Demand of cascaded multilevel inverters in industries of electric drives and
renewable energy is increasing due to their large-scale capacity and high
voltage. The modulation technique of inverters significantly affects the
power quality of the inverter output voltage. This paper proposes a new
method of carrier wave modulation using the phase shift keying technique for
cascaded multilevel inverters. The phase of a constant frequency carrier wave
is changed at an accurate time by an input sinusoidal control signal. This
modulation technique is simply implemented and only needs a small
memory. It also helps reduce the common mode voltage of inverters in order
to suppress the output voltage harmonics. Moreover, the ability to reduce
switching count also helps the inverters decrease switching loss. The
simulated and experienced results on a cascaded 9-level 3-phase inverter and
an F28379D DSP kit have validated the performance of the proposed
technique compared with that of the APOD and POD methods.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
PWM control techniques for three phase three level inverter drivesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper two very efficient pulse width modulation techniques were discussed named Sin pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation. The basic structure of the three-level inverter neutral-point clamped is introduced and the basic idea about space vector pulse width modulation for three-level voltage source inverter has been discussed in detail. Nearest three vectors space vector pulse width modulation control algorithm is adopted as the control strategy for the three phase three level NPC inverter in order to compensate the neutral-point shifting. Mathematical formulation for calculating switching sequence has determined. Comparative analysis proving superiority of the space vector pulse width modulation technique over the conventional pulse width modulation, and the results of the simulations of inverter confirm the feasibility and advantage of the space vector pulse width modulation strategy over sin pulse width modulation in terms of good utilization of dc-bus voltage, low current ripple and reduced switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation provides advantages better fundamental output voltage and useful in improving harmonic performance and reducing total harmonic distortion.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
Application of SVM Technique for Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac Converter TopologyIOSR Journals
This paper presents a simulation of a three-phase three-leg AC/AC converter topology using nine IGBTs and space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique. The proposed topology reduces the number of switches compared to conventional back-to-back and matrix converters. Simulation results show the converter provides sinusoidal input and output voltages with unity power factor under constant frequency and variable frequency operation. Experimental results from a 5kVA prototype verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Phase Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Z-So...NAGARAJARAOS
The Z-impedance network coThree-level Z-source inverters are recent single-stage topological solutions
proposed for buck-boost energy conversion with all favorable advantages of
three-level switching retained. Despite their effectiveness in achieving voltage
buck-boost conversion, existing three-level Z-source inverters use two
impedance networks and two isolated dc sources, which can significantly
increase the overall system cost and require a more complex modulator for
balancing the network inductive voltage boosting. Offering a number of less
costly alternatives, this paper presents the design and control of two threelevel Z-source inverters, whose output voltage can be stepped down or up
using only a single impedance network connected between the dc input source
and either a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) or dc-link cascaded inverter
circuitry.
This paper investigates the carrier based modulation schemes (SPWM and
Modified SVPWM) of three-level three phase Z-source inverters with either
two Z-source networks or single Z-source network connected between the dc
sources and inverter circuitry. With the proper offset added for achieving both
optimized harmonic performance and fundamental output voltage, the
proposed modulation schemes of three-level Z-source inverters can satisfy the
expected boost operation under unbalanced modulation conditions. The
Simulation has been performed through Matlab/Simulink and relative
simulation results with conventional method have been presented to validate
the proposed methodnsists of L and C components connected in an X fashion.
The firing control of the Z-source inverter includes the shoot through states. The Zsource inverter advantageously utilizes the shoot-through state to boost the DC bus
voltage by gating on both the upper and lower switches of a phase leg. Three-level
neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, having many inherent advantages, are
commonly used as the preferred topology for medium voltage ac drives [1], and have
recently been explored for other low-voltage applications including grid-interfacing
power converters and high-speed drive converters [2], [3]. Despite their generally
favorable output performance, NPC inverters are constrained by their ability to
perform only voltage-buck operation with buck-boost energy conversion, usually
achieved by connecting various dc-dc boost converters to the front ends of the dc-ac
inverters. These two-stage solutions are usually more costly and can be harder to
control, since they involve more active and passive components. Offering a singlestage solution, [4], [5] propose the buck-boost Z-source NPC inverter, whose
topology is illustrated in Fig. 1 (can be viewed as an extension from the two-level Zsource inverter proposed in [6]).
A Sub-Region Based Space Vector Modulation Scheme for Dual 2-Level Inverter S...IJECEIAES
This paper deals the implementation of 3-level output voltage using dual 2level inverter with control of sub-region based Space Vector Modulation (SR-SVM). Switching loss and voltage stress are the most important issues in multilevel inverters, for keep away from these problems dual inverter system executed. Using this proposed system, the conventional 3-level inverter voltage vectors and switching vectors can be located. In neutral point clamped multilevel inverter, it carries more load current fluctuations due to the DC link capacitors and it requires large capacitors. Based on the subregion SVM used to control IGBT switches placed in the dual inverter system. The proposed system improves the output voltage with reduced harmonic content with improved dc voltage utilisation. The simulation and hardware results are verified using matlab/simulink and dsPIC microcontroller.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
This paper presents combinations of level shifted pulse-width modulation algorithm with conventional discontinuous pulse-width modulation methods for cascaded multilevel inverters. In the proposed DPWM a zero sequence signal is injected in sinusoidal reference signal to generate various modulators with easier implementation. The analysis four various control strategies namely Common Carrier (CC), Inverted Carrier (IC), Phase Shifted (PS) and Inverted Phase Shift (IPS) for cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive has been illustrated. To validate the proposed work experimental tests has been carried out using dSPACE controller. Experimental study proves that using proposed algorithms reduction in common-mode voltage with fewer harmonics along with reduced switching loss for a cascaded multilevel inverter fed motor drive has been achieved.
PWM control techniques for three phase three level inverter drivesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper two very efficient pulse width modulation techniques were discussed named Sin pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation. The basic structure of the three-level inverter neutral-point clamped is introduced and the basic idea about space vector pulse width modulation for three-level voltage source inverter has been discussed in detail. Nearest three vectors space vector pulse width modulation control algorithm is adopted as the control strategy for the three phase three level NPC inverter in order to compensate the neutral-point shifting. Mathematical formulation for calculating switching sequence has determined. Comparative analysis proving superiority of the space vector pulse width modulation technique over the conventional pulse width modulation, and the results of the simulations of inverter confirm the feasibility and advantage of the space vector pulse width modulation strategy over sin pulse width modulation in terms of good utilization of dc-bus voltage, low current ripple and reduced switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation provides advantages better fundamental output voltage and useful in improving harmonic performance and reducing total harmonic distortion.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
Application of SVM Technique for Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac Converter TopologyIOSR Journals
This paper presents a simulation of a three-phase three-leg AC/AC converter topology using nine IGBTs and space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique. The proposed topology reduces the number of switches compared to conventional back-to-back and matrix converters. Simulation results show the converter provides sinusoidal input and output voltages with unity power factor under constant frequency and variable frequency operation. Experimental results from a 5kVA prototype verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Phase Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Z-So...NAGARAJARAOS
The Z-impedance network coThree-level Z-source inverters are recent single-stage topological solutions
proposed for buck-boost energy conversion with all favorable advantages of
three-level switching retained. Despite their effectiveness in achieving voltage
buck-boost conversion, existing three-level Z-source inverters use two
impedance networks and two isolated dc sources, which can significantly
increase the overall system cost and require a more complex modulator for
balancing the network inductive voltage boosting. Offering a number of less
costly alternatives, this paper presents the design and control of two threelevel Z-source inverters, whose output voltage can be stepped down or up
using only a single impedance network connected between the dc input source
and either a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) or dc-link cascaded inverter
circuitry.
This paper investigates the carrier based modulation schemes (SPWM and
Modified SVPWM) of three-level three phase Z-source inverters with either
two Z-source networks or single Z-source network connected between the dc
sources and inverter circuitry. With the proper offset added for achieving both
optimized harmonic performance and fundamental output voltage, the
proposed modulation schemes of three-level Z-source inverters can satisfy the
expected boost operation under unbalanced modulation conditions. The
Simulation has been performed through Matlab/Simulink and relative
simulation results with conventional method have been presented to validate
the proposed methodnsists of L and C components connected in an X fashion.
The firing control of the Z-source inverter includes the shoot through states. The Zsource inverter advantageously utilizes the shoot-through state to boost the DC bus
voltage by gating on both the upper and lower switches of a phase leg. Three-level
neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, having many inherent advantages, are
commonly used as the preferred topology for medium voltage ac drives [1], and have
recently been explored for other low-voltage applications including grid-interfacing
power converters and high-speed drive converters [2], [3]. Despite their generally
favorable output performance, NPC inverters are constrained by their ability to
perform only voltage-buck operation with buck-boost energy conversion, usually
achieved by connecting various dc-dc boost converters to the front ends of the dc-ac
inverters. These two-stage solutions are usually more costly and can be harder to
control, since they involve more active and passive components. Offering a singlestage solution, [4], [5] propose the buck-boost Z-source NPC inverter, whose
topology is illustrated in Fig. 1 (can be viewed as an extension from the two-level Zsource inverter proposed in [6]).
A Sub-Region Based Space Vector Modulation Scheme for Dual 2-Level Inverter S...IJECEIAES
This paper deals the implementation of 3-level output voltage using dual 2level inverter with control of sub-region based Space Vector Modulation (SR-SVM). Switching loss and voltage stress are the most important issues in multilevel inverters, for keep away from these problems dual inverter system executed. Using this proposed system, the conventional 3-level inverter voltage vectors and switching vectors can be located. In neutral point clamped multilevel inverter, it carries more load current fluctuations due to the DC link capacitors and it requires large capacitors. Based on the subregion SVM used to control IGBT switches placed in the dual inverter system. The proposed system improves the output voltage with reduced harmonic content with improved dc voltage utilisation. The simulation and hardware results are verified using matlab/simulink and dsPIC microcontroller.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
This paper presents investigation and performance analysis of novel down sampling based clamping SV PWM technique for diode and cascaded Multi-level Invereter fed to Induction motor drive. A novel down sampling based clamping SVPWM has developed by adding triangular off set to sinusoidal fundamental waveform is modified by down sampling the reference wave by order of 10 so this technique is called clamping space vector pulse width modulation techniques such as PD, POD and APOD. so as to shift the lower order harmonics to higher order side. This novel carrier is compared with the offset injected space vector reference waveform to generate the required PWM pulses to the inverter. To analyze the performance of the proposed PWM technique it is implemented on seven level diode and cascaded Multi-level Inverter using Matlab/Simulink software tool for output line, phase voltage, currents, speed, torque and Total harmonic distortion analysis.
In this paper, a Wavelet modulated isolated two-stage three-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. Half-bridge resonant CLLC converter is proposed due to its high efficiency, wide gain range, galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow. Wavelet modulation technique is used for three-phase six leg AC-DC converter due to its benefits of high DC component and lower harmonic contents. The proposed two-stage converter is developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. The contribution of this paper is on the implementation and performance analysis of Wavelet modulation in bidirectional AC-DC converters. The results show that Wavelet modulation is suitable to be implemented for the proposed bidirectional converter. The performance of the proposed converter delivers very low output voltage ripple and total harmonic distortion output current of less than 10% which is within the expected results.
This document presents a single-stage isolated bi-directional converter topology using a high frequency AC link for charging and vehicle-to-grid applications of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The converter consists of two active bridges connected by a series resonant tank and high-frequency transformer. Steady-state analysis is presented to show how phase-shift modulation between the active bridges can control bidirectional power flow. Simulation results are provided to validate the analysis. The proposed converter has the advantages of minimal conversion stages, high switching frequency operation, and low switching losses.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
A Review to AC Modeling and Transfer Function of DCDC ConvertersRadita Apriana
In this paper, AC modeling and small signal transfer function for DC-DC converters are
represented. The fundamentals governing the formulas are also reviewed. In DC-DC converters, the
output voltage must be kept constant, regardless of changes in the input voltage or in the effective load
resistance. Transfer function is the necessary knowledge to design a proper feedback control such as PID
control to regulate the output voltage as linear PID and PI controllers are usually designed for DC-DC
converters using standard frequency response techniques based on the small signal model of the
converter.
A Novel Control Strategy of Indirect Matrix Converter Using Space Vector Modu...IJPEDS-IAES
This document presents a novel control strategy for an indirect matrix converter using space vector modulation. The control strategy aims to stabilize frequency variations. It was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and showed better performance than conventional techniques with lower THD, higher output voltage at the same modulation index, lower switching stress and losses. The complete control strategy including DC link formation, commutation scheme, dwell time calculation and simulation results validating the theoretical analysis are described in the document.
The document describes the design and simulation of three-phase three-level diode clamped and improved inverter configurations feeding an asynchronous motor drive. It discusses the operation of different multilevel inverter topologies including diode clamped and improved inverters. The topologies are analyzed under single phase one leg voltage circuit analysis. A split-single phase asynchronous motor model is used as the load. Simulation results of the inverter-motor drive systems using Matlab/Simulink are presented, including rotor currents, stator currents, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, and three-phase output voltages. The number of circuit components in each inverter topology is also compared.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
This document describes an AC-DC matrix converter based on a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit. The converter uses a four bidirectional-switch matrix converter between an AC source and a CW circuit to provide high power factor, adjustable output voltage, and low output ripple. The matrix converter operates at two frequencies - one for power factor correction control and one to set the output frequency. Simulation results show the converter improves efficiency and power factor while reducing output voltage ripple compared to a conventional CW circuit. A 10V AC to 50V DC prototype was built and tested.
This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode-IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like higher current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z-source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. In order to maintain the different voltage levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS have been maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses. In this paper single phase to three phase power conversion using PWM technique. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment which demonstrate the feasibility of proposed scheme.
Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Zero Voltage Switching DC-DC Converter Design with ...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a 3 kW phase-shifted full-bridge zero voltage switching DC-DC converter in MATLAB/Simulink. The design involves iterative calculations to determine key parameters like transformer turns ratio, leakage inductance, switching frequency and duty cycle. A 3 kW converter operating at 100 kHz was designed with a transformer turn ratio of 1:14. Simulation results showed the converter achieved zero voltage switching over the designed load range with 90% efficiency at full load.
This document presents a high efficient loaded resonant converter with feedback for DC-DC energy conversion. The proposed converter consists of a half-bridge inductor-capacitor-inductor resonant inverter connected to a bridge rectifier and load. Soft switching reduces losses and improves efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves up to 85.8% efficiency. Feedback control provides accurate output regulation. Analysis and MATLAB simulation demonstrate the converter's improved performance for DC-DC energy conversion applications.
Soft Computing Technique for the Control of Triple-Lift Luo ConverterIJERA Editor
Positive output Luo converters are a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) converters, which were developed from prototypes using voltage lift technique. These converters perform positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in simple structure. They are different from other existing DC-DC step-up converters with a high output voltage and small ripples. Triple lift LUO circuit is derived from positive output elementary Luo converter by adding the lift circuit three times. Due to the time varying and switching nature of the Luo converters, their dynamic behaviour becomes highly nonlinear. The classical control methods employed to design the controllers for Luo converters depend on the operating point so that it is very difficult to select control parameters because of the presence of parasitic elements, time varying loads and variable supply voltages. Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired performances. A fuzzy logic controller is a soft computing technique which neither requires a precise mathematical model of the system nor complex computations. The performances of the Triple-lift Luo converter with fuzzy logic controller are evaluated under line and load disturbances using Matlab-Simulink based simulation. The results are presented and analyzed.
An Enhanced Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter fed Induction Motor DriveIDES Editor
This paper focused on the development of
capacitor voltage balancing methods in a flying capacitor
multilevel inverter (FCMLI) fed induction motor drive.
For improving the performance of flying capacitor
multilevel inverter, a switching pattern selection scheme
is implemented. The proposed method has been designed
a nine -level flying capacitor multilevel inverter by using
sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique. The selected
pattern has been exposed to give superior performance in
load voltage, total harmonics distortion and capacitor
voltage fluctuation. The performance of proposed
strategies is confirmed through simulation investigations.
Investigation of TTMC-SVPWM Strategies for Diode Clamped and Cascaded H-bridg...ijeei-iaes
This paper presents a concept of two types multilevel inverters such as diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge for harmonic reduction on high power applications. Normally, multilevel inverters can be used to reduce the harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems. This paer focused on the performance and analysis of a three phase seven level inverter including diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge based on new tripizodal triangular space vector PWM technique approaches. TTMC based modified Space vector Pulse width modulation technique so called tripizodal triangular Space vector Pulse width modulation (TTMC-SVPWM) technique. In this paper the reference sine wave generated as in case of conventional off set injected SVPWM technique. It is observed that the TTMC-Space vector pulse width modulation ensures excellent, close to optimized pulse distribution results and THD is compared to seven level, diode clamped and cascaded multi level inverters. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
PID Controller Response to Set-Point Change in DC-DC Converter ControlIAES-IJPEDS
Power converter operations and efficiency is affected by variation in supply
voltage, loads current, circuit elements, ageing and temperature. To meet the
objective of tight voltage regulation, power converters circuit module and the
control unit must be robust to reject disturbances arising from supply, load
variation and changes in circuit elements. PID controller has been the most
widely used in power converter control. This paper presents studies of
robustness of PID controller tuning methods to step changes in the set point
and disturbance rejection in power converter control. A DC-DC boost
converter was modelled using averaged state-space mothod and PID
controllers were designed with five different tuning methods. The study
reveals the transient response and disturbance rejection capability of each
tuning methods for their suitability in power supply design applications.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
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Similar to Reduction of common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel inverters using phase shift keying technique
This paper presents investigation and performance analysis of novel down sampling based clamping SV PWM technique for diode and cascaded Multi-level Invereter fed to Induction motor drive. A novel down sampling based clamping SVPWM has developed by adding triangular off set to sinusoidal fundamental waveform is modified by down sampling the reference wave by order of 10 so this technique is called clamping space vector pulse width modulation techniques such as PD, POD and APOD. so as to shift the lower order harmonics to higher order side. This novel carrier is compared with the offset injected space vector reference waveform to generate the required PWM pulses to the inverter. To analyze the performance of the proposed PWM technique it is implemented on seven level diode and cascaded Multi-level Inverter using Matlab/Simulink software tool for output line, phase voltage, currents, speed, torque and Total harmonic distortion analysis.
In this paper, a Wavelet modulated isolated two-stage three-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. Half-bridge resonant CLLC converter is proposed due to its high efficiency, wide gain range, galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow. Wavelet modulation technique is used for three-phase six leg AC-DC converter due to its benefits of high DC component and lower harmonic contents. The proposed two-stage converter is developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. The contribution of this paper is on the implementation and performance analysis of Wavelet modulation in bidirectional AC-DC converters. The results show that Wavelet modulation is suitable to be implemented for the proposed bidirectional converter. The performance of the proposed converter delivers very low output voltage ripple and total harmonic distortion output current of less than 10% which is within the expected results.
This document presents a single-stage isolated bi-directional converter topology using a high frequency AC link for charging and vehicle-to-grid applications of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The converter consists of two active bridges connected by a series resonant tank and high-frequency transformer. Steady-state analysis is presented to show how phase-shift modulation between the active bridges can control bidirectional power flow. Simulation results are provided to validate the analysis. The proposed converter has the advantages of minimal conversion stages, high switching frequency operation, and low switching losses.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
A Review to AC Modeling and Transfer Function of DCDC ConvertersRadita Apriana
In this paper, AC modeling and small signal transfer function for DC-DC converters are
represented. The fundamentals governing the formulas are also reviewed. In DC-DC converters, the
output voltage must be kept constant, regardless of changes in the input voltage or in the effective load
resistance. Transfer function is the necessary knowledge to design a proper feedback control such as PID
control to regulate the output voltage as linear PID and PI controllers are usually designed for DC-DC
converters using standard frequency response techniques based on the small signal model of the
converter.
A Novel Control Strategy of Indirect Matrix Converter Using Space Vector Modu...IJPEDS-IAES
This document presents a novel control strategy for an indirect matrix converter using space vector modulation. The control strategy aims to stabilize frequency variations. It was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and showed better performance than conventional techniques with lower THD, higher output voltage at the same modulation index, lower switching stress and losses. The complete control strategy including DC link formation, commutation scheme, dwell time calculation and simulation results validating the theoretical analysis are described in the document.
The document describes the design and simulation of three-phase three-level diode clamped and improved inverter configurations feeding an asynchronous motor drive. It discusses the operation of different multilevel inverter topologies including diode clamped and improved inverters. The topologies are analyzed under single phase one leg voltage circuit analysis. A split-single phase asynchronous motor model is used as the load. Simulation results of the inverter-motor drive systems using Matlab/Simulink are presented, including rotor currents, stator currents, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, and three-phase output voltages. The number of circuit components in each inverter topology is also compared.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
This document describes an AC-DC matrix converter based on a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit. The converter uses a four bidirectional-switch matrix converter between an AC source and a CW circuit to provide high power factor, adjustable output voltage, and low output ripple. The matrix converter operates at two frequencies - one for power factor correction control and one to set the output frequency. Simulation results show the converter improves efficiency and power factor while reducing output voltage ripple compared to a conventional CW circuit. A 10V AC to 50V DC prototype was built and tested.
This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode-IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like higher current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z-source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. In order to maintain the different voltage levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS have been maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses. In this paper single phase to three phase power conversion using PWM technique. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment which demonstrate the feasibility of proposed scheme.
Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Zero Voltage Switching DC-DC Converter Design with ...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a 3 kW phase-shifted full-bridge zero voltage switching DC-DC converter in MATLAB/Simulink. The design involves iterative calculations to determine key parameters like transformer turns ratio, leakage inductance, switching frequency and duty cycle. A 3 kW converter operating at 100 kHz was designed with a transformer turn ratio of 1:14. Simulation results showed the converter achieved zero voltage switching over the designed load range with 90% efficiency at full load.
This document presents a high efficient loaded resonant converter with feedback for DC-DC energy conversion. The proposed converter consists of a half-bridge inductor-capacitor-inductor resonant inverter connected to a bridge rectifier and load. Soft switching reduces losses and improves efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves up to 85.8% efficiency. Feedback control provides accurate output regulation. Analysis and MATLAB simulation demonstrate the converter's improved performance for DC-DC energy conversion applications.
Soft Computing Technique for the Control of Triple-Lift Luo ConverterIJERA Editor
Positive output Luo converters are a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) converters, which were developed from prototypes using voltage lift technique. These converters perform positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in simple structure. They are different from other existing DC-DC step-up converters with a high output voltage and small ripples. Triple lift LUO circuit is derived from positive output elementary Luo converter by adding the lift circuit three times. Due to the time varying and switching nature of the Luo converters, their dynamic behaviour becomes highly nonlinear. The classical control methods employed to design the controllers for Luo converters depend on the operating point so that it is very difficult to select control parameters because of the presence of parasitic elements, time varying loads and variable supply voltages. Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired performances. A fuzzy logic controller is a soft computing technique which neither requires a precise mathematical model of the system nor complex computations. The performances of the Triple-lift Luo converter with fuzzy logic controller are evaluated under line and load disturbances using Matlab-Simulink based simulation. The results are presented and analyzed.
An Enhanced Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter fed Induction Motor DriveIDES Editor
This paper focused on the development of
capacitor voltage balancing methods in a flying capacitor
multilevel inverter (FCMLI) fed induction motor drive.
For improving the performance of flying capacitor
multilevel inverter, a switching pattern selection scheme
is implemented. The proposed method has been designed
a nine -level flying capacitor multilevel inverter by using
sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique. The selected
pattern has been exposed to give superior performance in
load voltage, total harmonics distortion and capacitor
voltage fluctuation. The performance of proposed
strategies is confirmed through simulation investigations.
Investigation of TTMC-SVPWM Strategies for Diode Clamped and Cascaded H-bridg...ijeei-iaes
This paper presents a concept of two types multilevel inverters such as diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge for harmonic reduction on high power applications. Normally, multilevel inverters can be used to reduce the harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems. This paer focused on the performance and analysis of a three phase seven level inverter including diode clamped and cascaded H-bridge based on new tripizodal triangular space vector PWM technique approaches. TTMC based modified Space vector Pulse width modulation technique so called tripizodal triangular Space vector Pulse width modulation (TTMC-SVPWM) technique. In this paper the reference sine wave generated as in case of conventional off set injected SVPWM technique. It is observed that the TTMC-Space vector pulse width modulation ensures excellent, close to optimized pulse distribution results and THD is compared to seven level, diode clamped and cascaded multi level inverters. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
PID Controller Response to Set-Point Change in DC-DC Converter ControlIAES-IJPEDS
Power converter operations and efficiency is affected by variation in supply
voltage, loads current, circuit elements, ageing and temperature. To meet the
objective of tight voltage regulation, power converters circuit module and the
control unit must be robust to reject disturbances arising from supply, load
variation and changes in circuit elements. PID controller has been the most
widely used in power converter control. This paper presents studies of
robustness of PID controller tuning methods to step changes in the set point
and disturbance rejection in power converter control. A DC-DC boost
converter was modelled using averaged state-space mothod and PID
controllers were designed with five different tuning methods. The study
reveals the transient response and disturbance rejection capability of each
tuning methods for their suitability in power supply design applications.
Similar to Reduction of common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel inverters using phase shift keying technique (20)
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Control of a servo-hydraulic system utilizing an extended wavelet functional ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Servo-hydraulic systems have been extensively employed in various industrial applications. However, these systems are characterized by their highly complex and nonlinear dynamics, which complicates the control design stage of such systems. In this paper, an extended wavelet functional link neural network (EWFLNN) is proposed to control the displacement response of the servo-hydraulic system. To optimize the controller's parameters, a recently developed optimization technique, which is called the modified sine cosine algorithm (M-SCA), is exploited as the training method. The proposed controller has achieved remarkable results in terms of tracking two different displacement signals and handling external disturbances. From a comparative study, the proposed EWFLNN controller has attained the best control precision compared with those of other controllers, namely, a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, a wavelet neural network (WNN) controller, and the original wavelet functional link neural network (WFLNN) controller. Moreover, compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the original sine cosine algorithm (SCA), the M-SCA has shown better optimization results in finding the optimal values of the controller's parameters.
Decentralised optimal deployment of mobile underwater sensors for covering la...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the problem of sensing coverage of layers of the ocean in three dimensional underwater environments. We propose distributed control laws to drive mobile underwater sensors to optimally cover a given confined layer of the ocean. By applying this algorithm at first the mobile underwater sensors adjust their depth to the specified depth. Then, they make a triangular grid across a given area. Afterwards, they randomly move to spread across the given grid. These control laws only rely on local information also they are easily implemented and computationally effective as they use some easy consensus rules. The feature of exchanging information just among neighbouring mobile sensors keeps the information exchange minimum in the whole networks and makes this algorithm practicable option for undersea. The efficiency of the presented control laws is confirmed via mathematical proof and numerical simulations.
Evaluation quality of service for internet of things based on fuzzy logic: a ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The development of the internet of thing (IoT) technology has become a major concern in sustainability of quality of service (SQoS) in terms of efficiency, measurement, and evaluation of services, such as our smart home case study. Based on several ambiguous linguistic and standard criteria, this article deals with quality of service (QoS). We used fuzzy logic to select the most appropriate and efficient services. For this reason, we have introduced a new paradigmatic approach to assess QoS. In this regard, to measure SQoS, linguistic terms were collected for identification of ambiguous criteria. This paper collects the results of other work to compare the traditional assessment methods and techniques in IoT. It has been proven that the comparison that traditional valuation methods and techniques could not effectively deal with these metrics. Therefore, fuzzy logic is a worthy method to provide a good measure of QoS with ambiguous linguistic and criteria. The proposed model addresses with constantly being improved, all the main axes of the QoS for a smart home. The results obtained also indicate that the model with its fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) has efficiently evaluate the multiple services of SQoS.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Smart monitoring system using NodeMCU for maintenance of production machinesnooriasukmaningtyas
Maintenance is an activity that helps to reduce risk, increase productivity, improve quality, and minimize production costs. The necessity for maintenance actions will increase efficiency and enhance the safety and quality of products and processes. On getting these conditions, it is necessary to implement a monitoring system used to observe machines' conditions from time to time, especially the machine parts that often experience problems. This paper presents a low-cost intelligent monitoring system using NodeMCU to continuously monitor machine conditions and provide warnings in the case of machine failure. Not only does it provide alerts, but this monitoring system also generates historical data on machine conditions to the Google Cloud (Google Sheet), includes which machines were down, downtime, issues occurred, repairs made, and technician handling. The results obtained are machine operators do not need to lose a relatively long time to call the technician. Likewise, the technicians assisted in carrying out machine maintenance activities and online reports so that errors that often occur due to human error do not happen again. The system succeeded in reducing the technician-calling time and maintenance workreporting time up to 50%. The availability of online and real-time maintenance historical data will support further maintenance strategy.
Design and simulation of a software defined networkingenabled smart switch, f...nooriasukmaningtyas
Using sustainable energy is the future of our planet earth, this became not only economically efficient but also a necessity for the preservation of life on earth. Because of such necessity, smart grids became a very important issue to be researched. Many literatures discussed this topic and with the development of internet of things (IoT) and smart sensors, smart grids are developed even further. On the other hand, software defined networking is a technology that separates the control plane from the data plan of the network. It centralizes the management and the orchestration of the network tasks by using a network controller. The network controller is the heart of the SDN-enabled network, and it can control other networking devices using software defined networking (SDN) protocols such as OpenFlow. A smart switching mechanism called (SDN-smgrid-sw) for the smart grid will be modeled and controlled using SDN. We modeled the environment that interact with the sensors, for the sun and the wind elements. The Algorithm is modeled and programmed for smart efficient power sharing that is managed centrally and monitored using SDN controller. Also, all if the smart grid elements (power sources) are connected to the IP network using IoT protocols.
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
Improving the design of super-lift Luo converter using hybrid switching capac...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this article, an improvement to the positive output super-lift Luo converter (POSLC) has been proposed to get high gain at a low duty cycle. Also, reduce the stress on the switch and diodes, reduce the current through the inductors to reduce loss, and increase efficiency. Using a hybrid switch unit composed of four inductors and two capacitors it is replaced by the main inductor in the elementary circuit. It’s charged in parallel with the same input voltage and discharged in series. The output voltage is increased according to the number of components. The gain equation is modeled. The boundary condition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been derived. Passive components are designed to get high output voltage (8 times at D=0.5) and low ripple about (0.004). The circuit is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controls the converter to provide the most interest from solar energy.
Third harmonic current minimization using third harmonic blocking transformernooriasukmaningtyas
Zero sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) are used to suppress third harmonic currents in 3-phase systems. Three-phase systems where singlephase loading is present, there is every chance that the load is not balanced. If there is zero-sequence current due to unequal load current, then the ZSBT will impose high impedance and the supply voltage at the load end will be varied which is not desired. This paper presents Third harmonic blocking transformer (THBT) which suppresses only higher harmonic zero sequences. The constructional features using all windings in single-core and construction using three single-phase transformers explained. The paper discusses the constructional features, full details of circuit usage, design considerations, and simulation results for different supply and load conditions. A comparison of THBT with ZSBT is made with simulation results by considering four different cases
Power quality improvement of distribution systems asymmetry caused by power d...nooriasukmaningtyas
With an increase of non-linear load in today’s electrical power systems, the rate of power quality drops and the voltage source and frequency deteriorate if not properly compensated with an appropriate device. Filters are most common techniques that employed to overcome this problem and improving power quality. In this paper an improved optimization technique of filter applies to the power system is based on a particle swarm optimization with using artificial neural network technique applied to the unified power flow quality conditioner (PSO-ANN UPQC). Design particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network together result in a very high performance of flexible AC transmission lines (FACTs) controller and it implements to the system to compensate all types of power quality disturbances. This technique is very powerful for minimization of total harmonic distortion of source voltages and currents as a limit permitted by IEEE-519. The work creates a power system model in MATLAB/Simulink program to investigate our proposed optimization technique for improving control circuit of filters. The work also has measured all power quality disturbances of the electrical arc furnace of steel factory and suggests this technique of filter to improve the power quality.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load managementnooriasukmaningtyas
To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
Intelligent fault diagnosis for power distribution systemcomparative studiesnooriasukmaningtyas
Short circuit is one of the most popular types of permanent fault in power distribution system. Thus, fast and accuracy diagnosis of short circuit failure is very important so that the power system works more effectively. In this paper, a newly enhanced support vector machine (SVM) classifier has been investigated to identify ten short-circuit fault types, including single line-toground faults (XG, YG, ZG), line-to-line faults (XY, XZ, YZ), double lineto-ground faults (XYG, XZG, YZG) and three-line faults (XYZ). The performance of this enhanced SVM model has been improved by using three different versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), namely: classical PSO (C-PSO), time varying acceleration coefficients PSO (T-PSO) and constriction factor PSO (K-PSO). Further, utilizing pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-based time domain reflectometry (TDR) method allows to obtain a reliable dataset for SVM classifier. The experimental results performed on a two-branch distribution line show the most optimal variant of PSO for short fault diagnosis.
A deep learning approach based on stochastic gradient descent and least absol...nooriasukmaningtyas
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Reduction of common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel inverters using phase shift keying technique
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2021, pp. 691~706
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp691-706 691
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Reduction of common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel
inverters using phase shift keying technique
Vinh-Quan Nguyen, Quang-Tho Tran
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, HCM City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 15, 2020
Revised Aug 11, 2020
Accepted Aug 21, 2020
Demand of cascaded multilevel inverters in industries of electric drives and
renewable energy is increasing due to their large-scale capacity and high
voltage. The modulation technique of inverters significantly affects the
power quality of the inverter output voltage. This paper proposes a new
method of carrier wave modulation using the phase shift keying technique for
cascaded multilevel inverters. The phase of a constant frequency carrier wave
is changed at an accurate time by an input sinusoidal control signal. This
modulation technique is simply implemented and only needs a small
memory. It also helps reduce the common mode voltage of inverters in order
to suppress the output voltage harmonics. Moreover, the ability to reduce
switching count also helps the inverters decrease switching loss. The
simulated and experienced results on a cascaded 9-level 3-phase inverter and
an F28379D DSP kit have validated the performance of the proposed
technique compared with that of the APOD and POD methods.
Keywords:
Carrier wave modulation
Cascaded multilevel inverter
Common mode voltage
Phase shift keying
Total harmonic distortion
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Quang-Tho Tran
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
HCM City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam
Email: thotq@hcmute.edu.vn
1. INTRODUCTION
Demand of cascaded multilevel inverters is increasing [1-8] in industries of electric drives and
renewable energy [4, 9, 10] due to their benefits such as large-scale capacity, the ability to provide a
sinusoidal shaped output voltage [11], and suppress dv/dt. The modulation technique significantly affects the
power quality of the inverter output voltage. There have been many modulation solutions published, in most
these solutions, the control signals are compared directly with the carrier waves that have not been modulated
[12-16]. Due to the independence between the carrier wave and the control signal, this makes the carrier
wave not contain information of any quantities. Thus, the reconstructing of the control signal in output
voltage is very difficult to gain the results as expected. Therefore, the appearance of common mode (CM)
voltage in the inverters cannot be avoided. There are many solutions [17-24] to improve the output power
quality of inverters by using the reduced-common-mode voltage strategies. However, the increase of carrier
wave frequency makes the memory size and switching count increase. This also causes the voltage harmonics
and the switching loss to increase. Moreover, the limits of hardware in the fact make these solutions be
difficult to implement due to higher expenditures.
The phase shift keying technique (PSK) has been used extensively in telecommunication [25-28],
but it has never been used in inverters. PSK is a digital process of modulation which conveys information
data of a control signal by modulating the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave. This paper proposes a
method for carrier wave modulation of cascaded multilevel inverters using the phase shift keying technique.
The PSK of carrier waves in every fundamental period helps the switching of the switches become more
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optimal in every voltage level. As a result, the advantages of the proposed method help reduce the common
mode voltage and improve the power quality of inverter output voltage. In addition, the results of the
proposed method are also compared with those of the alternative phase opposition disposition (APOD) and
phase opposition disposition (POD) techniques. The performance has also been validated by relying on the
results of simulation and experiment on a cascaded 9-level inverter system and an F28379D DSP kit for
balanced and unbalanced DC sources. A cascaded 9-level inverter model is showed in Section 2. The phase
modulation carrier wave of the proposed method is presented in Section 3. Section 4 shows the simulation
and experiment results and discussions for the PSK, APOD and POD methods to validate the performance of
the proposed method. The benefits of modulated carrier waves are also concluded in Section 5.
2. CASCADED 9-LEVEL INVERTER SYSTEM
The one-phase structure of a cascaded 9-level H-bridge 3-phase inverter is presented in Figure 1.
Where Sjx is the state ON/OFF for the upper switches respectively as (1), with the phase x=a, b, c. The lower
switches are symbolized as S’jx. Each phase terminal of inverter is connected with an inductor L as 50mH
and a load resistor R as 45. The voltage of each DC source is 30V.
Figure 1. Phase A of a cascaded 9-level H-bridge 3-phase inverter
Where: (1)
Table 1 describes the switching states of switches for phase A. Where n=9 is the level number of the
inverter and the dc voltage sources are the same, 9 levels of output voltage are -4Vdc, -3Vdc, -2Vdc, -1Vdc, 0,
+1Vdc, +2Vdc, +3Vdc, and +4Vdc respectively. In the inverter control diagram showed in Figure 2, g(t) is the
control signal with the magnitude from -1 to +1, G(t) is the signal normalized appropriate to the number of
levels for inverter and given in (2).
Table 1. The switching state of switches for phase A
n S1a S2a S3a S4a S5a S6a S7a S8a Output voltage
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 -4Vdc
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 -3 Vdc
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 -2 Vdc
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 Vdc
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vdc
5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 Vdc
6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 +2 Vdc
7 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 +3 Vdc
8 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 +4 Vdc
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Figure 2. Control diagram of the inverter
-
(2)
In the control model for the cascaded inverter, two components of the voltage G(t) are ξx and Lx
(x=a, b, c). Where 0≤Lx≤n–2 is the integer of the signal G(t) and given by (3).
{
( )
(3)
And 0≤ξx≤1 is the remainder after division and given by (4).
(4)
3. THE PROPOSED CARRIER WAVE PHASE MODULATION
The carrier wave is described as (5).
(5)
The carrier wave before normalization has a form as (6) in Figure 3. Where c is as 2fc and is the
phase angle.
- -
( ) (6)
Figure 3. Carrier wave c(t) before normalization with Ac=1 and fc=1kHz
The carrier wave has been normalized by (7) and showed in Figure 4. Where max(c(t)) and min(c(t))
are the maximum and minimum magnitudes of c(t) respectively. The spectrum of unmodulated carrier wave
in Figure 5 shows the magnitude as 0.4 at the frequency of 1kHz and its THD as 10.51%.
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(7)
Figure 4. Normalized carrier waves
Figure 5. Carrier spectrum before modulation
This showed that the carrier wave before modulation is completely independent from the control
signal. Thus, it is very difficult to reconstruct the control signal basing on such carrier waves. This leads to
producing the common mode voltage (CMV) and output voltage harmonics.
3.1. The proposed phase shift keying technique
A sinusoidal control signal as (8) is used to modulate the phase of carrier wave.
(8)
The PSK modulated waveform can be in phase or opposite phase with the control signal g(t). This
waveform is also described as (9)
(9)
Where A = ± 1 is the magnitude of the high frequency carrier wave, c(t), and d(t)=±1 depends on the
control signal.
{
-
(10)
Figure 6 is the waveform of d(t) with the magnitude of ± 1. It also is a function of the control signal
g(t) and the PSK modulated carrier wave. The normalized carrier wave can be obtained from (7) as follows:
(11)
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The PSK modulated carrier wave VPSK(t) with the frequency of 1KHz is shown in Figure 7. The
spectrum of this carrier wave is also shown in Figure 8 with the magnitude of 0.42 at the frequency of 1kHz
and THD as 12.17%.
Figure 6. PSK modulated carrier waves
Figure 7. Normalized PSK carrier waves of one phase
Figure 8. Spectrum of PSK carrier waves
The common mode voltage of the unmodulated carrier waves in Figure 9(a) is ±2Vdc/3 for Em=1,
twice higher than that of the PSK method in Figure 9(b) and satisfied (12).
(12)
Basing on Figure 9 and (12), at the specific moment t, the common mode voltage for the
unmodulated carrier waves in Figure 9(a) is +20V (as 2*Vdc/3) while that of the modulated ones using PSK
in Figure 9(b) is +10V (as 1*Vdc/3). The phase shift of carrier waves in every fundamental period helps the
switching state change more optimal and reduce the common mode voltage.
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(a) CMV of the unmodulated carrier waves (b) CMV of the PSK modulated carrier waves
Figure 9. Phase voltages and common mode voltages
3.2. Strategy for reducing the number of switching commutations
In order to enhance the performance of the PSK method much more, an offset function ξo is also
proposed to add x in this paper as (13). Where n=9 is the level of inverter and FL is as (14). When using the
proposed strategy in Figure 10, the number of switching commutations in one fundamental period is also
decreased and showed in Section 4.
{
-
( - )
-
( - ) (13)
FL=∑ Lx, x=a, b, c (14)
Figure 10. Proposed strategy for reducing the number of switching commutations
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4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS
The parameters for simulation and experiment system are showed in Table 2. Three magnitude
values of Em as 1, 0.5, and 0.2 are used to test in this paper for validating the wide range of modulation index.
Table 2. System parameters
Description Value
Inductor L 50 mH
Load resistor R 45 Ω
Sample time Ts 20 µs
Carrier frequency 2.5 kHz
Deadtime 2µs
Vdc 30V
4.1. Simulation results
The simulation diagram using PSK technique is showed in Figure 11. Where the inductor L is 50mH
and the load resistor is 45 Ω. The simulation results of the PSK, APOD, and POD methods are also shown in
Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, and Figure 17 for the different magnitude values of Em.
Figure 11. Simulation diagram of PSK modulation
In case Em=1, the CM voltages of the PSK and POD are as ±Vdc/3 in Figures 12(a) and 12(c) while
that of the APOD in Figure 12(b) is as ±2Vdc/3. In addition, the line voltage THD value of the PSK, as
9.36%, is lower than those of the APOD and POD methods as 12.5% and 12% respectively. This helps the
phase current THD value of the PSK method in Figure 13(a), as 0.6%, smaller than those the APOD and
POD in Figures 13(b) and 13(c), as 0.67% and 0.7% respectively.
(a) PSK modulation strategy (b) APOD
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(c) POD
Figure 12. Top Trace: CMV waveform, Middle Trace: Line voltage Vab, Bottom Trace:
THD of line voltage Vab for Em=1.0
(a) PSK modulation strategy
(b) APOD
(c) POD
Figure 13. Top Trace: Phase Current ia, Bottom Trace: THD of phase current ia for Em=1.0
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(a) PSK modulation strategy (b) APOD
(c) POD
Figure 14. Top Trace: CMV waveform, Middle Trace: Line voltage Vab, Bottom Trace:
THD of line voltage Vab for Em=0.5
Similarly, in case Em=0.5, the line voltage THD value of the PSK in Figure 14(a), as 17.9%, is the
smallest compared with those of the APOD and POD in Figures 14(b) and 14(c) as 25.8% and 22.2%
correspondingly. As a result, the PSK phase current THD, as 0.9% in Figure 15(a), is the lowest compared
with those of the APOD and POD as 1.34% and 1.2% in Figures 15(b) and 15(c) respectively.
For Em=0.2, the results in Figure 16 have also showed the voltage THD value of the PSK, as 48.1%,
is lower than those of the APOD and POD as 69.1% and 69.7% respectively. The results in Figure 17 also
showed the current THD of the PSK is as 2.4%, lower than those of the others as 3.8% and 3.7%
respectively. The voltage and current THD values of the three methods according to the magnitude of Em are
also shown in Figure 18. Especially, the line voltage weighted THD factor (WTHD) of the PSK method in
the bottom trace of Figure 18 has the same shape as the current THD in the middle trace of Figure 18. This
means that the PSK method offers independence from the load parameters R-L [29].
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(a) PSK modulation strategy (b) APOD
(c) POD
Figure 15. Top Trace: Phase Current ia, Bottom Trace: THD of phase current ia for Em=0.5
(a) PSK modulation strategy (b) APOD
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(c) POD
Figure 16. Top Trace: CMV waveform, Middle Trace: Line voltage Vab, Bottom Trace:
THD of line voltage Vab for Em=0.2
(a) PSK modulation strategy (b) APOD
(c) POD
Figure 17. Top Trace: Phase Current ia, Bottom Trace: THD of phase current ia for Em=0.2
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Figure 18. THD values versus Em
Moreover, in every fundamental period, the number of IGBT switching commutations in Figure 19
for each phase of the PSK modulation method is low significantly compared with those of the APOD and
POD methods when using the proposed strategy in Figure 10. This will contribute to decreasing the
switching loss of inverters.
Figure 19. The number of switching commutations versus Em
4.2. Experiment results
The model used for experiment in this paper has used an F28379D DSP kit and a cascaded 9-level
inverter system. The experiment results of the PSK method are shown in Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22. The
THD comparison of the PSK, APOD, and POD methods is shown in Figure 23. The common mode voltage
for Em=1 in the top trace of Figure 20(a) is still±10V. However, the center of the CMV is not zero any more.
Because the voltages of the DC sources in the fact are not the same as 30V. This also proves that the PSK
method is true for the unbalanced DC sources. The line voltage THD is 12.6% and the phase current THD is
1.9%. These experiment values are slightly higher than those of the simulation results in Figure 12 and
Figure 13. However, the experiment values of the APOD and POD are also slightly higher than those of the
simulation results respectively due to the hardware parameters slightly different from the simulation ones.
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(a) Top trace: CM voltage, Middle trace: line
voltage, Bottom trace: line voltage frequency
spectrum
(b) Top trace: load phase current, Bottom trace:
phase current frequency spectrum
Figure 20. The line voltage and phase current frequency spectra for Em=1
(a) Top trace: CM voltage, Middle trace: line voltage,
Bottom trace: line voltage frequency spectrum
(b) Top trace: load phase current, Bottom trace:
phase current frequency spectrum
Figure 21. The line voltage and phase current frequency spectra for Em=0.5
Similarly, for Em=0.5, the line voltage THD is 22.8% in Figure 21(a) and the phase current THD is
as 3% in Figure 21(b). When Em=0.2, the experiment results showed the line voltage and phase current THD
values are 58.7% and 6.7% in Figure 22 respectively.
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(a) Top trace: CM voltage, Middle trace: line
voltage, Bottom trace: line voltage frequency
spectrum
(b) Top trace: load phase current, Bottom trace:
phase current frequency spectrum
Figure 22. The line voltage and phase current frequency spectra for Em=0.2
In addition, the experiment THD results in Figure 23 have also validated the performance of the
PSK method equivalent to the APOD method.
Figure 23. THD values versus Em for experiment
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a method for decreasing the common mode voltage of cascaded multilevel
inverters using the phase shift keying technique to modulate the phase of carrier waves. This technique also
helps the cascaded multilevel inverters reduce the number of switching commutations of IGBTs when using
the proposed strategy. Then, it reduces switching loss of inverters. In addition, the output voltage harmonics
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are also significantly suppressed. The weighted total harmonic distortion factor (WTHD) is also considered
to prove the undependence from the load parameters of the proposed method. The simulation and experiment
results on the cascaded 9-level 3-phase inverter system have confirmed the performance of the proposed
method compared with those of the APOD and POD using unmodulated carrier waves.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work belongs to the project in 2021 funded by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
and Education, Vietnam.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Vinh-Quan Nguyen was born in Vietnam, in 1963. He received his M. E. degree in Automation
from HCM city University of Technology, VNU-HCMC, Vietnam, in 2011. He had also
completed his Ph. D. degree in Power systems from HCM city University of Technology, VNU-
HCMC, Vietnam, in 2020. He is currently working as a lecture in Faculty of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, HCM city University of Technology and Education. His research
interests are circuit design, power electronics control, and embedded systems.
Quang-Tho Tran received his M. E. degree in Electrical Engineering from HCM city
University of Technology, VNU-HCMC, Vietnam, in 2003; and his Ph. D. degree in Electrical
Engineering from HCM-UTE, Vietnam. He is currently working as a lecture in Faculty of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, HCM city University of Technology and Education. His
research interests include electric drives, DC-AC inverters, DC-DC converters, and renewable
energy conversion.