first poem written by Dr. Jose Rizal during his third academic year in Ateneo de Municipal.
He wrote the poem in 1874, before he turned 14.
He was delighted to see his mother, Doña Teodora Alonso, released from prison that same year so he dedicated the poem to her.
He also dedicated this poem to his mother’s birthday.
Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
“Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light”
Rizal wrote this poem in the year 1876 at the age of fifteen.
It was written in Ateneo de Municipal in Manila.
The poem was written during the Spanish Government.
Alianza Íntima Entre La Religión Y La Buena Educación
“The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education”
Poem he wrote to show the important relationship between religion and education.
During the summer of April 1876, before entering his fifth year in Ateneo Municipal in June, Jose Rizal previous to turning fifteen wrote this poem along with Por La Educación Recibe Lustre La Patria.
Religious Poems
Al Nino Jesus
“To the Child Jesus”
written in Spanish by Jose Rizal in 1875 at the age of 14 during his stay Ateneo De Municipal.
After his mother’s imprisonment, he wrote many poems, mostly inspired by his friend and professor: Father Sanchez.
Among the poems he wrote, in 1875 were
the ff:
Felicitacion (Felicitation)
El Embarque Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet)
Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He Is Spanish Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the World)
El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
In 1876, he wrote other poems on various topics. Among these are:
Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo
“In Memory of My Town”
Which was also another tender poem about the town where he was born.
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
“In Memory of My Town”
Rizal wrote it in 1876 when he was 15 years old while a student in the Ateneo de Manila.
This poem is about the Calamba, the place where he was born, which he loved very dearly.
The following year of 1877 also showed a lot of poetry that were written by him:
El Heroismo de Colon
“The Heroism of Columbus”
This poem praises Columbus for his adventurous spirit and his success as an explorer.
2 Reasons why famous poem of Rizal, “To The Filipino Youth” was described as “winning classic in Philippine Literature”
It was the first Spanish poem written by a Filipino, which gained recognition among known Spanish authors,
It contained for the first time, the nationalistic sentiment insinuating that the Filipinos, and no
1st journey of rizal
This document summarizes Rizal's journey from the Philippines to Europe from 1882 to 1887. Some key points:
- Rizal departed secretly from Manila in 1882 to study in Spain and pursue his "secret mission" of observing European societies to help liberate the Filipino people.
- He traveled through Singapore, Sri Lanka, Egypt, and France before settling in Madrid, Spain to study medicine and philosophy.
- Rizal also spent time in Paris, Heidelberg studying ophthalmology, and other German cities like Leipzig and Dresden.
- Throughout his travels, Rizal keenly observed different cultures and societies while continuing his studies. He also wrote articles to raise awareness about
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The document provides an overview of the causes and key events of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses corruption in the Catholic Church, the impact of Renaissance humanism, influential religious reformers like Wycliffe and Huss, and resentment from secular rulers over papal power. It then focuses on Martin Luther and his 95 Theses opposing indulgences in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. Other reformers like Zwingli and Calvin established new Protestant doctrines and sects. The spread of Lutheranism and religious wars in Germany are also summarized.
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The document discusses the spread of the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation throughout Europe. It describes how the Medici family in Florence supported artists and pushed forward the Renaissance. It then discusses how figures like Martin Luther criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church and sparked the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517. Finally, it summarizes the devastating 30 Years War between Protestants and Catholics in Europe from 1618-1648 and the Treaty of Westphalia that ended the war.
AP Euro CH 14
The Early Reformation; The Reformation and German Politics; The Spread of the Protestant Reformation; The Catholic Reformation; Religious Violence
Renaissance & Reformation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe between 1450-1600 CE. It summarizes:
1) The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and ideas of humanism and secularism. Writers and artists sought to recover ancient knowledge.
2) The growth of powerful city-states in Italy, dominated by merchants, with Florence and Venice becoming centers of banking, trade and art.
3) Key figures that shaped the period including Machiavelli who analyzed power politics in The Prince and Erasmus who used satire to critique the Catholic Church and push for education reform.
4) The Protestant Reformation began as Martin Luther publicly
-The protestant reformation- ernesto b. villafuerte,jr
The Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against certain Catholic Church doctrines and practices. Martin Luther and other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin broke away from the Catholic Church and established new Christian denominations with beliefs centered on the authority of scripture alone and justification by faith. The movement established Protestantism as the third major branch of Christianity and divided Western Christianity. Political, economic, and intellectual factors also contributed to the success of the Reformation in breaking the unity of the Western Church.
-The protestant reformation- ernesto b. villafuerte,jr
The document summarizes key events and factors that contributed to the success of the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe in the 16th century. It discusses the growing power of nation-states challenging the authority of the Catholic Church, the impact of the Black Death and renewed optimism, the spread of the printing press, the influence of humanism and the Renaissance, and pre-Reformation movements like those led by John Wycliffe and Jan Hus that questioned Catholic doctrine. Together, these political, social, economic and intellectual changes created an environment receptive to Martin Luther's challenges to Catholic theology and authority.
-The protestant reformation- ernesto b. villafuerte,jr
The Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church. It established Protestantism as a new branch of Christianity centered on the authority of the Bible alone and justification by faith. Key Reformers included Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin who led the break from Catholicism. Other movements like Anabaptism went further in restricting baptism to believers. The Reformation was influenced by factors like the availability of the printing press, Renaissance humanism, and the rise of strong nation-states challenging the Church's power and corruption. While reform efforts were underway internally, the crisis came to a head with Luther's 95 Theses protesting indulgences in 1517.
-The protestant reformation- ernesto b. villafuerte,jr
The Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against certain Catholic Church doctrines and practices. Martin Luther and other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin broke away from the Catholic Church and established new Christian denominations with beliefs centered on the authority of scripture alone and justification by faith. The movement established Protestantism as the third major branch of Christianity and divided Western Christianity. Political, economic, and intellectual factors also contributed to the success of the Reformation in spreading across Europe.
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This document provides information on the Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli who led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church. The Reformation started in 1517 when Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church. The document also summarizes developments in science with figures like Copernicus and Vesalius, as well as the arts in places like Flanders and the Netherlands during this period. Major artists mentioned include Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and Hieronymus Bosch.
Lesson 7
The document provides an overview of the Protestant Reformation that began in the 16th century. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and early reformers. Luther was concerned with issues like indulgences and the selling of salvation. He argued that salvation comes through faith alone, not works, and that the Bible was the sole religious authority. Calvin established a theology based on predestination and established the Reformed tradition. The Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to divisions between Protestantism and Catholicism.
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did .docx
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did he mean by justification by faith alone? What was he protesting? What did he do? What were his philosophies? How did the Catholic Church react to this? What are some of the key differences between Protestants and Catholics?
Protestant Reformation
Many changes took place during the next few hundred years. Several historical events influenced the rise of the Protestant Reformation, including the Black Plague (which killed 1/3 of Europe), numerous wars of the 14th century, and the Renaissance or Rebirth during the 15th and 16th centuries which not only changed art and architecture through greats like Da Vinci and Michelangelo, but an entire worldview.
During the black plague, many lost faith in the Catholic church when priests abandoned the sick to flee for their own safety. During the Renaissance, new artists and thinkers questioned medieval church values and gave a fresh new (and radical) worldview.
Also during this time, an invention called the Printing Press allowed for mass circulation of literature. How could this be a threat to the Catholic Church? Within the church, which has grown very wealthy and powerful, there were numerous examples of corruption, abuse, and scandals. Combine that with political and religious divisions and dissent and you've got yourself a stage for destruction. Above all, the printing press allowed for individual interpretation and perception of the scriptures, which was a direct threat to the authority of the Catholic Church.
All of these historical events bring us to this central issue you've seen building in your previous lessons --authority. The long standing authority of the church was being questioned. During this time, the selling ofindulgences also becomes popular. The church was rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica and it was believed that whoever donated money to this project would be able to buy their loved ones' souls out of purgatory.
Martin Luther of Saxony (1483-1546)
Martin Luther was a German Catholic Monk (from the Augustinian branch) who was unhappy with all this corruption, abuse and especially, the selling of indulgences. He decided to reform the church and proclaimed our Justification through Faith.
He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittgenstein in 1517. This theses outlined all of the things he felt were wrong with the Catholic Church. There were many things he had issues with.
First, he defied Pope Authority, saying that there is a Universal Priesthood where we all can be preachers and should marry and have children. (This is something Luther did himself right away after years of being a celibate monk, taking a fellow nun as his wife and having multitudes of children. Just call them the "Jon and Kate Plus 8" of the 16th century.)
He rejected most of the 7 sacraments, including confession, anointing, and ordination. He rejected many of long held Catholic doctrine/rituals such as the veneration of Mary, the saints,.
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The document summarizes the major events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It describes how Martin Luther protested abuses within the Catholic Church and sparked the growth of Protestantism. Over time, various Protestant denominations emerged like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism under leaders such as Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII respectively. The Reformation destroyed unity within Christianity and led to religious conflicts across Europe for over a century.
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Not meant to specifically address Catholicism other than purely a purely historical perspective. The plot can be applied to various settings & characters. however, the lessons are basically the same.
Where Did The Denominations Come From? session 4
This is session 4 of a class I presented regarding the history of denominations. This session pertains to the German Reformation and the Swiss Reformation - along with the Anabaptist influence.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century established divergent Christian beliefs that led to the emergence of Protestantism. Dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church's control over religious interpretations and practices grew across Europe. Figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized the Church and proposed alternative interpretations that broke away from Catholicism. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had widespread political, economic, and social impacts, including increasing literacy and challenging social class structures. It established religious freedom and separation of church and state.
How the new world order is hijacking civilization
History testifies how God has blessed and used the Christian nations to bless all the families of the nations of the earth. The Protestant nations of Western Europe have a great Christian heritage. Despite violent opposition, Protestants emerged from the fires of persecution to change lives, make history and transform nations. Faithful believers contended for the Faith, preserved and translated God's Word, Reformed the Church and vigorously proclaimed the Word of God to all nations.
Chapter 11
The Reformation began in Germany in the early 16th century, sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press. Other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin also criticized Catholic doctrine and established reformed churches. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially divided Christian lands between Catholic and Lutheran. The Counter-Reformation strengthened the Catholic Church, while the English Reformation established the Church of England under Henry VIII and Edward VI. The Reformation transformed religious and family life across Europe.
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Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did .docx
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A Theory & Practice of the Crusades & the Inquisition
A Theory & Practice of the Crusades & the Inquisition
Reformation
- 6. Story of Western (Religious) Exceptionalism? Capitalism Democracy Individualism Technology
- 7. Other Stories? Reciprocity/Co-constitution Yuck/Critique Bottoms Up Appropriate
- 11. Nation State
- 21. Door Where Luther Posted his 95 Theses
- 24. Aerial View of St. Peter’s
- 29. Anti-Luther Propaganda: Luther Falling Into Toilet
- 30. Ulrich Zwingli - Zurich
- 42. Printing press
- 43. Martin Luther: “A Mighty Fortress is our God”
- 44. Anti-Papal Propaganda: Wolf Devouring Innocent Sheep
- 45. Anti-Papal Propaganda: Pope Leo X and Cardinals as Animals
- 46. Anti-Papal Propaganda: Monk Calf at Freiberg and Papal Ass at Rome
- 47. Anti-Papal Propaganda: Devouring Indulgences
- 48. Anti-Papal Propaganda: Satirical World Map of Papalism
- 49. Anti-Luther Propaganda: Martin Luther Exposing Himself
- 57. The sin of property We do disdain No one has any right to buy and sell The earth for private gain By theft and murder They took the land Now everywhere the walls Rise up at their command. They make the laws To chain us well The clergy dazzle us with heaven Or they damn us into hell We will not worship The God they serve The God of greed who feeds the rich While poor men starve You poor take courage You rich take care The earth was made a common treasury For everyone to share All things in common All people one We come in peace The order came to cut them down
Editor's Notes
- Nation State
- Culture of art - Renaissance - Cost