This document discusses reducing tobacco use among adolescents using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Network Theory (SNT). It summarizes key aspects of SCT, including its focus on personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence health behaviors. Studies discussed found targeting self-efficacy, normative beliefs, and intentions through programs and policies were effective in preventing or reducing tobacco use. The document suggests using a multi-strategy approach incorporating several SCT constructs is most effective for interventions.
This document summarizes research on tobacco use among adolescents and adults from a behavioral theory perspective. It discusses how nicotine is highly addictive and increases dopamine levels in the brain, leading to dependency. Tobacco use causes 500,000 premature deaths annually in the US. The document then analyzes tobacco use through the lenses of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Transtheoretical/Stages of Change Model to understand behaviors and design interventions. Key factors like attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control are examined in relation to smoking cessation intentions and outcomes.
1) Smoking rates are significantly higher among people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared to the general population, and smoking is associated with increased health risks for PLHIV such as lung and other infections.
2) Effective smoking cessation interventions for PLHIV include brief advice from healthcare providers combined with pharmacotherapy and behavioral support. Tailoring interventions to specific groups can improve effectiveness.
3) Interventions targeting social networks and contexts, such as the LGBTQ community, show promise for supporting smoking cessation among HIV-positive individuals.
Rapid HBV vaccination schedules were more effective at completing the vaccination regimen compared to standard schedules in studies of people who inject drugs in prison in Denmark and Estonia. The use of incentives for HBV vaccination also improved completion rates compared to no incentives in US studies. Providing low dead space syringes rather than high dead space syringes was associated with lower rates of HIV and HCV in a Hungarian study, while a US study found increased risks of HIV and HCV with sharing or using high dead space syringes. Psychosocial interventions showed some benefits over no interventions, such as reduced HCV incidence and increased safer behaviors, though one US study found no difference in HCV seroconversion between a motivational intervention and assessment
This document discusses non-adherence to medication. It begins by defining non-adherence and reviewing studies showing patients only adhere to their medications 35-50% of the time. There are two types of non-adherence: passive (barriers outside patient control) and active (intentional non-adherence). Non-adherence increases morbidity, mortality, and costs the healthcare system. Studies show inconsistent gender differences in adherence, with most showing lower adherence in women, and the highest non-adherence rate in adults aged 65-75. The document proposes targeting female patients aged 65-75 in the UK prescribed antihypertensive medication, using a remote intervention informed by the Health Belief Model.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
This document proposes a community-based intervention called "Get out Live, Love Life: Park 30" aimed at increasing physical activity. It will enhance an urban park and conduct outreach to educate community members. Baseline surveys will assess park usage and safety concerns. Partnerships will be formed and the park improved. Marketing will publicize the changes and physical activity recommendations. Participants will complete pre- and post-tests to evaluate stage of physical activity change according to the Transtheoretical Model. The goal is for the intervention to create a supportive environment that increases park use and physical activity levels in the community.
This document summarizes Brian Goodroad's DNP capstone project which aimed to integrate evidence-based renal care guidelines into two adult HIV clinics. The project involved assessing current practice, reviewing guidelines and literature, educating staff, and implementing adapted guidelines. Pre- and post-implementation data was collected on renal evaluations. Preliminary results found improved adherence to recommended evaluations after implementing the guidelines and an educational intervention.
This document summarizes research on tobacco use among adolescents and adults from a behavioral theory perspective. It discusses how nicotine is highly addictive and increases dopamine levels in the brain, leading to dependency. Tobacco use causes 500,000 premature deaths annually in the US. The document then analyzes tobacco use through the lenses of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Transtheoretical/Stages of Change Model to understand behaviors and design interventions. Key factors like attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control are examined in relation to smoking cessation intentions and outcomes.
1) Smoking rates are significantly higher among people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared to the general population, and smoking is associated with increased health risks for PLHIV such as lung and other infections.
2) Effective smoking cessation interventions for PLHIV include brief advice from healthcare providers combined with pharmacotherapy and behavioral support. Tailoring interventions to specific groups can improve effectiveness.
3) Interventions targeting social networks and contexts, such as the LGBTQ community, show promise for supporting smoking cessation among HIV-positive individuals.
Rapid HBV vaccination schedules were more effective at completing the vaccination regimen compared to standard schedules in studies of people who inject drugs in prison in Denmark and Estonia. The use of incentives for HBV vaccination also improved completion rates compared to no incentives in US studies. Providing low dead space syringes rather than high dead space syringes was associated with lower rates of HIV and HCV in a Hungarian study, while a US study found increased risks of HIV and HCV with sharing or using high dead space syringes. Psychosocial interventions showed some benefits over no interventions, such as reduced HCV incidence and increased safer behaviors, though one US study found no difference in HCV seroconversion between a motivational intervention and assessment
This document discusses non-adherence to medication. It begins by defining non-adherence and reviewing studies showing patients only adhere to their medications 35-50% of the time. There are two types of non-adherence: passive (barriers outside patient control) and active (intentional non-adherence). Non-adherence increases morbidity, mortality, and costs the healthcare system. Studies show inconsistent gender differences in adherence, with most showing lower adherence in women, and the highest non-adherence rate in adults aged 65-75. The document proposes targeting female patients aged 65-75 in the UK prescribed antihypertensive medication, using a remote intervention informed by the Health Belief Model.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
This document proposes a community-based intervention called "Get out Live, Love Life: Park 30" aimed at increasing physical activity. It will enhance an urban park and conduct outreach to educate community members. Baseline surveys will assess park usage and safety concerns. Partnerships will be formed and the park improved. Marketing will publicize the changes and physical activity recommendations. Participants will complete pre- and post-tests to evaluate stage of physical activity change according to the Transtheoretical Model. The goal is for the intervention to create a supportive environment that increases park use and physical activity levels in the community.
This document summarizes Brian Goodroad's DNP capstone project which aimed to integrate evidence-based renal care guidelines into two adult HIV clinics. The project involved assessing current practice, reviewing guidelines and literature, educating staff, and implementing adapted guidelines. Pre- and post-implementation data was collected on renal evaluations. Preliminary results found improved adherence to recommended evaluations after implementing the guidelines and an educational intervention.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and principles of health education. It discusses health determinants and factors that influence health, such as social, economic, environmental and behavioral elements. It also outlines three levels of disease prevention - primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Additionally, it describes philosophies that can be applied to health education, including behavioral change, cognitive-based, decision-making, freeing/functioning, social change and eclectic philosophies. Each philosophy aims to promote better health and well-being through different approaches.
1) Tobacco smoking remains the leading preventable cause of disease and death worldwide. While smoking rates have decreased in developed countries, certain high risk groups have greater difficulty quitting.
2) Brief advice from doctors and other healthcare professionals on smoking cessation can more than double quit rates compared to no advice. Comprehensive treatment involving both behavioral support and pharmacotherapy is most effective for treating nicotine dependence.
3) Effective cessation medications include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, and others depending on location. Behavioral support through counseling, telephone quitlines, internet programs, and motivational interviewing can also significantly increase success rates.
This document summarizes a capstone project that assessed the knowledge of RN case managers regarding evidence-based nutritional guidelines for heart failure patients. A survey was distributed to RN case managers to evaluate their confidence level and knowledge of guidelines around sodium and fluid intake. The results identified several knowledge deficits and indicated a need for increased education and support from leadership to ensure nurses have the most up-to-date clinical guidelines. Suggested changes included implementing regular educational requirements for nurses and allocating more time for nurses to obtain necessary knowledge to properly educate patients.
Physiotherapists in primary care in the Republic of Ireland were surveyed about their assessment and management of lifestyle risk factors. The survey found that physiotherapists most commonly assessed physical activity levels, followed by dietary status. Few assessed smoking status or alcohol consumption. The main barriers to assessing these factors were lack of time, limited knowledge and expertise, and a perception that it was not part of their role. The study highlights opportunities for physiotherapists to play a greater role in addressing lifestyle risk factors through more systematic assessment and management. Training is needed to help overcome barriers identified in the survey.
Presentation by:
Joseph Guydish
Catherine Saucedo
University of California, San Francisco
County Behavioral Health Directors Association of California
September 25, 2019
This document discusses the development of an intervention to increase adherence to a gluten-free diet among adult celiac patients in Houston, Texas. It outlines plans to form a stakeholder group including celiac patients, healthcare providers, the local celiac support group, grocery stores, restaurants, and others. This stakeholder group will conduct a needs assessment through interviews and surveys to understand barriers to diet adherence. The target population is the estimated 1% of Houston adults with celiac disease, who face health risks if they do not strictly adhere to a gluten-free diet.
This article discusses concurrent disorders, which are when a person suffers from both a substance use disorder and a mental illness. The article interviews Dr. Tony George, who is a clinician scientist studying concurrent disorders. Dr. George became interested in this area after noticing that nearly all schizophrenia patients he treated also had addiction issues, which worsened their symptoms. He discusses how the brain areas involved in mental illnesses overlap with those involved in addiction. Having a mental illness can increase vulnerability to substance abuse, and substance abuse can worsen mental health symptoms, creating a vicious cycle.
Prevalence of cvd risk factors among qatari patients with type 2 diabetes mel...Dr. Anees Alyafei
This study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among 532 Qatari patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary health care centers in 2014. The majority of patients were found to be at high or very high risk for CVD within 10 years based on their risk factor profiles. Lifestyle risk factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking were highly prevalent. Over 90% of patients did not meet recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable intake. Metabolic risk factors like overweight/obesity and uncontrolled diabetes were also common. Three-quarters of patients had a history of hyperlipidemia or hypertension. The study concludes that reducing CVD risk among this population will require a greater focus on modifying lifestyle-related
Knowledge and awareness of tobacco related health problems: A study from East...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Three million people die every year because of tobacco-related diseases in the world. The present
study was carried out to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco
consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and
diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The cross-sectional study was
conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects.
Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face
interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Knowledge
and awareness towards tobacco consumption and association between awareness towards tobacco
consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The
respondents those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware (46.9%)
than those not thinking (26.7%) (P<0.05). The respondents those thinking that tobacco can cause oral
problems (51.7%) and respiratory problems (48%) were more aware but the difference were not
significant. The respondent suffered from diseases was high who was not aware of tobacco
consumption (18.2%). The respondent suffered from respiratory problems (12.5%) and oral problems
(10%) was high among those not aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.
We conclude that people those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more
aware. The people who were not aware of tobacco consumption suffered more from diseases but the
difference was not significant.
Development of a Sleep Education Program for College Students at UDDana Alexander
The document describes a proposed sleep education program for college students at the University of Delaware. The 14-week program would meet weekly and teach students about sleep habits, time management, and goal setting to help reduce anxiety caused by lack of sleep. Unhealthy sleep habits are common among college students due to late nights, early classes, and poor time management. The program aims to provide resources to improve students' sleep quality and mental health through interactive discussions, personal scheduling assistance, and social support components.
The document discusses sleep health as a public health concern in West Point, New York. An assessment found sleeplessness to be a major issue affecting the community. A presentation was developed to educate cadets on insufficient sleep, its effects, and importance of getting 7-9 hours per night. A pre-test and post-test were administered, and the presentation was successful with 20% of participants improving their knowledge about sleep health. While the presentation met its goal, scheduling cadets was challenging due to their academic and military commitments.
A study design proposal for incorporating photos into just-in-time interventions for smoking cessation. The presentation was given for a health communication seminar course in Fall 2016.
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
Narrative review: Is it rational to pursue Zero Suicides among patients in he...Jan Mokkenstorm
Suicide prevention is a major health care responsibility in need of new perspectives. This study reviews Zero Suicide, an emerging approach to suicide prevention that embraces the aspirational goal of zero suicides among patients treated in health care systems or organizations. Zero Suicide is gaining international
momentum while at the same time evoking objections and concerns. Fundamental to Zero Suicide is a multilevel system view on suicide prevention, with three core elements: a direct approach to suicidal behaviors; continual improvement of the quality and safety of care processes; and an organizational commitment to the aspirational goal of zero suicides. The rationale and evidence
for these components are clarified and discussed against the backdrop of concerns and objections that focus on possible undesired consequences of the pursuit of zero suicide, in particular for clinicians and for those who are bereaved by suicide. It is concluded that it is rational to pursue zero suicides as
an aspirational goal, provided the journey toward zero suicides is undertaken in a systemic and sustained manner, in a way that professionals feel supported, empowered, and protected against blame and inappropriate guilt.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
The document discusses the link between ADD/ADHD and criminal activity. It notes that recent studies have found many criminals have ADD/ADHD. The document then provides facts about ADD/ADHD, how it can negatively impact quality of life if left untreated, and increase risks for issues like dropping out of school. It also discusses criminal activity patterns seen in those with ADD/ADHD like traffic violations at a young age. The document considers if medications used to treat ADD/ADHD could potentially contribute to criminal behavior due to side effects and concludes more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between the disorder and criminal behavior.
Attention Deficit Disorderand Criminal Activity Power Point ShowSLGilbert
This document discusses research into potential links between ADD/ADHD and criminal activity. It notes that studies have found many criminals have undiagnosed or untreated ADD/ADHD. Lower quality of life for those with untreated ADD/ADHD may contribute to criminal behavior. Side effects of medications used to treat ADD/ADHD are also discussed as a possible factor. The document calls for further research into the effects of ADD/ADHD medications and co-occurring disorders on criminal behavior.
The Effect of Working Hours on Health Care Expenditure in the United StatesNick Shepherd
This document discusses a study investigating the relationship between working hours and health care expenditure in the United States. It provides background on trends showing Americans working increasingly long hours without using vacation time. The study aims to quantify how working hours affects health and whether this correlates with higher health care costs. Literature is reviewed showing relationships between long work hours and poorer health outcomes like cardiovascular issues. Descriptive statistics are provided on data from the Current Population Survey used in the analysis.
Teen Pregnancy Prevention FINAL Report (5)Nicole Waers
The document summarizes research conducted by interns to identify the needs of at-risk youth attending the Learning Opportunities Center (LOC) alternative high school. The interns interviewed LOC teenage parents to understand their experiences. Key findings included that the realities and challenges of parenting should be communicated to youth, all costs of childcare should be made clear, and more financial planning education is needed. The interviewed parents also expressed a need for life skills training, support groups, hands-on learning opportunities, and greater college and career preparation resources. The research aims to help develop a program through Opportunities for Individual Change to reduce teenage pregnancy rates.
The document summarizes Shauna Ayres' practicum at Counter Tools in Carrboro, NC during the summer of 2016. It outlines Counter Tools' mission to provide tools and assistance to public health practitioners and researchers working on policy interventions. It then describes the deliverables Ayres created, which included a youth empowerment curriculum and a political climate assessment tool. The youth empowerment curriculum consisted of 10 lesson plans that were 90 minutes each, focused on the community, and included a final project.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and principles of health education. It discusses health determinants and factors that influence health, such as social, economic, environmental and behavioral elements. It also outlines three levels of disease prevention - primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Additionally, it describes philosophies that can be applied to health education, including behavioral change, cognitive-based, decision-making, freeing/functioning, social change and eclectic philosophies. Each philosophy aims to promote better health and well-being through different approaches.
1) Tobacco smoking remains the leading preventable cause of disease and death worldwide. While smoking rates have decreased in developed countries, certain high risk groups have greater difficulty quitting.
2) Brief advice from doctors and other healthcare professionals on smoking cessation can more than double quit rates compared to no advice. Comprehensive treatment involving both behavioral support and pharmacotherapy is most effective for treating nicotine dependence.
3) Effective cessation medications include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, and others depending on location. Behavioral support through counseling, telephone quitlines, internet programs, and motivational interviewing can also significantly increase success rates.
This document summarizes a capstone project that assessed the knowledge of RN case managers regarding evidence-based nutritional guidelines for heart failure patients. A survey was distributed to RN case managers to evaluate their confidence level and knowledge of guidelines around sodium and fluid intake. The results identified several knowledge deficits and indicated a need for increased education and support from leadership to ensure nurses have the most up-to-date clinical guidelines. Suggested changes included implementing regular educational requirements for nurses and allocating more time for nurses to obtain necessary knowledge to properly educate patients.
Physiotherapists in primary care in the Republic of Ireland were surveyed about their assessment and management of lifestyle risk factors. The survey found that physiotherapists most commonly assessed physical activity levels, followed by dietary status. Few assessed smoking status or alcohol consumption. The main barriers to assessing these factors were lack of time, limited knowledge and expertise, and a perception that it was not part of their role. The study highlights opportunities for physiotherapists to play a greater role in addressing lifestyle risk factors through more systematic assessment and management. Training is needed to help overcome barriers identified in the survey.
Presentation by:
Joseph Guydish
Catherine Saucedo
University of California, San Francisco
County Behavioral Health Directors Association of California
September 25, 2019
This document discusses the development of an intervention to increase adherence to a gluten-free diet among adult celiac patients in Houston, Texas. It outlines plans to form a stakeholder group including celiac patients, healthcare providers, the local celiac support group, grocery stores, restaurants, and others. This stakeholder group will conduct a needs assessment through interviews and surveys to understand barriers to diet adherence. The target population is the estimated 1% of Houston adults with celiac disease, who face health risks if they do not strictly adhere to a gluten-free diet.
This article discusses concurrent disorders, which are when a person suffers from both a substance use disorder and a mental illness. The article interviews Dr. Tony George, who is a clinician scientist studying concurrent disorders. Dr. George became interested in this area after noticing that nearly all schizophrenia patients he treated also had addiction issues, which worsened their symptoms. He discusses how the brain areas involved in mental illnesses overlap with those involved in addiction. Having a mental illness can increase vulnerability to substance abuse, and substance abuse can worsen mental health symptoms, creating a vicious cycle.
Prevalence of cvd risk factors among qatari patients with type 2 diabetes mel...Dr. Anees Alyafei
This study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among 532 Qatari patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary health care centers in 2014. The majority of patients were found to be at high or very high risk for CVD within 10 years based on their risk factor profiles. Lifestyle risk factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking were highly prevalent. Over 90% of patients did not meet recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable intake. Metabolic risk factors like overweight/obesity and uncontrolled diabetes were also common. Three-quarters of patients had a history of hyperlipidemia or hypertension. The study concludes that reducing CVD risk among this population will require a greater focus on modifying lifestyle-related
Knowledge and awareness of tobacco related health problems: A study from East...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Three million people die every year because of tobacco-related diseases in the world. The present
study was carried out to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco
consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and
diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The cross-sectional study was
conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects.
Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face
interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Knowledge
and awareness towards tobacco consumption and association between awareness towards tobacco
consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The
respondents those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware (46.9%)
than those not thinking (26.7%) (P<0.05). The respondents those thinking that tobacco can cause oral
problems (51.7%) and respiratory problems (48%) were more aware but the difference were not
significant. The respondent suffered from diseases was high who was not aware of tobacco
consumption (18.2%). The respondent suffered from respiratory problems (12.5%) and oral problems
(10%) was high among those not aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.
We conclude that people those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more
aware. The people who were not aware of tobacco consumption suffered more from diseases but the
difference was not significant.
Development of a Sleep Education Program for College Students at UDDana Alexander
The document describes a proposed sleep education program for college students at the University of Delaware. The 14-week program would meet weekly and teach students about sleep habits, time management, and goal setting to help reduce anxiety caused by lack of sleep. Unhealthy sleep habits are common among college students due to late nights, early classes, and poor time management. The program aims to provide resources to improve students' sleep quality and mental health through interactive discussions, personal scheduling assistance, and social support components.
The document discusses sleep health as a public health concern in West Point, New York. An assessment found sleeplessness to be a major issue affecting the community. A presentation was developed to educate cadets on insufficient sleep, its effects, and importance of getting 7-9 hours per night. A pre-test and post-test were administered, and the presentation was successful with 20% of participants improving their knowledge about sleep health. While the presentation met its goal, scheduling cadets was challenging due to their academic and military commitments.
A study design proposal for incorporating photos into just-in-time interventions for smoking cessation. The presentation was given for a health communication seminar course in Fall 2016.
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
Narrative review: Is it rational to pursue Zero Suicides among patients in he...Jan Mokkenstorm
Suicide prevention is a major health care responsibility in need of new perspectives. This study reviews Zero Suicide, an emerging approach to suicide prevention that embraces the aspirational goal of zero suicides among patients treated in health care systems or organizations. Zero Suicide is gaining international
momentum while at the same time evoking objections and concerns. Fundamental to Zero Suicide is a multilevel system view on suicide prevention, with three core elements: a direct approach to suicidal behaviors; continual improvement of the quality and safety of care processes; and an organizational commitment to the aspirational goal of zero suicides. The rationale and evidence
for these components are clarified and discussed against the backdrop of concerns and objections that focus on possible undesired consequences of the pursuit of zero suicide, in particular for clinicians and for those who are bereaved by suicide. It is concluded that it is rational to pursue zero suicides as
an aspirational goal, provided the journey toward zero suicides is undertaken in a systemic and sustained manner, in a way that professionals feel supported, empowered, and protected against blame and inappropriate guilt.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
The document discusses the link between ADD/ADHD and criminal activity. It notes that recent studies have found many criminals have ADD/ADHD. The document then provides facts about ADD/ADHD, how it can negatively impact quality of life if left untreated, and increase risks for issues like dropping out of school. It also discusses criminal activity patterns seen in those with ADD/ADHD like traffic violations at a young age. The document considers if medications used to treat ADD/ADHD could potentially contribute to criminal behavior due to side effects and concludes more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between the disorder and criminal behavior.
Attention Deficit Disorderand Criminal Activity Power Point ShowSLGilbert
This document discusses research into potential links between ADD/ADHD and criminal activity. It notes that studies have found many criminals have undiagnosed or untreated ADD/ADHD. Lower quality of life for those with untreated ADD/ADHD may contribute to criminal behavior. Side effects of medications used to treat ADD/ADHD are also discussed as a possible factor. The document calls for further research into the effects of ADD/ADHD medications and co-occurring disorders on criminal behavior.
The Effect of Working Hours on Health Care Expenditure in the United StatesNick Shepherd
This document discusses a study investigating the relationship between working hours and health care expenditure in the United States. It provides background on trends showing Americans working increasingly long hours without using vacation time. The study aims to quantify how working hours affects health and whether this correlates with higher health care costs. Literature is reviewed showing relationships between long work hours and poorer health outcomes like cardiovascular issues. Descriptive statistics are provided on data from the Current Population Survey used in the analysis.
Teen Pregnancy Prevention FINAL Report (5)Nicole Waers
The document summarizes research conducted by interns to identify the needs of at-risk youth attending the Learning Opportunities Center (LOC) alternative high school. The interns interviewed LOC teenage parents to understand their experiences. Key findings included that the realities and challenges of parenting should be communicated to youth, all costs of childcare should be made clear, and more financial planning education is needed. The interviewed parents also expressed a need for life skills training, support groups, hands-on learning opportunities, and greater college and career preparation resources. The research aims to help develop a program through Opportunities for Individual Change to reduce teenage pregnancy rates.
The document summarizes Shauna Ayres' practicum at Counter Tools in Carrboro, NC during the summer of 2016. It outlines Counter Tools' mission to provide tools and assistance to public health practitioners and researchers working on policy interventions. It then describes the deliverables Ayres created, which included a youth empowerment curriculum and a political climate assessment tool. The youth empowerment curriculum consisted of 10 lesson plans that were 90 minutes each, focused on the community, and included a final project.
This document provides guidance on effectively delegating tasks as a manager. It discusses planning delegation by determining which tasks can be delegated based on factors like time and quality, choosing the right person based on their skills, motivation and workload, and deciding what information needs to be provided. When delegating, managers should allow enough time, communicate all necessary details, check for understanding, focus on outcomes not methods, provide encouragement, and review and monitor progress. Effective delegation requires thorough preparation and communication to set the delegate up for success while allowing them autonomy in how they complete the task.
This document contains personal and professional information about Mohamed Emam Sobhy Emam. It includes his date of birth, address, contact information, education history graduating with excellent GPA from MUST University in 2012, and professional experience including current role as HR Specialist at NATCO Mercedes since April 2016 and previous roles at Emerging Markets Payments and Gold's Gym. It also lists internships, extracurricular activities, training, languages, and computer skills.
A group project done by public health students at UNC-Chapel Hill assessing mobile health applications for anxiety reduction. Presentation was created in Spring 2016 for an mHealth course.
A qualitative analysis on returning peace corp volunteers attending graduate school UNC-Chapel Hill. The presentation was given by UNC public health student for a qualitative analysis course in Spring 2016.
Srinivas vanam is seeking a challenging position as a Software Professional. He has a B.Tech in Electronic and Communication Engineering from Netaji Institute of Engineering and Technology with a 65.88% aggregate. His technical skills include C#.Net, ASP.Net, HTML, JavaScript, WCF, SQL Server 2012, and the .Net framework. His main project involved designing and implementing an embedded web server based on ARM and Linux. He communicates well, is hard working, self-confident, and adaptable.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas rancangan sistem informasi manajemen untuk mata kuliah Kapita Selekta di salah satu jurusan untuk menangani beberapa permasalahan yang ada.
2. Beberapa permasalahan yang diidentifikasi adalah kesalahan rekapitulasi manual, ketidaktersediaan informasi jadwal dan hasil sidang, serta ketidakmampuan mengetahui progres pekerjaan mahasiswa.
3
Lesson 1/10
Created for a non-profit organization to expand community presences and inspire youth to initiate positive change in their communities. Ten lesson plans were developed during a paid internship at the organization during Summer 2016.
This document provides a summary and analysis of Albert Camus' philosophical essay "The Rebel". It discusses key concepts in Camus' work such as the absurd, which holds that life has no inherent meaning or higher purpose. It explores how Camus addresses the question of whether anything is permissible in an absurd world. It also examines Camus' view of rebellion and the inner struggles of rebels who work to enact change while knowing their actions may cause harm. The document aims to explain Camus' overall goal in writing "The Rebel" and the ongoing significance of his philosophical exploration of rebellion and the search for meaning in a universe without purpose or design.
Longer lifespans will significantly impact society. As people live longer, populations will have more older individuals who remain active and productive late in life. This will lead to economic growth as people work longer and have more time to contribute to society. It will also change social structures like education, families, and intergenerational relationships. While aging is inevitable, the Bible encourages us to live purposefully and value each day, rather than focusing on longevity alone. Overall, increased longevity could profoundly transform societies and individuals if greater healthspans allow for quality of life even in old age.
Kevin fue abandonado por su padre y su madre murió de cáncer, por lo que vivió en la calle desde niño. Fue adoptado por la familia Dubra cuando tenía 8 años. A pesar del amor de su nueva familia, Kevin seguía guardando comida en secreto en su habitación, incapaz de dejar ir su miedo al hambre y rechazo de su pasado en la calle.
An methodological analysis of a physical activity and light rail system in Salt Lake City, Utah. The presentation was given by UNC public health students in Fall 2015 for a methods course.
This document provides guidance on effectively delegating tasks as a manager. It discusses planning delegation by determining which tasks can be delegated based on factors like time and quality, choosing the right person based on their skills, motivation and workload, and deciding what information needs to be provided. When delegating, managers should allow enough time, communicate all necessary details, check for understanding, focus on outcomes not methods, provide encouragement, and review and monitor progress. Effective delegation requires thorough preparation and communication to set the delegate up for success while allowing them autonomy in how they complete the task.
Jai Kumar Garg was appointed as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Corporation Bank. Archana Ramasundram became the first woman police officer to lead a central police force guarding India's borders. India and Afghanistan inked a pact for visa-free travel by their diplomats. NASA and India joined hands for an astrobiology mission. The WHO declared clusters of brain-damaged babies born in Brazil may be linked to but were not proven to be caused by the Zika virus. UK scientists were granted permission to edit the genomes of human embryos. Saroj Kumar Jha assumed the position of Senior Director for the Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group at the World Bank. Vietnam lifted its ban on importing
The document provides an overview of machine learning, including a brief history noting pioneers like Alan Turing, Arthur Samuel, and Frank Rosenblatt. It describes different machine learning algorithms and applications in domains such as healthcare, banking, and retail. The document concludes by discussing current trends in machine learning research and careers involving machine learning skills.
A Critical Review Of The Health Belief Model In Relation To Cigarette Smoking...Scott Donald
This document reviews the health belief model and its ability to predict smoking behavior. While the health belief model has value in predicting some health behaviors, it does not fully capture the many physiological, psychological, social, and cognitive factors involved in smoking. Smoking involves nicotine addiction, emotional factors like anxiety reduction, and social influences. An alternative model, the theory of reasoned action, may provide a better understanding of smoking behavior as it considers both health beliefs and personal factors like social norms that influence smokers' intentions. The theory of reasoned action could be a useful tool for health educators and researchers in understanding smoking behaviors.
The document discusses the health promotion activity of encouraging smoking cessation. It assesses the health needs, outlines the target group as smokers, and chooses an educational approach to provide information about the benefits of quitting smoking. The aims are to increase awareness of benefits, diseases caused by smoking, and where to get help. Process evaluation determined the information provided addressed different learning styles and was effective at engaging the target group.
The document discusses the health belief model, which is a theoretical framework used in healthcare to guide health promotion plans and disease prevention. It has five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The model focuses on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and confidence. It can be used to understand behaviors like substance abuse in youth. Barriers to implementing it include lack of resources. Benefits are improving health knowledge and behaviors.
This document discusses cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It provides an overview of the link between smoking and lung cancer, noting that rates vary by race and location. Two key social determinants that influence smoking and cancer are then examined: adolescent age and level of education. The socio-ecological model is applied to understand the multiple factors that influence health behaviors like smoking. Intervention strategies are proposed that target different levels of influence, including social support from family/peers and policies to restrict tobacco use and exposure.
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Effect of a smoking prevention program on smoking related knowledge, refusal ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of a three-week smoking prevention program on 32 non-smoking adolescents aged 10-18 years old in the Philippines. The program consisted of eight interactive sessions based on health behavior theories. Participants completed questionnaires before and after measuring smoking knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitudes, and intentions. Results found that after the program, participants had higher smoking knowledge and refusal self-efficacy, less favorable attitudes toward smoking, and lower intentions to smoke in the future. The study suggests smoking prevention programs can positively impact important factors influencing adolescent smoking behavior.
This document provides information about creating web pages to educate people about the dangers of smoking and ways to quit smoking. It discusses smoking statistics in the UK and worldwide. The target audience is identified as unemployed or manual workers aged 16-30 due to high smoking rates. Models of behavior change by Prochaska and DiClemente and Lewin are described for helping smokers quit. The proposed web pages will cover health risks of smoking, aids for quitting smoking, and a useful links page for additional resources.
1 Unit 5 Assignment Local, National, and G.docxaryan532920
1
Unit 5 Assignment:
Local, National, and Global Public Health Approaches
Unit Outcomes addressed in this Assignment:
• Design strategies for continuous quality improvement in public health.
• Identify strategies for promoting health equity.
Course Outcomes assessed in this Assignment:
PU500-4: Describe how public health practice addresses health concerns locally,
nationally, and globally.
Introduction:
This Assignment builds upon your work started in the Unit 3 Looking Ahead. In the Unit 5
Assignment, you will:
● Describe how public health practice addresses health concerns locally, nationally,
and globally.
● Leverage policies and laws to address public health issues.
● Apply the strategic planning process to resolve a health problem.
To reach these learning goals, this Assignment guides you through the completion of two
critical parts of this project:
● Part 1 - SWOT Analysis
● Part 2 - Evaluation of strategic planning process and related policies/laws
You will finalize both sections of your Unit 5 Assignment and submit as one document to the
Dropbox for grading.
2
Instructions:
Part 1 - SWOT Analysis:
Using the table below, you will apply strategic planning techniques to evaluate selected
local, national, and global health issues. You identified these issues in the Unit 3 Looking
Ahead. You will expand your analysis of the policies and laws by conducting a SWOT
analysis.
● First column: Please use the “Level & Issue” column to note a brief overview of the
issue at the particular level.
● Second column: This column does not need editing, as it organizes the rest of the
chart by SWOT element.
● Third column: You should list at least three items per SWOT component for each
level--one sentence per item will suffice.
● Fourth column: You will integrate the Unit 3 Looking Ahead coursework into this
column.
● Fifth column: Notate your sources in this column.
Level & Issue SWOT SWOT
Components
Related
Health
Policy/Law
Citation(s)
Local Level: [Insert 1-
2 sentence summary of
health issue here]
Strengths ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Weaknesses ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Opportunities ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
3
Threats ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
National Level: [Insert
1-2 sentence summary
of health issue here]
Strengths ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Weaknesses ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Opportunities ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Threats ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Global Level: [Insert 1-
2 sentence summary of
health issue here]
Strengths ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Weaknesses ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Opportunities ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
Threats ● Item 1
● Item 2
● Item 3
4
Part 2 - Strategic Planning:
You will gather your notes for each SWOT analysis and present a “Discussion” section in
which you describe how public health practi ...
CDC Update: Joining Forces to Reduce Tobacco and Cancer Among Behavioral Heal...sfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
Tim McAfee, MD, MPH, is Director of CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) within the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. He is responsible for providing leadership and direction for all scientific, policy, and programmatic issues related to tobacco control and prevention. Before ed his residency training at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and completed a fellowship at the University of Washington. Dr. McAfee has been a principal investigator and co-investigator on numerous research studies focusing on questions related to the effectiveness and dissemination of telephone- and Web-based tobacco cessation programs in medical systems and through government-sponsored quitlines. He helped found and served on the Board of Directors of the North American Quitline Consortium as well as numerous state and national tobacco policy advisory groups. He also authored the World Health Organization’s quitline manual for low- and middle-income countries.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
This document discusses treatment options for alcohol use disorders. It notes that while treatment options have expanded beyond 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous, most people with alcohol use disorders remain untreated. It summarizes recent research exploring improved diagnosis, medications, behavioral therapies, and ways to broaden treatment access, such as through primary care settings and emerging technologies like online therapy programs.
This document discusses progress toward ending the tobacco epidemic in the United States. It outlines key challenges like the health burden of tobacco use and industry marketing. It also highlights recent legislative actions that provide tools to reduce tobacco use, like increasing cigarette taxes, granting FDA regulatory authority, and expanding insurance coverage for cessation services. The document presents an HHS strategic plan to achieve Healthy People 2020 tobacco control objectives through actions like coordinating federal efforts, supporting state programs, changing social norms, and advancing research.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL SANITATION AND HOSPITAL ACQUIRED.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL: SANITATION AND HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION 2
Critical Appraisal: Sanitation and Hospital Acquired Infection
Critical Appraisal: Sanitation and Hospital Acquired Infection
Introduction
The clinical issue at hand is the consideration of the general population as an issue in the effective management of prevention measures. In that way raising the question of the management of the patient population and the risk of exposure to affects both the nursing community and the patients. This is especially important in understanding the inconvenience created by a specific demographic of patients such as tobacco and nicotine users. The main issue at hand is focused on is the cleaning staff whose actions affect patients. In intention to understand this aspect, the question is the personal motivation in curing and the need for information dissemination. This is necessary for the general population to understand the symptoms and gain more knowledge of common diseases. This paper will look at two peers reviewed qualitative research articles to understand the findings and its contribution to this research question in the context of nursing practice. Additionally, there will be a discussion on the ethical considerations at institutional and individual participation levels to the article’s contribution in the improvement of care delivery and improved outcomes by establishing a purpose.
Qualitative Study Background of Study
Developing technology means there are developing issue in other parts including the type of sanitation that can be available in the hospital and the clinic. Therefore, the likelihood of the increased need for efficiency in prevention is considered through the identification of alternative to smoking in healthcare facilities.
Article 1: Replacement Therapy in Smoking Cessation
According to the article, Buller et al. (2014), there is a need to understand that smoking as a vice affect the 18-30-year-old adult population and therefore, in trying to prevent the issue at hand in a healthcare setting, the consideration of using a patch is necessary. Regarding this, the paper addresses the issue of the effectiveness of nicotine patch in smoking cessation and thus provision of an opportunity to help in smoking cessation. Given this, the article supports the preferential treatment to smoking as replacement therapy especially in young adults who are the prevalent population in the U.S. Therefore the questions raised are:
· Identification of an alternative method of smoke cessation
· The effectiveness of replacement therapy in helping cessation of smoking in the identified population.
In consideration of this, the purpose and the research question were related to the same problem by taking into account the intervention, the population affected, the existing systems, a ...
This document provides an overview of evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose that are working in the United States. It begins with an introduction describing the purpose and creation of the document. It then outlines four guiding principles for effective overdose prevention strategies: 1) Know your epidemic and response; 2) Make collaboration your strategy; 3) Nothing about us without us; and 4) Meet people where they are. The document concludes by describing nine evidence-based strategies for preventing overdose, with the first being targeted naloxone distribution. Targeted naloxone distribution programs equip individuals at high risk of witnessing an overdose, such as people who use drugs and first responders, with naloxone kits to
This grant proposal seeks funding for a program to reduce smoking and smoking-related deaths in Gallatin County, Kentucky. According to data, smoking rates and lung cancer deaths are higher in Gallatin County than statewide averages. The proposal outlines a series of evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and adults, including educational sessions addressing media influences, stress management, and social influences on smoking. The goal is to reduce adult smoking rates by 30% and the number of households with smokers by 50% by 2020 to ultimately lower lung cancer mortality in the county. A needs assessment provides background on the county's demographics, health indicators, and behavioral and environmental factors related to tobacco use.
Domestic Violence The purpose of this analysis is to provi.docxelinoraudley582231
Domestic Violence
The purpose of this analysis is to provide a wide introduction to the problem of injury in
the U.S., and help in the development of an innovative way of thinking about commencing a plan
for injury prevention. Although injuries are a major problem in the United States, they can as easily
be prevented. There are a lot of models that work in prevention of both intentional and
unintentional injuries.
Creation of a warm and welcoming environment is an effective strategy in preventing
incidences of violence at the community level. This strategy aims at addressing problems at a
community level, concentrating on the development of structured and supervised opportunities for
community members and addressing various kinds of violence through multiple types of solutions.
An entire community should be treated like a patient instead of individual-based treatment
strategies. Taking a social environment prevention strategy means that there is focus on prevention
of violence. This illustrates that apart from attaching importance in developing formal laws to
punish violence perpetrators, prevention of violence is a key element. Therefore, approaches
should be aimed at averting the incidence of both violence and injury cases in the first place.
Regulation is also an effective element in preventing unintentional injuries. This involves
passing policies related to serving alcohol, policies for legal driving age, worker safety policies
and concealed weaponry laws. These efforts result in a reduction of incidents on injuries. The
most important concept is that there are numerous ways in which a community and people, at an
individual level, can intervene to prevent injuries and violence in communities. The social
environment is very important and issues of violence should be displayed on mass media to
discourage such behaviors, while also sensitizing people on the same.
Access to Health Care
Access to health care in the United States encompasses a system of service providers that
make a complete system. In this light, the access to health care has been a subject of discussion
since the early 1870s. Importantly, the access to health care has grown over time from home health
care provision to the hospitals in large cities (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). Notably, the history of
the health care in the United States has been motivated by the series of endless scientific
innovations over the years. In this way, the innovations have seen the system grow from the
constraints of health care access to the decline of mortality rates due to increased access to health
care. Clearly, in the early 1990s, the chronic diseases rose to be the leading causes of deaths
(Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). In this light, the developed systems that constituted of the new
procedures such as the x-rays and chemotherapy improved the health care access to the society.
Some of the factors that improved the health ca.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
19
19
21
32
34
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
This is a proposal for a population health program targeting adolescents aged 12-19 in an underserved African American community. The program aims to address risky sexual behaviors, substance abuse, mental health issues, violence, and obesity through education on safe sex practices, substance abuse counseling, mental health counseling, exercise promotion, and ensuring access to healthcare. The expected outcomes are a reduction in teen pregnancies and STIs, increased enrollment in counseling, and fewer obese adolescents. The program aligns with HP2020 goals and will use social cognitive theory and social media marketing. Potential barriers include lack of stakeholder participation and funding.
Similar to Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using Social Cognitive Theory and Social Network Theory (20)
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using Social Cognitive Theory and Social Network Theory
1. Running head: REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 1
Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using
Social Cognitive Theory and Social Network Theory
Shauna Ayres
HBEH 730 - Theoretical Foundations of Behavioral and Social Science
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
October 12, 2015
On my honor, I certify that no unauthorized assistance has been received or given in the completion of this
work and all outside sources have been cited appropriately.
2. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 2
INTRODUCTION: Public health efforts to reduce tobacco use among adolescents started in the late
1980s (Wakefield, 2000) and continues to be a major public health goal. Research has demonstrated that
tobacco use at a young age leads to addiction and physical dependency for nicotine more quickly in
developing adolescent brains, as compared to adult brains, and permanently alters the composition of the
brain (Jacobsen, 2007). This is supported by the finding that approximately 9 out of 10 adult smokers report
smoking as adolescents (Towns, 2015; CDC, 2014). Additionally, it is estimated that 3,200-4,000 children
(<18 years old) smoke their first cigarette every day (CDC, 2010; 2014), of which about 1,000 children
become daily smokers (CDC, 2010). If current trends continue, estimates conclude that 5.6 million of
today’s youth will die prematurely from smoking-related illnesses (CDC, 2014).
Tobacco use is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for young smokers. The short-
term effects include addiction to nicotine, reduced lung function, reduced lung growth, early cardiovascular
damage, shortness of breath, and reduced physical stamina (CDC, 2014). Long-term effects include, but
are not limited to, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
emphysema, and diabetes (National Cancer Institute, 2014; CDC, 2014).
Aggregate data provided by Healthy People 2020 shows that smoking rates among children and
adolescents are declining with the exception of “smokeless tobacco use by adolescents in the past month”
(Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2015). However, the trends are leveling off and many
Healthy People 2020 target goals associated with youth tobacco use and exposure will not be met in the
next five years. The increased advertising exposure, availability, and popularity of “safe” e-cigarettes and
other smokeless tobacco products among adolescents are concerning (Wang, 2014; Knorst, 2014). A major
fear is that more adolescents will initiate tobacco habits using these attractive alternative tobacco products
than would have otherwise initiated tobacco using traditional tobacco products. Consequently, more
adolescents may become nicotine dependent and increase their risk of tobacco-related health issues (Wang,
2014).
The purpose of this paper is to examine adolescent tobacco use through the theoretical lenses of the
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Social Network Theory (SNT). First, an explanation of the SCT
3. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 3
will be provided and accompanied by examples of how this theory has been applied to measuring adolescent
tobacco use and implementing successful health promotion programs. Next, an explanation of the SNT will
be outlined along with application and implementation examples. Possible effective strategies will then be
discussed for combining the theories along with key strengths and weaknesses. Finally, ideas for future
research directions will be considered.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY: Social Cognitive Theory determines motivating factors behind
health behaviors, provides understanding of those motivations, and then designs health interventions to
promote positive behavior change (Kelder, 2015). The concept model is comprised of a dynamic triad of
three factors: personal cognitive factors, socioenvironmental factors, and behavioral factors. Personal
cognitive factors can be broken down into four constructs that address personal abilities: self-efficacy,
collective efficacy, outcome expectations, and knowledge. Socioenvironmental factors can be broken down
into four constructs that address physical and social factors in the environment: observational learning,
normative beliefs, social support, and barriers and opportunities. Behavioral factors can be broken down
into three constructs that address health actions: behavioral skills, intentions, and reinforcement and
punishment (Kelder, 2015).
All 11 constructs in the SCT impact each other at different times and strengths and no construct is
considered more important or influential in determining a health behavior; however, certain constructs may
be more foundational and effective when designing a specific intervention for a certain behavior (tobacco
use) among an identified population (adolescents). By classifying intervention strategies into constructs,
program planners can provide a multifactor approach that will yield the greatest impact.
Because adolescents are in a period of self-identity, the emphasis on self-efficacy for this group is
critical when addressing any health behavior. A study conducted by Van Zundert in the Netherlands
attempted to determine if the cognitive factors of self-efficacy and outcome expectations and the behavioral
factor, intentions, could be used to predict adolescent smoking lapses and relapses. Self-efficacy was
defined as “the ability to resist smoking in tempting situations.” Outcome expectations were operationalized
as the “pros and cons of smoking” and the “pros of quitting.” Intentions were defined as “the motivation or
4. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 4
readiness to quit.” In the study, 135 daily smoking adolescents who were serious about quitting were
monitored three times per day for four weeks, and a two month follow-up was also administered. The
primary findings confirmed that adolescents who endorsed the pros of smoking (OR 1.24), had low self-
efficacy (OR 1.34), and smoked heavily at baseline (OR 1.05) predicted relapse within three weeks after
quitting (Van Zundert, 2009). This study highlights the importance of the cognitive factors of self-efficacy
and outcome expectations and stresses that more efforts should focus on increasing adolescent self-efficacy
and improving positive outcome expectations prior to their attempt to quit (Van Zundert, 2009).
However, a 1991 study by Hansen examined the effect of school-based programs stressing refusal
skills (behavioral skills) compared to programs correcting erroneous perspectives of prevalence and
acceptability (normative beliefs) for alcohol and marijuana use between grade seven and eight. The findings
suggest that programs focusing on normative beliefs were more effective at preventing adolescent substance
use (22.5% reduction rate for initial alcohol use and 64.5% reduction rate for marijuana incidence) (Hansen,
1991). This is not to say that behavioral skills, or in this case refusal skills, are not an important part to
adolescent tobacco abstinence, and in fact they may be instrumental for teens who have initiated tobacco
use and are trying to quit; however, an intervention based solely on teaching behavioral skills is not a
sufficient strategy. Further, a critique of 10 school-based health education programs that assessed 12
mediating factors of substance use among adolescents highlighted the need for a multi-strategy approach
and suggested that “at a minimum” correcting erroneous normative beliefs, having students commit to
abstinence (intention), educating students about consequences (knowledge), and having students identify
their ideal lifestyles and stressing how substances are incongruent with that lifestyle (outcome expectations)
should be incorporated in prevention programs to reduce substance use among adolescents (Wyrick, 2001).
An applied method for effecting normative beliefs and intentions was the enactment of the United
Kingdom’s Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act (TAPA), which prohibited most tobacco marketing
from February 2003 to July 2005. Brown and Moodie used a cross-sectional study of over 1,100 adolescents
(11 to 16 years old) to measure changes in normative beliefs at various intervals: pre-ban, mid-ban, and
post-ban. The ban was successful in reducing teens’ intentions to smoke as well as shifting the normative
5. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 5
beliefs around smoking to be more socially unacceptable both during and after the marketing restrictions
(Brown, 2009). This strategy can also target outcome expectations if public health campaigns replace
tobacco ads with promotions that emphasize the health benefits of not using tobacco (physical outcome
expectation), portray smokers as uncool (social outcome expectation), and draw attention to personal
feelings about using tobacco (self-evaluative outcome expectation) (Kelder, 2015). Likewise, increasing
accurate knowledge about tobacco use can occur across a variety of mediums; however, widespread media
campaigns are instrumental when trying to reach large populations (Kelder, 2015).
A study conducted in the United Kingdom examined data from the 2007 and 2009 UK Office for
National Statistics Opinions and Lifestyle Survey to understand the characteristics shared among smokers
who have never tried to quit. They found that desire (intention) was the most predictive factor, followed by
health status, and also if smokers had received support or attention from someone to quit in the last year.
Those who had not received support were 1.57 times more likely to never have tried to quit as compared to
those who had received support. Also, smokers whose healthcare provider did not provide cessation advice
in the last five years were 2.69 times more likely to report never having tried to quit (Sharma, 2014).
Multiple web- or mobile-based cessation studies have found that interactive, tailored, and support-focused
interventions are linked to lowering cigarette consumption (Civljak, 2010; Haug, 2013; Shi, 2013). Social
support for asking questions, getting information, and quitting can be provided via quit lines, apps or
mHealth cessation programs, family and friends, school teachers and counselors, or social media platforms.
Related to social support, a key finding in a study of 3,473 youths with nonsmoking parents was that
the protective effects of increased perceived punishment and increased parental monitoring had on initiation
of smoking. Adolescents with higher parental monitoring were 33% less likely to start smoking while
decreased parental monitoring and decreased perceived punishment increase smoking initiation by 55%
and 17% respectively (Mahabee-Gittens, 2012). Interestingly however, another study found that a high-
school incentive-based cessation program was successful for short-term abstinence, but did not change
long-term abstinence rates (Krishnan-Sarin, 2013). Thus, reinforcements and punishments are highly
6. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 6
individualized and may be different for each person. Intervention designers should understand their target
population’s motivations in order to appropriately utilize this construct.
Reducing barriers and increasing opportunities for adolescents who have already started using tobacco
can be a challenge if other constructs are not being addressed. For example, lack of social support for
quitting or the perceived social benefit of smoking can both be barriers for abstinence. Several studies have
concluded that a primary action needed to reduce barriers for all smokers, including adolescents, is to create
or change policies (Rosenthal, 2013; Guiney, 2015; Levy 2012). This could transpire as mandating more
smoke-free zones, increasing tobacco taxes, increasing access to cessation treatment, or raising the
minimum age for tobacco sales (Levy, 2012; 2015; Bonnie, 2015). Due to the increasing prevalence of
smart phones, health professionals are becoming more interested in reducing barriers to access interventions
by developing health behavior apps and websites, which are relatively low-cost and accessible for both the
professional and the targeted individual. In addition, technology allows for unique tailoring of messages to
vast populations (Hall, 2015).
As demonstrated, aspects of the SCT are widely applied to adolescent tobacco use and often helpful
in reducing initiation rates or increasing cessation success; however, the theory in its entirety is too complex
for one study to address. This emphasizes the importance of the interactions between the various constructs
and acknowledges that there is not one formula for improving this health behavior. Some strategies are
foundational to success or have a greater individual impact on adolescent health outcomes such as self-
efficacy and social support, but nevertheless, incorporation of a variety of concepts into any intervention is
ideal so strengths of one construct overlap weaknesses of another.
SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY: Social Network Theory emphasizes understanding the connections
and relationships between and among individuals and groups to improve health (Valente, 2015). These
connections are often analyzed through mathematical algorithms and visually displayed as nodes/points
(people) and lines (connections). Unlike the SCT, the SNT does not have clearly defined constructs, but
rather three main components: network environment, position in a network, and structural or network
properties. The “network environment” component aims to understand the homophily, or the tendency for
7. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 7
like individuals to associate with one another. In the SNT, homophily is broken into two processes:
influence, or the degree to which individuals change their behaviors to match behaviors or beliefs; and
selection, or the degree to which they change their networks to match behaviors or beliefs. The “position
in a network” component identifies centrality of a social network, or the prominent people (opinion leaders)
with the greatest influence on the most people in the network. The “structural or network properties”
component seeks to explain the reciprocity in a social network, or the level of trust in a relationship;
transitivity, or the number of “friends who are friends with friends”; density, or number of interconnected
relationships; and the small-world property, or the distance between connections (Valente, 2015).
Essentially the SNT views the entire social network as one entity, not merely the sum of individuals, and
ultimately examines the encompassing network behavior. That network behavior is then the target for health
behavior change and improving network health.
The SNT is useful when trying to understand health beliefs and behaviors more today than ever before.
People are communicating ideas and beliefs much faster due to increased urbanization, improvements in
transportation, innovations in technology, accessibility to the internet, and the growth of social media.
Understanding these interactions is important when examining adolescent tobacco use because, as stated
before, adolescents are in a period of self-identity, and thus network-identity, and understanding the trends
in relationships between adolescents, their behaviors, and their networks becomes instrumental in
determining how to most effectively impact adolescents’ health beliefs and behaviors. The SNT theory is
particularly helpful because it provides tools to measure and understand adolescent social networks. By
identifying central positions in adolescent networks, intervention resources can be targeted to attain the
greatest impact within that particular network (Valente, 2015).
For example, during a three-year longitudinal study of 1,063 adolescents found that adolescents in
predominantly smoking peer groups were more likely to become smokers (40%) than those in
predominantly nonsmoking peer groups (27%) (Engels, 1997), demonstrating the SNT concept of influence
on homophily. This illustrates that tobacco use is a behavior that can be predicted by the friendship
connections adolescents have in their network. However, the researchers in this study also stress that other
8. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 8
determinants and social network connections are likely influencing adolescent behaviors simultaneously
and that peer connections should not be the only focus in any intervention (Engels, 1997). The same study
also found that smokers were more likely to become friends with other smokers (70%) as compared to
nonsmokers becoming friends with smokers (25%). This demonstrates the SNT concept of selection on
homophily such that adolescents tend to form network connections with peers that are similar to themselves
when it comes to smoking behavior. However, the research did not find that friendships were terminated
due to differing smoking behavior or habits (Engels, 1997).
Interventions for tobacco prevention among adolescents should be primarily focused on areas of
selection of new peer groups (Engles, 1997; Mercken, 2012). This could be achieved through media
campaigns or school-based programs that shift normative beliefs. If peers consider tobacco use to be
socially unacceptable and feel it will inhibit making friends, an adolescent may be less likely to initiate
tobacco use and will then be a positive influence on other individuals in the network. In time, nonsmoking
connections will become predominate, which will further perpetuate the shift in normative beliefs to
devalue tobacco use. This strategy can be particularly impactful when adolescents are transitioning from
junior high to high school—a time when many new connections develop.
Another network analysis conducted among 486 freshman students in Mexico found that students who
named more friends as being in their network had a protective factor for smoking (OR 0.89) while being
named a friend by peers increased probability of smoking (OR 1.10). It was theorized that these more
popular students (opinion leaders) had more pressure to smoke due to connections with other smokers
(influence). Due to their centrality in the student network, they would then be more influential in spreading
the norm that smoking is socially desirable (Ramirez-Ortiz, 2012). The study suggests future interventions
create a cultural climate where smoking is not valued by convincing popular students to support
antismoking norms and integrating these opinion leaders into prevention programs.
Identifying opinion leaders among adolescents in peer-led, school-based, antismoking health
promotion programs proved to be successful by reducing the odds of becoming a regular smoker by 22%
in a study conducted in England and Wales from 2001-2004. An in-depth network analysis was performed
9. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 9
on 10,730 students (12-13 years old) who were assigned to a control or intervention group. The control
group received normal smoking education—not peer-influenced—and the intervention group received
health programing supported by influential peers. Students were surveyed about their social networks and
the most frequently nominated students/friends in the intervention groups were trained as “peer supporters”
for a 10-week intervention period which focused on peer education and diffusing health promotion
messages (Starkey, 2009). This detailed examination of peer networks illustrates the SNT concept of
centrality in that among adolescents, popular peers (opinion leaders) are more influential than adult teachers
due to their central position in the network and can be utilized in health campaigns to influence the most
adolescents and alter the network behavior.
Although peer groups are important when considering tobacco use among adolescents, the family
structure is another critical network to understand when identifying risks for tobacco beliefs and behaviors.
A five-year longitudinal study of 406 adolescents (12-17 years old) found that adolescents with smoking
parents are 4.5 times more likely to experiment with tobacco and nearly 10 times more likely to become
regular users. Additionally, the risk of tobacco use increases with longer exposure to parental smoking.
However, former smokers or nonsmoking parents did not have a significant effect on adolescent tobacco
use (Mays, 2014). The study concluded that parents’ behaviors can unintentionally be passed to offspring;
and because duration of exposure to smoking is an additional variable predicting adolescent tobacco use,
parents who quit smoking as soon as possible can reduce their child’s risks of tobacco initiation and
dependency in the future. The SNT construct of structural or network properties is highlighted by the strong
reciprocity within a family unit and the profound effects it has on health behaviors such as tobacco use.
Likewise, a meta-analysis of 58 studies revealed that children with two parents who smoked had 2.73
times the risk of smoking. Increased risk of smoking was also linked if a sibling smoked (OR 2.30), the
mother smoked (OR 2.19), one parent smoked (OR 1.72), any household member smoked (OR 1.92), and
the father smoked (OR 1.66) (Leonardi-Bee, 2011). This highlights the small-world property of the SNT
by showing the strong ties among people living in the same household and the amount of influence these
people have on one another. Therefore, interventions combating adolescent tobacco beliefs and usage could
10. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 10
benefit from incorporating strategies to restructure the entire household network in respect to tobacco
exposure.
It is apparent that utilizing the SNT concepts can help understand the network complexities of
adolescents and how they relate to tobacco use. It is essential for health behavior interventions to identify
key opinion leaders and points of centrality among adolescent peer networks to effectively increase reach.
However, household networks and community networks are also important when influencing adolescent
behaviors and beliefs.
CONCLUSION: Both the Social Cognitive Theory and the Social Network Theory have proven to be
useful guides in understanding adolescent tobacco behavior. The SCT is more comprehensive and
comprised of a dynamic understanding of personal cognitive, socioenvironmental, and behavioral factors.
It is helpful in distinguishing strategies for interventions and correlations between constructs, variables, and
behavioral outcomes, but it lacks the insight into why those strategies are successful. Conversely, the SNT
does not provide concrete strategies like the SCT, but can examine evaluation gaps by describing networks
and why relationships exist and change. The SNT is also limited somewhat by measurement in that
qualitative data about relationships may not be accurately represented in a social network analysis or
quantitative data about relationships may not be that meaningful to the behavioral outcome. However, both
bring value and insight into finding best practices for improving current and creating new interventions to
prevent, reduce, and end adolescent tobacco use.
Personally, I think creating an anti-smoking program for adolescents will be most effective when it
classifies intervention strategies into all SCT constructs. For example, program planners would want to
ensure that they are providing a comprehensive, multifactorial approach by simultaneously addressing
personal cognitive, socioenvironmental, and behavioral factors. This is not to say that a program needs 11
different strategies; some activities, such as peer modeling, can be classified in any or all of the constructs
if well planned. For example, observing a respected peer refuse a cigarette during a role-playing exercise
can increase self-efficacy and collective efficacy by providing opportunities for mastery experiences,
11. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 11
develop behavior skills by suggesting refusal phrases, and shift social norms to support more anti-tobacco
attitudes.
The SNT can then be used to explain the success or failure of various strategies outlined in the SCT.
To continue with the peer-modeling example, SNT can provide insight into why this activity was successful
or not by answering questions related to the network environment, peer position in the network, and network
properties. SNT would examine the relationships the peer model had with others in the network and would
help to identify peers who will have the greatest impact on health behavior. Pinpointing the most influential
individuals is critical when designing an intervention to increase effectiveness and reduce wasted resources.
Most SCT studies utilize school-based interventions to reach adolescents; however, SNT studies
suggest adolescent anti-tobacco messaging that reaches outside the peer network and into wider familial
and community networks will have the greatest impact. The SNT not only focuses on message
dissemination, but also on how policies can influence a network. Large health campaigns, such as the Truth
and Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, provide examples of health strategies that not only promote
individual change to refuse or stop using tobacco, but also focus on anti-tobacco laws such as creating
smoke-free public spaces, raising the minimum age to purchase tobacco, and mandating regulations on
tobacco advertising (Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2014; Truth Initiative Foundation, 2015).
Future research is needed to determine the optimal combination of constructs within the SCT and the
most appropriate strategies to target today’s adolescents. These findings can then be analyzed with the SNT
to understand more effective methods for implementing these constructs to reduce tobacco use at the
individual and network level. I think this will be primarily done via technological platforms such as mobile
phones, video games, and mass media. Tobacco use among adolescents is a complex public health concern
that is continually evolving and there is no one simple solution. Nevertheless, understanding the SCT and
SNT and their applications to this health behavior can help public health professions better address the issue
now, and with reassessment, develop new strategies in the future.
12. REDUCING TOBACCO USE USING SCT & SNT 12
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