Reference words are used in writing to refer to people, objects, or ideas that have been mentioned previously to avoid repetition. They include pronouns like it, this, and they as well as words like those, former, and latter. Reference words allow the writer to substitute these referring terms for nouns and phrases mentioned earlier in the text for a clearer, more cohesive flow. The document then provides examples of specific reference words and their meanings and functions in writing.

1. LUCIA PRATAMA
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2. Reference words are :
• Involves using certain words or
phrases to replace other words or
phrases such as pronouns and
nouns.

3. Reference words are used to:
• refer back to people, objects and ideas that
have been mentioned earlier, or
• refer forward to people, objects and ideas
that will be mentioned later.
These words allow the writer to avoid
repeating words, paragraphs, and
sometimes whole sentences.

4. Reference words include:
• it/they/them
• this/that
• these/those
• the former/the latter/respectively
• who/which/that
• one/ones
• such

5.  ‘It’, ‘they’ and ‘them’ are used to replace
subjects or ideas that have been mentioned
previously.
 ‘This’ and ‘these’ are used to refer to objects or
ideas that are near in place or time.
 ‘That’ and ‘those’ are used to refer to objects or
ideas that are more remote in place or time.
 ‘The Former’ which refers to the first mentioned
of two items
 ‘The Latter’ which refers to the second
mentioned of two items
 ‘Respectively’ which refers to each of the items
in the order in which they were written, the

6.  ‘Who’ refers only to people. ‘Which’ refers to
things or ideas. ‘That’ refers to people, things or
ideas, and can be used instead of who and which.
 Note:‘Which’ can be used with ‘all of’, ‘some of’
or ‘none of’ to qualify the amount or number of
things being referred to.
 ‘One’ (singular) or ‘ones’ (plural) can be used as
a substitute for a noun that has previously been
mentioned.
 ‘One of which’ can be used to refer to one item
from a number of previously mentioned items.
 ‘One of whom’ can be used to refer to one
person from a number of previously mentioned
people.

7. Reference & Subtitutions
 Reference is a relation between the
meaning of a word and its environment,
where the environment can be the text or
the real world.
 Substitution is a relation between words
such ad as one replaces another word or
phrase. This means that there is no such
thing as ‘situation substitution’ or to put
more concretely.

8. Personal Pronouns
 The most common reference words are the
personal pronouns such I, you, he, she, it,
we and they.
I you he
me your him Object forms
Mine yours his
Possessive forms

9. Comparative Constructions
 1. General Comparison
Two things are said to be same or
different.
2. Specific Comparison
Two things are compared with respect to a
specific property.

10. 1. Relocating the research facility to Osaka would seem
sensible. It would save the company a considerable
amount of money each year.
2. The Prime minister was accused in the press of wishing
to increase taxation. That is not the policy of the
government, however, and the press reports are
incorrect.
3. There are many problems to overcome, one of which is
the security issue.
4. There are two relevant laws. The most important one
refers to the rates of tax applicable.