India has a four-tiered healthcare system consisting of sub-centers, primary health centers (PHC), community health centers (CHC), and district hospitals. Patients are referred from lower to higher levels of care based on the availability of specialized services, equipment, and expertise. The referral system aims to provide patients with the appropriate level of treatment and ensure efficient use of healthcare resources. A proper referral process involves coordination between facilities, clear communication, and timely transfer of patients and medical information.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
Structured viva queations of community health nursing 2020yasmeenzulfiqar
structured viva questions for student
community health nursing
this is the sample of questions for structured viva in nursing or any exam of practical.
this sample is useful for guider or examiner to conduct a structured and justifiable practical exam of students because most of the teacher just gave the practical marks on the judgment as having what type of personality , clothes and family background etc. I strongly disagree with this type of practical exam in Pakistan and other Asian countries
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
A job description is the statement of the basic purpose of the job, the significant tasks to be carried out , the extent of authority vested in the post ,and the upward downward and horizontal relationships necessary for the performance of the job.
This lesson will help the nursing students to learn and know the nursing records and reports and responsibility of the nurse in maintaining nursing records and reports in various health settings.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
This topics aims to highlight the importance of referral as an integrated tool for health delivery in health systems which has three tier system primary,secondary and tertiary care system
Structured viva queations of community health nursing 2020yasmeenzulfiqar
structured viva questions for student
community health nursing
this is the sample of questions for structured viva in nursing or any exam of practical.
this sample is useful for guider or examiner to conduct a structured and justifiable practical exam of students because most of the teacher just gave the practical marks on the judgment as having what type of personality , clothes and family background etc. I strongly disagree with this type of practical exam in Pakistan and other Asian countries
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
A job description is the statement of the basic purpose of the job, the significant tasks to be carried out , the extent of authority vested in the post ,and the upward downward and horizontal relationships necessary for the performance of the job.
This lesson will help the nursing students to learn and know the nursing records and reports and responsibility of the nurse in maintaining nursing records and reports in various health settings.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
This topics aims to highlight the importance of referral as an integrated tool for health delivery in health systems which has three tier system primary,secondary and tertiary care system
“Referral system is defined as a system of transferring cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure to a higher level infrastructure/institution having technical competency and all other resources to provide desired health services.”
This presentation contains :-
1.Levels of health care
2. Concepts of prevention
3. Level of prevention
4. Primary prevention
5. Health promotion
6. Specific protection
7. Secondary prevention
8. Tertiary prevention
9. Summary of referral system
10. Triage system
11. Reference slip
12. Referral system in India
13. Definition of referral system
14. System of referral
15. Chain of referral
16. Purpose of referral
17. Requirement for effective referral system
18. The referral units of PHC system need
19. The referral hospital at secondary and tertiary level need
20. Selection of referral case
21. Cases requiring immediate care
22. Referral form
23. Advantages of referral case
24. Key points to effective referral system
25. Nursing role in referral system
UNIT-9 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT IN CRITICAL CARE.pptxNirmal Vaghela
Nursing management of patients in critical care involves monitoring vital signs, administering medications, managing ventilator support, providing wound care, ensuring infection control, and offering emotional support to both patients and their families. Nurses play a crucial role in coordinating care and advocating for the best possible outcomes for patients in critical condition.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
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2. At each level of health care infrastructure, there is need for support
from higher level of infrastructure and also from secondary & tertiary
level hospitals to strengthen and promote credibility of primary health
care system.
DEFINITION: “Referral system is defined as a system of transferring
cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure
to a higher level infrastructure/institution having technical competency
and all other resources to provide desired health services.”
The referral system is vertical in nature. The cases can be referred from village health
post to SC/PHC, from SC to PHC/CHC and from PHC to CHC/secondary or tertiary
level hospital and from CHC to secondary or tertiary level hospital.
OBJECTIVE: To provide required level of treatment facilities to the
patients who require treatment that are not within the scope of services
of hospital and the referral is made to other Hospital.
DIVYESH
KANGAD
3. Provision is made for bypassing 1 or 2 level
depending upon the nature and seriousness of
cases so that required medical and nursing care
can be given on time to the case and mortality
and morbidity can be prevented and controlled.
In health care delivery systems, referral is a set
of activities undertaken by a health care provider
or facility in response to its inability to provide
the quality or type of intervention suitable to the
need of the patient.
Referrals are not only between lower and higher-
level facilities, but also between primary
facilities as well as within hospitals.
Referral flow
DIVYESH
KANGAD
4. To be effective, referral should be a two-way process that requires coordination and
information exchange between the referring facility (usually at the primary care level)
and the first referral hospital.
The range of diseases that are presented to health workers can be from the most common
everyday illnesses or ailments to the most complex and life-threatening.
This case-mix requires a range of skills, facilities and health care professionals/workers
at different hierarchical levels of care in order to best serve the needs of a given
population.
This is best achieved through cooperation and collaboration between different facilities at
different levels to maximize resources.
Implementation of referral guidelines includes other factors that are important to
delivering effective health care such as: the availability of skilled staff capable of making
appropriate referrals; the degree to which health facilities, equipment and diagnostic
tests facilitate or hinder care once referral has taken place; and the role different factors
such as transport and other logistical factors play in the referral process as well as
cultural beliefs that affect health seeking behavior
5. The referral units of primary health care system need to:
Well trained required number of professionals, medical equipment & supplies,
organization structure etc.
Continuing training, guidance & supervision of community health workers.
Guidance on sanitary measures & to disseminate information on disease control
methods.
Conduct health education sessions.
Provide logistic supports in terms of equipment & supplies required at PHC.
Establish liaison & functional relation with other sectors involved in social and economic
development.
Organize transportation facilities for cases to be referred.
DIVYESH
KANGAD
6. To provide need based comprehensive
care within the technical competencies &
resources at each level of primary health
care infrastructure efficiently and
effectively.
To help people avail specialized services
available at higher level institution
which are beyond their reach.
To streamline the appropriate use of PHC
infrastructure and specialized services in
order to prevent overloading of
specialized institution by direct uses.
8. India has four levels of care. A primary health care level consisting of Sub Centre and
Primary Health Care, or health centers or some equivalent (in case of urban areas) and
hospitals consisting of Community Health Centre and District Level Hospitals. Brief
about these facilities are given below:
1. Sub Centre (SC)
2. Primary Health Centre (PHC)
3. Community Health Centre (CHC)
4. District Hospital (DH) and medical college hospitals
9. 1.Sub Centre (SC)
Manned by ANM trained to provide ANC, Child care
SC stores medicine for common ailment for child
Maintains cold chain for vaccines
2. Primary Health Centre (PHC)
Manned by Medical Officer, Pharmacist, ANM, and Laboratory Attendant (LA) for malaria
staining, basic hematology, urine, ABO RH etc.
Trained to provide MCH Including ANC, normal delivery, routine Child care and routine
ailment and screening of chronic ailments
PHC stores medicine for common ailment and vaccines
3. Community Health Centre (CHC)
Manned by specialist Physician/Pediatrician, OBG, Surgeon, Radiologist, Anesthetist (FRUs),
Staff Nurse, Pharmacist, O.T. Technician, Lab Technician etc.
It generally has 30 inpatient beds with operation theatre, labour room, blood storage, routine
lab and x-ray
Most of CHCs in State upgraded as first referral unit (FRU) to provide EmOC services, routine
MCH and basic trauma care
10. 4. District Hospital (DH) and medical college hospitals
Manned by general specialist Physician, OBG, Pediatrician, Surgery, Orthopedic, Anesthetist,
Dentist, ENT, Ophthalmologist, Radiology, Pathology
It generally has inpatient facilities in related specialties, geriatric ward High dependency unit
(HDU), PICU, SNCU (level II NICU) with operation theatre, labour room, Blood Bank, high end
Laboratory, X-ray facility, Sonography, Nutrition centre and mortuary, isolation ward
Unique Specialties: Depending on case load Some hospitals in big cities may also have Cardiology,
Urology, trauma centres •
Special Facilities: Some hospitals also have ICU(level II), CT Scan, MRI, Dialysis unit, OT with
C-arm, Cath Lab, 2D Echo, Physiotherapy, sampoorna clinics, Kangaroo care, ICTC, NCD clinics,
Psychiatrics OPD, JEs/AES
11. This is the most critical component of the referral process. Referral of patient may be for
either ambulatory care such as OPD consultation, diagnostics, and ambulatory procedures (e.g.
physiotherapy etc.) or for admissions. Referral conditions will be used in consonance with
facilities available, skills sets available at the facility and prevailing standard treatment
guidelines available in the State. Few general conditions for referral are:
When a patient requires a technical intervention that is not within the capacity of the health
center; Example: surgery
When a patient needs a specific procedure (such as a laboratory examination or X-ray) that is
not available at the health center/primary facility level; (example: C-Section)
When the patient needs expert advice; (Whether to undergo surgery: example: goitre)
When a patient needs in-patient care.
For co-management or further management of the illness e.g. complications in pregnancy (This
co-management can be facilitated by telemedicine facilities)
For continuity of care: example cancer treatment
For a second opinion
When patients demand
Breakdown of services due to force major
DIVYESH
KANGAD
12. Referral document is seen as a flexible means of transferring information between health
professionals, especially since they can be adapted to cover simple and complex clinical cases.
An additional function is their use as a tool for clinical audit.
It is suggested that for all cases, the Referral Slip‘ of the patient will be prepared by the On
Duty‘ specialist/Medical Officer/Emergency Medical Officer in the Peripheral
Hospital/Healthcare Centre care provider and they will update their referral out register.
The doctor referring the patient should mention the following details (template given below) on
the referral slip.
Treatment received.
Status of the patient.
Reasons for referring the patient to Tertiary Care Hospital‘
The treating doctor besides, signing the referral, should mention his name, designation,
registration number and mobile number under his seal.
Referral should be accompanied with sufficient documents like referral letter and supporting
materials like X-ray, ECG or other similar investigation reports.
14. Basic patient work up at the level of referring center should as far as possible be completed
depending on the availability of facilities for investigation as well as time. Efforts should be
taken from the referring end to provide investigation results pending if any to be later collected
and sent to the referred institution Health Systems’ Referral Guidelines 10 through the
relatives of the patient.
Writing in any communication and correspondence should be legible and easily readable.
The indications for referral should be guided by the discipline-wise guidelines provided with
this document
Necessary information should be passed on to the patient and relatives. This should be in the
form of counselling about the need of referral and necessary supportive information and
guidance. In most of the situations of conflict lack of communication or misgivings of matters
to patients end up in hostile situations. Proper care must be taken to avoid such situations.
In the case of emergency referrals the details of patient‘s condition including brief summary of
vital signs at the time of sending the patient and medications given should be clearly written
in the referral card.
Timely referral is important in saving lives and avoiding complications. Hence once decided the
patient should be sent at the earliest.
Even if a patient is referred, all possible primary treatment and care at that referring institute
level should be given to that patient
15. Inform the referring unit telephonically before shifting about the condition of the
cases and treatment so that bed is readily available with all the emergency
equipment's at bed side and specialist is available to see the cases.
Nurse should explain the patient and family for reasons of referring to secondary and
tertiary level of health care.
Nurse should check the condition of the patient whether he is fit to be shifted
immediately or some emergency treatment is required.
Collect all the document of the patient like case file, investigation reports, x-rays,
ECG treatment chart, vital chart, intake output charts etc. to be sent along with the
patient.
Check the referral form whether filled completely and signed by the referring doctor
with brief history of the case.
Patient’s belonging and valuable to be handed over to the relatives.
All the nursing personnel working in sub-centers primary health center, community
health center and district hospital should have the proper knowledge of referral
system
DIVYESH
KANGAD