The document discusses linguistic reference and referring expressions. It explains that reference involves using language to allow a listener or reader to identify something, and that referring expressions like proper nouns, pronouns, definite nouns, and indefinite nouns are used for reference. It also discusses the importance of context, co-text, inference, antecedents, and anaphors in successful reference. Referring expressions must be interpreted based on the speaker's assumptions and knowledge shared with the listener.

1. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

2. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

4. Reference is an act in
which a speaker, or writer,
uses linguistic forms to
enable a listener, or reader,
to identify something.
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

5. Linguistic
Forms
Referring
Expressions
is
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

6. Words in themselves
do not refer
anything. People
refer.
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

7. Reference is clearly
tied to the
speaker’s goals and
beliefs in the use of
language.
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

8. The choice of one type of
referring expression rather
than another seems to be
based, to a large extent, on
what the speaker assumes
the listener already knows
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

9. REFERRING EXPRESSIONS
Proper Noun
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
Pronoun
Indefinite Noun
Definite Noun

10. Indefinite Noun
He never goes anywhere without a girl
A place is so beautiful
I can see galaxy tonight
I’m leaving with a transportation.
My best friend moved to another Country to study
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

11. Definite Noun
He never goes anywhere without his friend
The city is beautiful city
I can see Planet tonight
I’m flying first-class on plane.
My best friend moved to European Country to study
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

12. Proper Noun
He never goes anywhere without Sarah
Cimahi is beautiful city
I can see Jupiter tonight
I’m flying first-class on Emirate Airlines.
My best friend moved to Jerman to study
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

13. Indefinite
Definite
Proper
transportation Plane
Garuda
Indonesia
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

14. Pronoun
He never goes anywhere without Sarah
It is beautiful city
I can see it tonight
I’m flying first-class on it.
She friend moved to Jerman to study
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

16. It is important to recognize that not all referring
expressions have identifiable physical
referents. Indefinite noun phrases can be used to
identify a physically present entity, but they can
also be used to describe entities that are
assumed to exist, but are unknown, or
entities that, as far as we know do not
exist.
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
#1

17. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
 There's a man waiting for you.
 He wants to marry a woman
with lots of money.
 We'd love to find a nine-foot-tall
basketball player
#2

18. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
 There's a man waiting for you.
 He wants to marry a woman
with lots of money.
 We'd love to find a nine-foot-tall
basketball player
#3

19. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal #3
For successful reference to
occur, we must also recognize
the role of inference.

21. Inferring is connecting
prior knowledge to text
based information to
create meaning beyond
what is directly stated..
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

22. Listeners make
inferences about what is said
in order to arrive at an
interpretation of the
speaker’s intended
meaning
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

24. Speaker or
Writer
make
REFRENCE
Listener or
Reader
make
INFRENCE
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

26. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
The linguistic environment in
which a word is used.
The co-text clearly limits our
range of possible interpretations
we might have for a word.

27. “Trisnendri”
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

28. Trisnendri is a lecturer
Trisnendri wins the competition
Trisnendri is a Husband
Trisnendri is a Daddy
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

29. Co-Text:
Just a linguistic part
of the environment
in which a referring
expression is used
Context:
The physical
environment in which
a word is used.
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal

31. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
John studied really hard for his test.
Antecedent
Anaphor

32. @trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
She is the best students,
her name is Anna
Cataphor
Anaphor

33. “Peel an onion and slice it. Drop
the slices into hot oil. Cook (….)
for three minutes.”
@trisnendri
Trisnendri Syahrizal
Zero Anaphor/ Ellipsis

35. http://bit.ly/pragmaticsdayempat