This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
Li et al china predictors of quitting paper published versionAlexander Li
This research report examines predictors of quitting behaviors among adult smokers in six cities in China using data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey. The study followed 4732 smokers surveyed in 2006, with 3863 respondents re-contacted in 2007. The study found that 25.3% of smokers reported making a quit attempt in the follow-up period, with 21.7% of those still abstaining from smoking. Independent predictors of making a quit attempt included higher quitting self-efficacy, previous quit attempts, stronger immediate quitting intentions, longer time to first cigarette upon waking, negative opinions of smoking, and smoking restrictions at home. Independent predictors of staying quit included older age, longer previous abstinence
My Research Report Study About the prevalence of smoking in Health Care Provi...Dr Asad A. Babar
- The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of smoking among healthcare providers at Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex in Lahore, Pakistan.
- A total of 90 healthcare workers were surveyed using questionnaires between June-July 2012. The results found that 32 respondents (35.6%) were current smokers while 58 (64.4%) were non-smokers.
- The majority of smokers started for personal reasons like pleasure, with most smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day. Approximately half had smoking friends while 16% had restarted smoking after quitting previously.
- While most respondents were aware of smoking's health risks and their institution's non-smoking policy, the study concluded that efforts are
A study of prevalance of smoking among youth in pakistanYamna Rashid
1) Research conducted using data of 75 students at a university in Pakistan
2) Secondary research conducted using more than 30 articles on the topic of smoking
3) Data analyzed through SPSS and STATA-12 software
4) The main causes of smoking in Pakistan identified
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document summarizes a study that estimated the smoking-attributable expenditures (SAEs) for people aged 35 or older in Taiwan in 2000 from the perspective of health insurers. The total SAE was estimated to be US$467.3 million, representing 8.5% of total medical expenditures for that population. Kidney disease, ischemic heart disease, and accidents accounted for the highest SAE costs. The study is an improvement over previous work as it used relative risk data from large cohort studies and health insurance claims data to estimate disease-specific expenditures. However, it did not account for costs of passive smoking or non-insurance expenditures.
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
- The study assessed the effectiveness of an awareness program on the knowledge and self-reported practices of adolescent students regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol.
- 107 students aged 14-17 years from a school in India participated. The program significantly improved students' knowledge about the harmful effects based on pre- and post-test scores.
- While no students reported using tobacco or alcohol, many reported that family/friends engaged in these practices. The study concluded the awareness program was effective at improving knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use."
Li et al china predictors of quitting paper published versionAlexander Li
This research report examines predictors of quitting behaviors among adult smokers in six cities in China using data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey. The study followed 4732 smokers surveyed in 2006, with 3863 respondents re-contacted in 2007. The study found that 25.3% of smokers reported making a quit attempt in the follow-up period, with 21.7% of those still abstaining from smoking. Independent predictors of making a quit attempt included higher quitting self-efficacy, previous quit attempts, stronger immediate quitting intentions, longer time to first cigarette upon waking, negative opinions of smoking, and smoking restrictions at home. Independent predictors of staying quit included older age, longer previous abstinence
My Research Report Study About the prevalence of smoking in Health Care Provi...Dr Asad A. Babar
- The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of smoking among healthcare providers at Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex in Lahore, Pakistan.
- A total of 90 healthcare workers were surveyed using questionnaires between June-July 2012. The results found that 32 respondents (35.6%) were current smokers while 58 (64.4%) were non-smokers.
- The majority of smokers started for personal reasons like pleasure, with most smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day. Approximately half had smoking friends while 16% had restarted smoking after quitting previously.
- While most respondents were aware of smoking's health risks and their institution's non-smoking policy, the study concluded that efforts are
A study of prevalance of smoking among youth in pakistanYamna Rashid
1) Research conducted using data of 75 students at a university in Pakistan
2) Secondary research conducted using more than 30 articles on the topic of smoking
3) Data analyzed through SPSS and STATA-12 software
4) The main causes of smoking in Pakistan identified
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document summarizes a study that estimated the smoking-attributable expenditures (SAEs) for people aged 35 or older in Taiwan in 2000 from the perspective of health insurers. The total SAE was estimated to be US$467.3 million, representing 8.5% of total medical expenditures for that population. Kidney disease, ischemic heart disease, and accidents accounted for the highest SAE costs. The study is an improvement over previous work as it used relative risk data from large cohort studies and health insurance claims data to estimate disease-specific expenditures. However, it did not account for costs of passive smoking or non-insurance expenditures.
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
- The study assessed the effectiveness of an awareness program on the knowledge and self-reported practices of adolescent students regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol.
- 107 students aged 14-17 years from a school in India participated. The program significantly improved students' knowledge about the harmful effects based on pre- and post-test scores.
- While no students reported using tobacco or alcohol, many reported that family/friends engaged in these practices. The study concluded the awareness program was effective at improving knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use."
Access to subsidised nicotine replacement therapy in South AucklandSimon Thornley
1) The study examined rates of subsidized nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) claimed in Counties Manukau District Health Board in 2007 and found that overall, NRT was infrequently claimed, with only about 0.5% of residents obtaining NRT that year.
2) When adjusted for demographic factors, Pacific peoples were 60% less likely than Europeans to claim NRT, despite having higher smoking rates. Māori also had lower rates of NRT claims than Europeans after adjusting for smoking prevalence.
3) The majority (74%) of those who claimed NRT only obtained one month's supply, suggesting most smokers are not using NRT long enough (guidelines recommend at least 8 weeks
This document summarizes the results of a survey on substance use, mental health, risky behaviors, and service needs among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape schools in 2011. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis were the most commonly used substances. Two-thirds of learners reported alcohol use, nearly half reported tobacco use, and about a quarter reported cannabis use.
- Males generally reported higher rates of substance use than females. They were more likely to report behaviors like binge drinking, weekly alcohol and tobacco use, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day.
- Hard drug use like cocaine, mandrax, ecstasy, heroin, and methamphetamine was relatively low at
A bridge too near injecting drug users' sexual behaviourMd. Nakebul Kausar
This document summarizes a study on the personal profiles and health seeking behaviors of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved interviews with 120 IDUs attending a drug treatment center between March and September 2005. Key findings included: 1) Most respondents (60%) had little knowledge about diseases spread by injecting drugs or needle sharing, with only 17.5% mentioning HIV/AIDS. 2) Regarding protection, 29.2% mentioned not injecting drugs anymore while 34.2% mentioned using sterile needles/syringes. 3) The majority (60%) had never participated in a needle exchange program, with lack of awareness being a key barrier.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
Smoking Cessation: Barriers and Available Methods Dr R R Kasliwal
Tobacco use is the leading global cause of avoidable death worldwide and a key modifiable risk factor for the development of a range of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and some cancers (1-3). In the 1960s, the US Surgeon General and American Heart Association issued reports warning of the dangers of smoking on fatal coronary artery disease (4-6). Since those early publications, 32 US Surgeon General reports have been released exposing the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular health (7,8). The 1983 Surgeon General’s Report (9) was devoted entirely to cardiovascular disease. It concluded that cigarette smoking is one of the three major independent risk factors for heart disease.
Rb ll etal cessation assistance in 15 countriesAlexander Li
There was wide variation across 15 countries in rates of recent quit attempts by smokers, ranging from under 20% to over 50%. There was also variability in the percentage of smokers who visited healthcare professionals, ranging from under 20% to over 70%. Among those who visited professionals, the percentage who received advice to quit ranged greatly, from under 20% to over 65%. Reported use of cessation medications among recent quitters was generally higher in high-income countries than middle-income countries, ranging from over 40% to negligible. Use of behavioral supports like quitlines was typically lower than medication use.
Journal of Social Medicine_Dinakar et al._2011Pauline Dinakar
The study found a high prevalence (69.4%) of HIV among 180 male injecting drug users in Chennai, India. Unsafe injection practices like sharing needles, multiple incarcerations, and tattooing were associated with higher odds of HIV infection. Incarceration exposed drug users to shared needle use and increased their risk of HIV. The study calls for urgent and comprehensive HIV prevention programs for injecting drug users, both in and out of prison, to curb further transmission.
CDTCs PPT on Rights and Effectiveness - FINAL 9_Aug_2009Sonia Bezziccheri
1) Compulsory drug treatment centers (CDTCs) in Southeast and East Asia fail to provide effective drug treatment and increase HIV risks, despite growing in number.
2) CDTCs do not use evidence-based treatment methods, have high relapse rates, and violate international human rights standards by involuntarily confining and treating drug users.
3) The document recommends countries invest in voluntary, evidence-based drug treatment in communities and cease practices that increase HIV risks and violate human rights.
This document summarizes a study on drug utilization patterns in patients with burns over 15% of their total body surface area admitted to a tertiary hospital burn ward in Nashik, India. A total of 50 patients were included in the study, with an average burn percentage of 61.96%. The mortality rate was found to be 20% for burns under 40% TBSA, 33% for 40-60% TBSA, and 95% for over 60% TBSA. The most commonly prescribed drugs were Ringer's Lactate, gentamicin, ranitidine, metronidazole, cefoperazone + sulbactam, and ciprofloxacin. The drug utilization 90% included
The document discusses drug use patterns in India based on various surveys and studies. It provides data on the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis, and opioid use among males from a 2001 national household survey. Additional information is presented on new treatment seekers, drugs used, and demographic characteristics from the Drug Abuse Monitoring System. Regional data on drug use patterns among people who use drugs but are not in treatment is also presented. The summary highlights key findings on the prevalence of drug use in India and characteristics of drug using populations.
"Preferred methods of assisted Partner Notification Services in Seme and Kisu...IJSRED
The document summarizes a study that examined the preferred methods of assisted partner notification services among HIV-positive clients in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study found that 40.4% of participants indicated that provider referral was the preferred notification method. Client referral was also preferred by 26% of participants. There was no statistically significant association found between participation in partner notification services and preferred notification method. The study concluded that provider referral should be adopted for implementing assisted partner notification services.
The study evaluated differences in health knowledge and experiences between households in villages that used participatory approaches and rights-based interventions for health improvement compared to households in villages that did not use these approaches. Health knowledge was generally greater in households that participated in the interventions. For example, awareness of tuberculosis was almost 9 times higher in participatory households after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Participatory households also had better knowledge of preventing diarrhea and other infectious diseases. While knowledge of reproductive health and family planning was still low overall, participatory households demonstrated some advantages. The study findings provide evidence that participatory and rights-based interventions can improve health knowledge and experiences for disadvantaged people.
This document discusses harm reduction strategies for cannabis use. It begins by providing background on cannabis use prevalence and the polarized debates around the drug. It then reviews the major health harms from acute and chronic cannabis use based on evidence, including negative psychological effects, cognitive impairment, and respiratory issues. The document aims to promote discussion of harm reduction for cannabis users while not taking a position on drug policy. It argues for a broad approach to reducing cannabis-related harm at both individual and community levels.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of a brief smoking cessation intervention for surgical patients. The intervention included brief counseling, smoking cessation brochures, free nicotine patches, and referral to a quitline. It significantly increased smoking abstinence before and after surgery compared to standard care. The results suggest that even relatively simple interventions can help many surgical patients quit smoking long-term.
Smoking was identified as a major addictive behavior among students at Tula State University in Russia. According to surveys, 75% of Russian citizens associate a healthy lifestyle with smoking cessation. The number of smokers in Russia has increased over the last 20 years, especially among younger people aged 15-19. Among college students, 75% of males and 64% of females smoke. The report identifies predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors for smoking among TSU students and recommends addressing these through seminars, presentations, and activities to decrease smoking rates by 30% by June 2014.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
The document summarizes the results of a survey conducted in India to assess public knowledge and perceptions of clinical research. Some key findings include:
- Over half of respondents had not heard of clinical research, though nearly 60% expressed willingness to participate.
- Most recognized the benefits of research to society, but many were unaware of aspects like compensation and confidentiality.
- Respondents exhibited some distrust in how clinical trials are conducted and regulated in India.
- The survey aims to inform educational programs to increase awareness and address misconceptions among the public.
Burnout among Health Workers: Case of the Military Hospital of Ouakam, Senegalinventionjournals
This study assessed burnout among workers at the Military Hospital of Ouakam in Senegal. A survey was conducted using the Maslach Burnout Inventory tool, involving 66 hospital employees. The results found that 68.2% of workers showed signs of burnout, with 46.9% experiencing mild burnout and 21.2% moderate burnout. Emotional exhaustion was observed in 30.3% of participants, depersonalization in 21.2%, and reduced personal achievement in 36.3%. Burnout was more common among older workers and paramedics. The high prevalence of burnout indicates the need for measures to improve workers' social and professional environments.
Who are the Smokers and what Factors Influence Smoking among Amassoma Communi...iosrphr_editor
Smoking is prevalent among Nigerians. This study identified the smokers and related factors among Amassoma Community in South-South Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered randomly within the community to 260 consenting respondents; Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Respondents were Males (73.6%), aged 18-45 years (77.5%), single (45.7%), married (37.8%); with secondary/tertiary education (68.1%); Civil Servants (13.4%) ); Students (26%); Drivers (12.2%); Christian (72.4%) and Ijaw tribe (54.7%).64.6%.had ever smoked at prevalent initiation age of 16-25 years (74.5%); current smokers were 86.0%; 97.2% also took alcohol; 43.3% always smoked for relaxation; 48.9% always smoked to have fun with their friends; 58.20% sometimes smoked in order to fit into the social circle; Gender, Age group and Education were associated with past (p<0.05)>0.05) smoking history; marital status and average annual income had no correlation with both past and present history of smoking (p>0.05). Smoking cessation outreaches should target the identified vulnerable groups in order to substantially lower the smoking prevalence in this community.
Change in Practice of using Inhalers for Outpatients have Chronic Obstructive...AI Publications
Objectives: To evaluate changes in the practice of using inhalers for outpatients have chronic obstructive pulmonary at Nam Dinh General Hospital after the intervention. To compare the effectiveness between intervention methods of direct consultation (DC) and direct counseling method incorporating information technology (DC – IT). Subject and method: Intervention study on two groups of patients, 30 patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary in each group with similar characteristics who were treated at Nam Dinh General Hospital from October 2019 to May 2020. Two research groups analyzed and compared the practice of patients at two times, the first time (T1) before the intervention and the second time (T2) after the intervention was 3 months with 3 consecutive interventions (each intervention was 1 month). One group intervened with the direct consultation method; one group intervened with the direct counseling method incorporating information technology. Data were collected by the observational method, using the inhaler procedure and entered and processed on SPSS 20.0 software. Results: The group of patients was intervened with the direct counseling method about practice using inhalers increased after the intervention, the average point of inhaler practice before the intervention was 6.50 ± 1.63 and after the intervention was 8.57 ± 0.63 with p <0.05. The group of patients who intervened with direct counseling method incorporating information technology about using an inhaler increased after the intervention from 6.70 ± 1.29 (before the intervention) to 8.80 ± 0.61 (after intervention), with p <0.05. The efficiency index of using the inhaler dose of (DC – IT) group was higher than the DC group at 63%. Conclusion: The average of the two groups increased significantly after the intervention. However, the intervention method of DC – IT was more effective than the DC method.
This document summarizes a study examining the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the presence, introduction, and retention of smoke-free policies in homes, worksites, bars, and restaurants. The study used data from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey, which included over 8,000 smokers from Canada, the US, the UK, and Australia at Wave 5 and nearly 6,000 of those respondents at Wave 6. The results showed that smokers with high SES had increased odds of having and introducing a total smoking ban in the home compared to low SES smokers. High SES smokers also had decreased odds of removing a home smoking ban. No consistent association was found between SES and smoke-free policies in works
Access to subsidised nicotine replacement therapy in South AucklandSimon Thornley
1) The study examined rates of subsidized nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) claimed in Counties Manukau District Health Board in 2007 and found that overall, NRT was infrequently claimed, with only about 0.5% of residents obtaining NRT that year.
2) When adjusted for demographic factors, Pacific peoples were 60% less likely than Europeans to claim NRT, despite having higher smoking rates. Māori also had lower rates of NRT claims than Europeans after adjusting for smoking prevalence.
3) The majority (74%) of those who claimed NRT only obtained one month's supply, suggesting most smokers are not using NRT long enough (guidelines recommend at least 8 weeks
This document summarizes the results of a survey on substance use, mental health, risky behaviors, and service needs among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape schools in 2011. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis were the most commonly used substances. Two-thirds of learners reported alcohol use, nearly half reported tobacco use, and about a quarter reported cannabis use.
- Males generally reported higher rates of substance use than females. They were more likely to report behaviors like binge drinking, weekly alcohol and tobacco use, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day.
- Hard drug use like cocaine, mandrax, ecstasy, heroin, and methamphetamine was relatively low at
A bridge too near injecting drug users' sexual behaviourMd. Nakebul Kausar
This document summarizes a study on the personal profiles and health seeking behaviors of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved interviews with 120 IDUs attending a drug treatment center between March and September 2005. Key findings included: 1) Most respondents (60%) had little knowledge about diseases spread by injecting drugs or needle sharing, with only 17.5% mentioning HIV/AIDS. 2) Regarding protection, 29.2% mentioned not injecting drugs anymore while 34.2% mentioned using sterile needles/syringes. 3) The majority (60%) had never participated in a needle exchange program, with lack of awareness being a key barrier.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
Smoking Cessation: Barriers and Available Methods Dr R R Kasliwal
Tobacco use is the leading global cause of avoidable death worldwide and a key modifiable risk factor for the development of a range of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and some cancers (1-3). In the 1960s, the US Surgeon General and American Heart Association issued reports warning of the dangers of smoking on fatal coronary artery disease (4-6). Since those early publications, 32 US Surgeon General reports have been released exposing the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular health (7,8). The 1983 Surgeon General’s Report (9) was devoted entirely to cardiovascular disease. It concluded that cigarette smoking is one of the three major independent risk factors for heart disease.
Rb ll etal cessation assistance in 15 countriesAlexander Li
There was wide variation across 15 countries in rates of recent quit attempts by smokers, ranging from under 20% to over 50%. There was also variability in the percentage of smokers who visited healthcare professionals, ranging from under 20% to over 70%. Among those who visited professionals, the percentage who received advice to quit ranged greatly, from under 20% to over 65%. Reported use of cessation medications among recent quitters was generally higher in high-income countries than middle-income countries, ranging from over 40% to negligible. Use of behavioral supports like quitlines was typically lower than medication use.
Journal of Social Medicine_Dinakar et al._2011Pauline Dinakar
The study found a high prevalence (69.4%) of HIV among 180 male injecting drug users in Chennai, India. Unsafe injection practices like sharing needles, multiple incarcerations, and tattooing were associated with higher odds of HIV infection. Incarceration exposed drug users to shared needle use and increased their risk of HIV. The study calls for urgent and comprehensive HIV prevention programs for injecting drug users, both in and out of prison, to curb further transmission.
CDTCs PPT on Rights and Effectiveness - FINAL 9_Aug_2009Sonia Bezziccheri
1) Compulsory drug treatment centers (CDTCs) in Southeast and East Asia fail to provide effective drug treatment and increase HIV risks, despite growing in number.
2) CDTCs do not use evidence-based treatment methods, have high relapse rates, and violate international human rights standards by involuntarily confining and treating drug users.
3) The document recommends countries invest in voluntary, evidence-based drug treatment in communities and cease practices that increase HIV risks and violate human rights.
This document summarizes a study on drug utilization patterns in patients with burns over 15% of their total body surface area admitted to a tertiary hospital burn ward in Nashik, India. A total of 50 patients were included in the study, with an average burn percentage of 61.96%. The mortality rate was found to be 20% for burns under 40% TBSA, 33% for 40-60% TBSA, and 95% for over 60% TBSA. The most commonly prescribed drugs were Ringer's Lactate, gentamicin, ranitidine, metronidazole, cefoperazone + sulbactam, and ciprofloxacin. The drug utilization 90% included
The document discusses drug use patterns in India based on various surveys and studies. It provides data on the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis, and opioid use among males from a 2001 national household survey. Additional information is presented on new treatment seekers, drugs used, and demographic characteristics from the Drug Abuse Monitoring System. Regional data on drug use patterns among people who use drugs but are not in treatment is also presented. The summary highlights key findings on the prevalence of drug use in India and characteristics of drug using populations.
"Preferred methods of assisted Partner Notification Services in Seme and Kisu...IJSRED
The document summarizes a study that examined the preferred methods of assisted partner notification services among HIV-positive clients in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study found that 40.4% of participants indicated that provider referral was the preferred notification method. Client referral was also preferred by 26% of participants. There was no statistically significant association found between participation in partner notification services and preferred notification method. The study concluded that provider referral should be adopted for implementing assisted partner notification services.
The study evaluated differences in health knowledge and experiences between households in villages that used participatory approaches and rights-based interventions for health improvement compared to households in villages that did not use these approaches. Health knowledge was generally greater in households that participated in the interventions. For example, awareness of tuberculosis was almost 9 times higher in participatory households after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Participatory households also had better knowledge of preventing diarrhea and other infectious diseases. While knowledge of reproductive health and family planning was still low overall, participatory households demonstrated some advantages. The study findings provide evidence that participatory and rights-based interventions can improve health knowledge and experiences for disadvantaged people.
This document discusses harm reduction strategies for cannabis use. It begins by providing background on cannabis use prevalence and the polarized debates around the drug. It then reviews the major health harms from acute and chronic cannabis use based on evidence, including negative psychological effects, cognitive impairment, and respiratory issues. The document aims to promote discussion of harm reduction for cannabis users while not taking a position on drug policy. It argues for a broad approach to reducing cannabis-related harm at both individual and community levels.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of a brief smoking cessation intervention for surgical patients. The intervention included brief counseling, smoking cessation brochures, free nicotine patches, and referral to a quitline. It significantly increased smoking abstinence before and after surgery compared to standard care. The results suggest that even relatively simple interventions can help many surgical patients quit smoking long-term.
Smoking was identified as a major addictive behavior among students at Tula State University in Russia. According to surveys, 75% of Russian citizens associate a healthy lifestyle with smoking cessation. The number of smokers in Russia has increased over the last 20 years, especially among younger people aged 15-19. Among college students, 75% of males and 64% of females smoke. The report identifies predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors for smoking among TSU students and recommends addressing these through seminars, presentations, and activities to decrease smoking rates by 30% by June 2014.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
The document summarizes the results of a survey conducted in India to assess public knowledge and perceptions of clinical research. Some key findings include:
- Over half of respondents had not heard of clinical research, though nearly 60% expressed willingness to participate.
- Most recognized the benefits of research to society, but many were unaware of aspects like compensation and confidentiality.
- Respondents exhibited some distrust in how clinical trials are conducted and regulated in India.
- The survey aims to inform educational programs to increase awareness and address misconceptions among the public.
Burnout among Health Workers: Case of the Military Hospital of Ouakam, Senegalinventionjournals
This study assessed burnout among workers at the Military Hospital of Ouakam in Senegal. A survey was conducted using the Maslach Burnout Inventory tool, involving 66 hospital employees. The results found that 68.2% of workers showed signs of burnout, with 46.9% experiencing mild burnout and 21.2% moderate burnout. Emotional exhaustion was observed in 30.3% of participants, depersonalization in 21.2%, and reduced personal achievement in 36.3%. Burnout was more common among older workers and paramedics. The high prevalence of burnout indicates the need for measures to improve workers' social and professional environments.
Who are the Smokers and what Factors Influence Smoking among Amassoma Communi...iosrphr_editor
Smoking is prevalent among Nigerians. This study identified the smokers and related factors among Amassoma Community in South-South Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered randomly within the community to 260 consenting respondents; Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Respondents were Males (73.6%), aged 18-45 years (77.5%), single (45.7%), married (37.8%); with secondary/tertiary education (68.1%); Civil Servants (13.4%) ); Students (26%); Drivers (12.2%); Christian (72.4%) and Ijaw tribe (54.7%).64.6%.had ever smoked at prevalent initiation age of 16-25 years (74.5%); current smokers were 86.0%; 97.2% also took alcohol; 43.3% always smoked for relaxation; 48.9% always smoked to have fun with their friends; 58.20% sometimes smoked in order to fit into the social circle; Gender, Age group and Education were associated with past (p<0.05)>0.05) smoking history; marital status and average annual income had no correlation with both past and present history of smoking (p>0.05). Smoking cessation outreaches should target the identified vulnerable groups in order to substantially lower the smoking prevalence in this community.
Change in Practice of using Inhalers for Outpatients have Chronic Obstructive...AI Publications
Objectives: To evaluate changes in the practice of using inhalers for outpatients have chronic obstructive pulmonary at Nam Dinh General Hospital after the intervention. To compare the effectiveness between intervention methods of direct consultation (DC) and direct counseling method incorporating information technology (DC – IT). Subject and method: Intervention study on two groups of patients, 30 patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary in each group with similar characteristics who were treated at Nam Dinh General Hospital from October 2019 to May 2020. Two research groups analyzed and compared the practice of patients at two times, the first time (T1) before the intervention and the second time (T2) after the intervention was 3 months with 3 consecutive interventions (each intervention was 1 month). One group intervened with the direct consultation method; one group intervened with the direct counseling method incorporating information technology. Data were collected by the observational method, using the inhaler procedure and entered and processed on SPSS 20.0 software. Results: The group of patients was intervened with the direct counseling method about practice using inhalers increased after the intervention, the average point of inhaler practice before the intervention was 6.50 ± 1.63 and after the intervention was 8.57 ± 0.63 with p <0.05. The group of patients who intervened with direct counseling method incorporating information technology about using an inhaler increased after the intervention from 6.70 ± 1.29 (before the intervention) to 8.80 ± 0.61 (after intervention), with p <0.05. The efficiency index of using the inhaler dose of (DC – IT) group was higher than the DC group at 63%. Conclusion: The average of the two groups increased significantly after the intervention. However, the intervention method of DC – IT was more effective than the DC method.
This document summarizes a study examining the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the presence, introduction, and retention of smoke-free policies in homes, worksites, bars, and restaurants. The study used data from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey, which included over 8,000 smokers from Canada, the US, the UK, and Australia at Wave 5 and nearly 6,000 of those respondents at Wave 6. The results showed that smokers with high SES had increased odds of having and introducing a total smoking ban in the home compared to low SES smokers. High SES smokers also had decreased odds of removing a home smoking ban. No consistent association was found between SES and smoke-free policies in works
“Meatheads to Millionaires” was presented by Aaron Steed (Founder and CEO of Meathead Movers) at the 2012 Collegiate Entrepreneurs' Organization's National Conference in Chicago: http://www.meatheadmovers.com/blog/ceo-national-conference-173.aspx
Aaron shares his experiences on nurturing Meathead Movers from nothing to an organization of over 200 people and his business philosophy of perseverance. Despite how daunting the obstacles you’re facing may seem, if you view problems as opportunities you're destined to succeed.
Aaron goes on to provide a laundry list of excellent entrepreneurial start up resources. We hope you enjoy.
To learn more about scheduling Aaron to come speak at your event please email speak@meatheadmovers.com
Also check out:
Facebook: http://GymR.at/Facebook_SLO
Twitter: http://GymR.at/Twitter
Blog: http://GymR.at/Blog
:-)
The document provides an overview of the history and development of boxing from its origins in Greece to modern times. It discusses the golden age of boxing in the mid-20th century and some of the best boxers from that era like Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali. The document also covers boxing techniques, stances, punches, defense, costumes, and includes some sample questions about boxing history.
This document discusses the harms of cigarette smoking and the pharmacist's role in addressing the tobacco epidemic. It notes that smoking has caused over 12 million deaths in the US since 1964 and is a leading cause of heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD and other illnesses. Smoking also increases health risks and mortality for conditions like diabetes. In addition, secondhand smoke exposure harms non-smokers. The document outlines strategies for smoking cessation like nicotine replacement therapy and counseling. It argues pharmacists should educate the public about smoking health risks and promotion by tobacco companies to help reduce smoking prevalence.
Us Smokers' Reactions to a Brief Trial of Oral Nicotine ProductsJulia Purpera
This study examined smokers' interest in using smokeless tobacco or nicotine replacement products as substitutes for cigarettes. 67 adult smokers who were not interested in quitting were given samples of 4 alternative oral nicotine products to try over 3 visits. They preferred nicotine lozenges over smokeless tobacco. When given their preferred product for a week, cigarette smoking declined significantly but alternative product use did not change. Biomarkers showed a reduction in carbon monoxide but not cotinine levels. The findings suggest that smokers may be willing to use alternatives in the short term for partial rather than complete substitution of smoking.
O documento descreve as relações métricas em triângulos retângulos, definindo os elementos do triângulo (hipotenusa, catetos, altura relativa à hipotenusa e projeções dos catetos) e apresentando as principais relações entre esses elementos, como o Teorema de Pitágoras e a igualdade entre o quadrado da altura e o produto das projeções.
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
The document discusses how to write a summary of nonfiction text. It explains that a good summary is a shortened version of the original text that includes the key ideas but leaves out minor details. It provides four rules for writing a strong summary: include important ideas, use your own words, remove trivial details and repetition, and maintain the original structure. The document uses examples to illustrate how to identify important versus minor ideas and how to paraphrase the text in a summary.
This document provides an overview of the Smith System Driver Improvement Institute, which developed a training method in 1948 to educate experienced drivers on collision avoidance. It discusses the five keys taught in Smith System training: 1) Aim High in Steering, 2) Get the Big Picture, 3) Keep Your Eyes Moving, 4) Leave Yourself an Out, and 5) Make Sure They See You. The document then summarizes how to apply each of the five keys when driving, stopping at lights, dealing with aggressive/slow drivers, tailgating, and backing.
The document discusses the various features of nonfiction texts and how they help readers understand the information. It explains that a table of contents lists chapters and pages numbers to help readers find information. Captions, diagrams, photographs and illustrations provide visual elements to help explain concepts. Bolding, italics and underlining draw attention to important words. Features like glossaries and indexes make key terms and topics easier to locate. Together, these nonfiction text features provide organizational support and clarity to assist readers.
Identifying Key Social Media Strategies for FMCG Brands to Influence Consumer...Prachi Salvi
Social media has revolutionized the way people seek information, share their experiences and communicate with each other, in the recent times. It has made a massive impact on the lives of people by keeping them enthralled, engrossed and engaged. For marketers, however it has opened an exceptionally diverse and a
uniquely new channel to promote their brands. Social media, not only presents new prospects for the marketers to engage and influence the consumers but it also
possesses new challenges to effectively utilize this medium.
The objective of this research study was to specifically look at how FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) brand marketers, can make use of social media to
influence consumers. A qualitative research methodology was adopted which consisted of six semi-structured interviews with social media professionals.
The topics covered in the interview ranged from knowing how different the social media channel is from other marketing mediums, understanding the utilization of
different tools within social media, challenges faced by FMCG brands in particular,
how best to utilize the medium for influencing consumers The theoretical framework for the research study included review of literature on consumer behaviour and word of mouth.Drawing upon the findings from the interviews, this
research study presents ten key strategies that can help FMCG brand marketers to effectively use social media platform, to influence consumers:
1. Humanize your brand
2. Message is the key
3. Listen and monitor
4. Know the social media tools
5. Interact and engage
6. Connect to consumer emotionally
7. Identify and utilize influencers
8. Build consumer response platform
9. Plan for long term
10. Adapt and Experiment
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES1The Effe.docxkendalfarrier
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in New York
Pulla Rao Uppatala
MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School
KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis
Dr. Aditi Puri
14 Nov 2022
New Research Article 1
Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation interventions was performed by Villanti et al.
Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between 50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung cancer screening programs.
When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking.
Where: The researchers used data from National Health Interview Survey on cigarette smoking conditions for individuals between 45 and 64 years who were making 30% of active smokers across the United States at the time. The cancer treatment costs were acquired from New York's taxpayer database, which provided information including physician, hospital, drug and ancillary costs eligible for insurer reimbursement.
How: The authors used qualitative research methods to build up on the prior simulation model to determine the utility cost of yearly, recurring LDCT screenings for the last 15 years within an assumed high-risk population of 18 million adults aged between 50 and 64 years. It specifically involved those who have consumed over 30 packs within their smoking history. The authors' findings indicate that the recurring yearly lung cancer screening within the high-risk population has been effective. Providing smoking cessation strategies within the yearly screening program has increased the cost-effectiveness of the disorder by between 40 and 45%.
New Research Article 2
Who: The study on Using a smoking cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening was performed by Sharma et al.
Why: The goal of their study was to compare two alternatives to dispense information concerning lung cancer screening. This included a quitline, a mailed brochure pinned with in-depth messaging facilitated by a quitline coach. Therefore, the authors focused on assessing the strategy that will be effective and have a significant impact on the participants searching for information about lung cancer screening. The authors thus hypothesized that the individuals who received the brochure would repo.
This document discusses research on unassisted smoking cessation. It notes that the majority of ex-smokers quit unassisted, yet most smoking cessation research and programs focus on professionally or pharmacologically assisted methods. The document summarizes several studies conducted by the author and colleagues on unassisted cessation. It argues that unassisted cessation should be presented as a viable first-line option to smokers, rather than an afterthought, since it is how most smokers successfully quit. The document also questions the effectiveness and population-level impact of smoking cessation aids based on limitations of clinical trials and real-world use.
Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention on smoking secessionpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist-led smoking cessation intervention program. The study analyzed baseline characteristics of 80 smokers divided into a test and control group. It found that over half of participants in both groups were over 65 years old, all were male, and most worked in business or farming. The pharmacist program helped over half of participants quit smoking at 1 and 3 months, with higher attendance rates linked to higher quit rates. However, steps could be taken to maximize the pharmacist's time while still achieving good patient outcomes. The most common reasons for quitting were health concerns.
1) Tobacco smoking remains the leading preventable cause of disease and death worldwide. While smoking rates have decreased in developed countries, certain high risk groups have greater difficulty quitting.
2) Brief advice from doctors and other healthcare professionals on smoking cessation can more than double quit rates compared to no advice. Comprehensive treatment involving both behavioral support and pharmacotherapy is most effective for treating nicotine dependence.
3) Effective cessation medications include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, and others depending on location. Behavioral support through counseling, telephone quitlines, internet programs, and motivational interviewing can also significantly increase success rates.
Factors associated with intentions to quit itc chinaAlexander Li
This document summarizes a study that examined factors associated with intentions to quit smoking among adult smokers in six Chinese cities. The study found that past quit attempts, duration of past attempts, level of nicotine dependence, beliefs about the outcomes of quitting, worry about future health effects, and overall opinion of smoking were independently associated with intentions to quit. Demographic characteristics were not associated with quit intentions. The determinants of quit intentions among Chinese smokers are similar to those found in Western countries, despite lower interest in quitting smoking among Chinese smokers overall.
1.
For this assignment,
I want you to create a single, APA 7-compliant, Word document. To earn full credit, you must do the following:
·
Page 1 = 20 pts: Proper APA 7 Title Page (watch the video and see p. 31 in the
Foundations text to help you create a perfect title page)
·
Page 2 = 60 pts (breakdown below): Simply answer the following questions
·
(1) What is your
approved research question from the Brainstorming Research Question HW assignment?
(5 pts)
·
(2) What is the title of the
research article you found?
(5 pts)
·
(3) Does the article contain the methodology the researchers used to conduct the study/research? To get full credit, you must
(a) name the methodology,
(b) cut and paste the paragraph from the article that details the methodology, AND
(c) highlight indicator words
.
(30 pts)
·
(4) Does the article contain findings or results of the research? To get full credit, you must
(a) cut and paste excerpts from the article that detail the findings (go to Discussion section or at times Conclusion), AND
(b) highlight specific words that detail the findings
.
(20 pts)
·
Page 3 = 20 pts: Create a proper APA 7 References Page with your ONE research article (refer to the video and see pp. 33-34 for the FORMAT you must use to create your reference and p. 32 for a perfect sample of what a References Page looks like.)
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in New York
Pulla Rao Uppatala
MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School
KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis
Dr. Aditi Puri
14 Nov 2022
New Research Article 1
Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation interventions was performed by Villanti et al.
Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between 50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung cancer screening programs.
When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking.
Where: The researchers used dat.
The document discusses a study on smoking patterns in tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh, finding that 61% were smokers before their TB diagnosis, with 50.8% continuing to smoke after diagnosis despite treatment. Younger age groups between 21-50 were most likely to smoke, with over 68% smoking less than 10 cigarettes per day, and the most common reason for continuing smoking was to reduce stress. The study recommends that evaluating smoking status in TB patients and encouraging smoking cessation could help improve treatment outcomes.
Effects of smoking in the public places: a proposal for safe smoking placespaperpublications3
Abstract: This is basically exploratory study and was conducted at Nilkhet, Dhaka city, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of two months started from October, 2010 to November, 2010. The main objective of this study is to know the effects of smoking in the public places and propose safe place for smoking. Total 30 respondents were selected based on age class (10 respondents below 30 years, 10 respondents between 30 to 40 years and rest 10 respondents were over 40 years of age). All respondents were interviewed with semi structure questionnaire. Smoking in the public places caused serious problems for second hand smokers including lung cancer, respiratory disorders, coronary heart diseases, bronchitis pneumonia. Lots of effects were mentioned by the respondents. Even it is not well accepted to smoke in the public places. 100% respondents were mentioned that Lung cancer and bronchitis may occur for the second hand smokers due to smoke in the public places. The ultimate results of smoking in the public places for second hand smokers may be Esophagus, coronary heart diseases, oral cavity, larynx and infertility. We may minimize the negative impacts of smoking in the public places or elsewhere but do nothing else. In our survey, 100% respondents were mentioned to make provision of separate room in the hospitals for safe smoking, while 93.33% respondents were mentioned to keep booth on the roadside. 90% respondents were agreed for separate room in the market for safe smoking. Corresponding figure, 83.33% respondents were agreed for separate room in the house and restaurants for safe smoking places instead of open public places.We need to undertake motivational program (using booklets, billboard, seminar/workshop, rally and class room lectures on effects of smoking in the public places) to stop smoking in the public places. There is an urgent need to construct and develop designated places( separate room at restaurants, universities, hospitals, home, cinema halls and special booth in the roadside and parks) the for safer smoking rather than smoking in the public places.
Keywords: Chain smoker; public places; second hand smoker; smoking.
The txt2stop trial assessed the effectiveness of an automated smoking cessation program delivered via mobile phone text messaging. Over 5,800 smokers were randomly assigned to either receive the text messaging intervention providing motivational messages and support or control messages unrelated to quitting. The primary outcome of biochemically verified continuous abstinence at 6 months was significantly higher in the intervention group at 10.7% compared to 4.9% in the control group. The text messaging program significantly improved smoking cessation rates at 6 months and should be considered for inclusion in smoking cessation services.
This document summarizes a study examining how socioeconomic status influences the price minimizing behaviors of smokers. The study analyzed data from over 7,000 smokers across 4 countries (Canada, US, UK, Australia) who participated in the International Tobacco Control survey between 2006-2007. The study found that relatively common price avoidance strategies included purchasing discount brands (36%), roll-your-own tobacco (13.5%), cartons of cigarettes (29%), or obtaining cigarettes from low/untaxed sources (8%). Lower socioeconomic smokers were more likely to use discount brands but less likely to purchase from low-tax sources or in cartons. Overall, lower socioeconomic smokers engaged in at least one price avoidance behavior more than higher socioeconomic smokers
This document summarizes a study that examined how socioeconomic status influences the behaviors smokers use to minimize the costs of tobacco products when prices increase. The study analyzed data from over 8,000 smokers across 4 countries. It found that while many smokers engage in cost-cutting behaviors like buying discount brands, in bulk, or from untaxed sources, the specific strategies differed by socioeconomic status. Lower-SES smokers were more likely to use discount brands, while higher-SES smokers were more likely to purchase from low-tax locations or in bulk. Overall, lower-SES smokers were slightly more likely to engage in at least one cost-minimizing behavior. The strategies used by lower-SES smokers, like discount brands, could be more
The australian quit coach published versionAlexander Li
The document compares users of the QuitCoach, an online smoking cessation program, to smokers in general and users of telephone quitlines. It finds that QuitCoach users are more likely to be female, younger, and have higher daily cigarette consumption than average smokers. QuitCoach users are also younger than quitline users, though less likely to be under 20. Half of QuitCoach users access it after setting a quit date. Usage increases during periods of anti-smoking advertising campaigns. The study concludes the QuitCoach successfully targets moderately addicted smokers but more promotion is needed to increase awareness and usage.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.8
ABSTRACT- In India most of the peoples have the bad habit of smoking & it’s harmful effects on the body, it is the
major cause of the cancer of mouth, lungs, esophagus & stomach, pancreas and bladder. The smoking can also affect the
health to the next person who comes in a contact with the smoker that is also called as a passive smoking (second hand
smoke). Most of the Indian peoples have low knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking. The present investigation
study that the effects of smoking scores to 43.33%, 23.33%, 6.67% and 26.67% in Nashik District. The socio
demographic variables Age, Sex, Religion, Educational status, Occupation found to be significantly influencing
knowledge of the peoples. The finding of the study showed that majority of the adults were between 18-23 yrs = 43.33%,
an educational status pre university course and lived in joint families. Key-words- Smoking, Cancer, Effects of smoking, Street play
Society for research on nicotine and tobacco conference abstracts srnt 2014Georgi Daskalov
This document summarizes six research studies presented at the 2014 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco conference. Three key findings are:
1) A study found that cytisine, a plant-derived alkaloid, was as effective as nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation and had fewer side effects.
2) A randomized controlled trial found that sending smokers placebo nicotine patches by mail, which induced more quit attempts, led to higher long-term smoking abstinence rates than asking smokers to obtain active patches themselves.
3) Qualitative research identified factors that prevented youth and young adult smokers and non-smokers from initiating e-cigarettes, such as health concerns, cost, and social dis
The document discusses harm reduction as an effective approach for preventing HIV among people who inject drugs. It provides evidence from multiple studies that needle and syringe programs, opioid substitution therapy, and increased access to HIV treatment and prevention services can significantly reduce HIV transmission when coverage of target populations is high. However, implementation of harm reduction programs is often inadequate due to lack of political will, legal restrictions, prejudice against people who use drugs, and over-reliance on law enforcement approaches rather than public health strategies. The document also argues that harm reduction is consistent with Islamic principles when understood as a pragmatic, evidence-based public health approach aimed at preventing greater harms.
EFFECTS OF SMOKING IN THE PUBLIC PLACES: A PROPOSAL FOR SAFE SMOKING PLACESpaperpublications3
Abstract: This is basically exploratory study and was conducted at Nilkhet, Dhaka city, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of two months started from October, 2010 to November, 2010. The main objective of this study is to know the effects of smoking in the public places and propose safe place for smoking. Total 30 respondents were selected based on age class (10 respondents below 30 years, 10 respondents between 30 to 40 years and rest 10 respondents were over 40 years of age). All respondents were interviewed with semi structure questionnaire. Smoking in the public places caused serious problems for second hand smokers including lung cancer, respiratory disorders, coronary heart diseases, bronchitis pneumonia. Lots of effects were mentioned by the respondents. Even it is not well accepted to smoke in the public places. 100% respondents were mentioned that Lung cancer and bronchitis may occur for the second hand smokers due to smoke in the public places. The ultimate results of smoking in the public places for second hand smokers may be Esophagus, coronary heart diseases, oral cavity, larynx and infertility. We may minimize the negative impacts of smoking in the public places or elsewhere but do nothing else. In our survey, 100% respondents were mentioned to make provision of separate room in the hospitals for safe smoking, while 93.33% respondents were mentioned to keep booth on the roadside. 90% respondents were agreed for separate room in the market for safe smoking. Corresponding figure, 83.33% respondents were agreed for separate room in the house and restaurants for safe smoking places instead of open public places.We need to undertake motivational program (using booklets, billboard, seminar/workshop, rally and class room lectures on effects of smoking in the public places) to stop smoking in the public places. There is an urgent need to construct and develop designated places( separate room at restaurants, universities, hospitals, home, cinema halls and special booth in the roadside and parks) the for safer smoking rather than smoking in the public places.
Review Paper - Addiction of Cigarette Smoking.pdfRAlphabet18
This review paper investigates cigarette smoking addiction, covering its physical and mental mechanisms, societal influences on smoking habits, health risks, quitting difficulties, and cessation interventions.
Health-care interventions to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review o...Georgi Daskalov
This document reviews the efficacy, effectiveness, and affordability of healthcare interventions for tobacco cessation. It finds that brief advice from healthcare workers can promote smoking cessation and is affordable globally. Telephone and text support programs and printed materials can assist with quit attempts and are globally affordable. Face-to-face behavioral support increases quit rates for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco and is affordable in middle- and high-income countries. Several medications can aid quitting when combined with behavioral support, with cytisine and nortriptyline being globally affordable. Brief advice, telephone/text support, self-help materials, cytisine, and nortriptyline are identified as globally affordable tobacco cessation interventions.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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at least 6 months) had quit for more than two years [8]. gender and smoking status for all adults living in these
A more recent national study conducted in 2003 300 households is collected. The enumerated 300 house-
reported that the “quit rate”, defined as smokers who holds were then randomly ordered, adult smokers were
had quit for more than two years among those who had then approached following the randomized order until
smoked over 100 cigarettes, was 2.5% [9]. Several local 40 adult smokers were surveyed. Wave 1(April to
studies report higher quit rates -9% in Shanghai [10], 6% August, 2006) of the ITC China survey was conducted
in Chengdu [11] and 11% in Jiangsu province [12] – in 4,732, and Wave 2(November 2007 to January 2008)
however, these numbers are consistently lower than was conducted in 4,566. [24]. A total of 3,868 smokers
rates in Western countries. from Wave 1 were successful re-contacted in Wave 2
Research in Western countries has found that smokers (83% retention), among which 3,651 were smokers and
who receive formal cessation assistance are more likely to 217 were abstinent at follow up. Due to missing data, a
be successful in quitting [13]. Nicotine Replacement Ther- total 3,824 respondents were included in the analysis, of
apy (NRT), such as nicotine gum, the patch and the nico- which 3,616 were smokers and 208 were quitters who
tine lozenge, increases the odds of quitting compared with reported abstinent at Wave 2.
placebo between 1.5 to 2 fold in clinical trials [14] and in The ITC China Survey was conducted through face-
over-the-counter (OTC) NRT use [15]. Self-help materials, to-face interviews. All interviewers followed a standard
telephone quitlines, and brief advice from health profes- protocol in their interview session with each respondent.
sional, and more intensive behavioural counselling have Up to four visits to a household were made in order to
also been shown to increase odds of quitting [13]. interview the target person(s) within that household.
In China, the types and effectiveness of smoking ces- The enumerators and survey interviewers were trained
sation assistance used by smokers remain largely unex- by the China CDC staff in each city, with support and
plored. Several clinical studies in China have shown that supervision from the ITC China team.
both NRT and professional counselling are effective All training materials and forms for the enumeration
among adult smokers [16-18], elder smokers who were process and the survey interviewing were developed
over 60 years old [19], and young smokers who were together. Several quality control procedures were put in
under 24 years old [20]. However, the use of cessation place, including MP3 audio recording smokers’ survey
assistance in China appears to be low [21]. A recent by interviewers and checking by quality controller in
local study conducted in Huangshi, Hubei province indi- each city.
cated that 98% of smokers who had attempted to quit All materials and procedures used in the ITC China
did so on their own, without formal assistance [22]. Survey were reviewed and cleared for ethics by the
Overall, there is little population-based data on stop Research Ethics Board at the University of Waterloo and
smoking medication use among Chinese smokers. by the Institutional Review Boards at the China National
The purpose of the current study is to explore health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
advice from doctors/health professionals, the use of stop
smoking methods and smoking abstinence among a Measures
population-based sample of Chinese smokers. Demographics
Age was categorized as “18-24; 25-39; 40-54; 55+”. Edu-
Methods cation level was categorized into “low” (no education &
Sample elementary school); “middle” (Junior high school & high
The International Tobacco Control (ITC) China project school); and “high” levels (college and higher)”. House-
is a prospective cohort survey designed to evaluate hold monthly income was classified as “low” (3000 yuan
national level tobacco control policies [23]. The ITC and under), “middle” (3001-5000 yuan), and “high”
China cohort was recruited using a multistage cluster (5001 and above).
sampling method to obtain a representative sample of Smoking status and quitting behaviour
adult smokers who were registered residents in the six All respondents were smokers (100 cigarettes in lifetime
cities. In each of the six cities, 10 Jie Dao or Street Dis- and were smoking at time of Wave 1 survey). Smoking
tricts were selected with probability of selection propor- status at Wave 2 was measured by asking “Do you cur-
tional to population size of the Jie Dao. Within each of rently smoke or have you quit?” The respondents who
these Jie Dao, two Ju Wei Hui or residential blocks were self-reported that they had quit were categorized as
selected, again with probability of selection proportional quitters. Length of smoking abstinence among quitters
to size. Within each Ju Wei Hui, the addresses of the was measured. Quit attempt was measured by the ques-
dwelling units (households) were listed first, and then a tion of “Since we last talked to you in 2006, how many
sample of 300 addresses were drawn by simple random times have you tried to quit smoking?” Among smokers,
sampling without replacement. Information on age, the number of quit attempts, date of last quit attempt,
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and length of abstinence of last quit attempt since the Table 1 Sample characteristics at Wave 2 of the ITC
Wave 1 survey were assessed. China Survey (N = 3,824)
Smoking cessation assistance Smokers “Quitters” Total
All respondents were asked if they had used stop smok- % n % n % n
ing medications, such as nicotine patch, nicotine gum, Sex
Zyban, traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture Male 95.2 3442 92.8 193 95.1 3635
since the last survey date. Female 4.8 174 7.2 15 4.9 189
Quit advice from doctors/health professionals
All respondents were asked if they visited a doctor/ Age
health professional since the last survey. Respondents 18-39 16.8 607 10.1 21 16.4 628
who reported visiting a doctor/health professional were 40-54 49.8 1801 37.5 78 49.1 1879
asked if they received any advice during their visit. 55+ 33.4 1208 52.4 109 34.4 1317
Respondents were categorized into three groups: (1) no
visit to doctor/health professional since last survey, Income
(2) visited doctor/health professional but did not receive Low 15.6 564 14.9 31 15.6 595
advice to quit smoking, and (3) visited doctor/health Middle 46.5 1681 48.1 100 46.6 1781
professional and received advice to quit smoking. High 31.9 1154 32.7 68 32.0 1222
No answer 6.0 217 4.3 9 5.9 226
Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version Education
9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Analyses were weighted Low 11.5 416 22.1 46 12.1 462
to ensure results were representative of smokers in the six Middle 67.6 2446 59.1 123 67.2 2569
cities included in the ITC China project [23]. Analyses High 20.9 754 18.8 39 20.7 793
also accounted for the multi-stage sampling design. Unless
otherwise noted, all estimates, including percentages, odds Cigarettes smoked/day
ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), are 0-10 33.2 1200 51.0 106 34.2 1306
weighted estimates while samples sizes are unweighted. 11-20 49.9 1804 38.0 79 49.2 1883
Logistic regression was used to test differences in quitting 21-30 9.2 331 5.3 11 8.9 342
behaviour, use of cessation methods, and visiting a doctor/ 31+ 7.7 281 5.8 12 7.7 293
health professionals and receiving advice to quit during
those visits. All odds ratios presented controlled for Wave
1 measures of gender, age, income, education, and daily smokers (OR = 0.72 and 0.66, respectively). Compared
cigarette consumption. with smokers who consumed less than 10 cigarettes per
day, smokers who had 11-20 cigarette, 21-30 cigarette or
Results more than 31 cigarettes per day had significantly lower
Sample characteristics odds of making a quit attempt (OR = 0.71, 0.54 and 0.58,
As shown in Table 1, more than 95% of respondents respectively).
were male, consistent with prevalence rates in China. Smoking abstinence
The majority of respondents (83.1%) smoked less Table 2 also shows the results of a logistic regression
20 cigarettes per day. predicting abstinence at Wave 2. Smokers who were 55
or older had greater odds of being abstinent at Wave 2
Quitting behaviour (OR = 3.16) relative to 18-39 year olds. High income
Figure 1 shows patterns of cessation behaviour between smokers had 2.11 times greater odds of being abstinent
Waves 1 and 2. Among the respondents who self-reported than low income smokers. Smokers in high education
abstinence at Wave 2, less than half of them reported group were less likely to be smoking abstinent compared
being abstinent for less than 6 months (Figure 1). with low education group (OR = 0.45). Compared with
Quit Attempts smokers who consumed less than 10 cigarettes per day,
A logistic regression was conducted to examine socio- those smokers who had 11-20 cigarette; 21-30 cigarette;
demographic predictors of quit attempts made between over 31 cigarette per day had significant lower odds of
Wave 1 and Wave 2 (Table 2). Smokers age 55 and older being abstinent (OR = 0.53, 0.37, 0.39, respectively).
had slightly greater odds of making a quit attempt com-
pared to 18-39 year olds (OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.95-1.66). Visiting doctors/health professionals and quitting advice
High and middle income smokers had significantly lower A total of 33.6% (n = 1,269) of smokers visited doctors/
odds of making quit attempts relative to low income health professionals in the 18 months since Wave 1.
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All respondents
100% (N=3824)
No Attempts to At least one quit
Quit attempt
Abstinent < 1m
74.1% (n=2857) 25.9% (n=967)
4.2% (n=8)
Abstinent 1-6 m
45.1% (n=88)
Relapse Abstinent at
76.4% (n=759) Wave2 23.6%
(n=208) Abstinent 7-12m
44.7% (n=96)
Abstinent < 1m Abstinent 1-6m Abstinent 7-12 m Abstinent > 12 m
61.3% (n=457) 35.0% (n=263) 3.6% (n=29) 6.0% (n=16)
Figure 1 Quitting behaviour between Wave 1 and 2 (N = 3,824). *All estimates presented in Figure 1 are weighted results accounting for
multi-stage sampling design.
Among those who visited doctors/health professionals, those who had received quitting advice during the visit
17.4% of total sample (n = 663) received quitting advice were significantly more likely to have made a quitting
during their visit and 10.9% (n = 418) of those who attempt (OR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.31-2.30), but not signifi-
received advice reported that the advice was helpful. cantly more likely to be abstinent at follow-up (OR =
Logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of 1.04, 95%CI = 0.59-1.86; data not shown in table).
visiting a doctor/health professional and receiving advice,
attempting to quit, and being abstinent, adjusting for age, Use of stop smoking medications
gender, income, education and cigarette consumption Of the smokers who attempted to quit between Waves 1
per day. As Table 3 shows, the odds of visiting a doctor and 2 (n = 967), 5.8% (n = 62) reported using NRT and/or
(OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.06 - 2.29) and visiting a doctor Zyban. A total of 2.1% (n = 25) reported using “traditional
and receiving advice was greater among smokers aged 55 Chinese medicine” and less than one percent (n = 10)
and older (OR = 2.58, 95%CI = 1.49 - 4.47). High and reported using acupuncture as a smoking cessation aid.
middle income smokers were also more likely to have vis- Among all the smokers who attempted to quit between
ited a doctor (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.05 - 1.97; OR = 1.84, two waves, approximately 1.4% (n = 17) reported using
95%CI = 1.21 - 2.81, respectively), while high income more than one stop smoking medications.
smokers had greater odds than low income smokers of Predictors of stop-smoking medication use
receiving quit advice during a doctor/health professional Logistic regression models were conducted to examine
visit (OR = 1.60; 95%CI = 1.06-2.41). demographic predictors of NRT and/or Zyban use, and
Smokers who had visited a doctor/health professional “traditional Chinese medicine” and/or acupuncture use.
and received advice since baseline had significant greater No significant association was observed for NRT/Zyban
odds of making a quit attempt (OR = 2.78; 95%CI = 2.21- use across age, gender, income, education, and cigarettes
3.49) and being abstinent (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.13-3.04) per day, and the number of prior quit attempts. How-
at Wave 2, compared to smokers who did not visit a doc- ever, smokers with higher education were 4.28 times
tors/health professional since Wave 1. Even smokers who more likely to use traditional Chinese medicine/acu-
visited a doctor/health professional but did not receive puncture (95%CI = 1.41-12.97) than smokers in middle
advice, had significantly greater odds of making a quit education level.
attempt (OR = 1.60; 95%CI = 1.22-2.10) and being absti- Stop-smoking medications and abstinence
nence (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.18-2.66), relative to the Among those who attempted to quit and exclusively
smokers who did not visit a doctor/health professional. used NRT and/or Zyban as stop smoking assistance
Among smokers who visited a doctor/health professional, (n = 50), only 3.3% (n = 2) reported being abstinent at
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Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios of demographic predictors Approximately one quarter of Chinese smokers reported
of quit attempts and abstinence at 18-month follow up trying to quit in the last 18 months compared to almost
Covariate Quit attempts Abstinence at Wave 2 half of smokers in the US and Canada [13,25]. These
(N = 3,824) (N = 3,824) findings are consistent with reports of lower motivation
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI to quit among Chinese smokers [26], which may reflect
Sex lower levels of health knowledge or more supportive
Male 1.00 1.00 social norms towards smoking in China [27].
Female 0.96 0.66 - 1.41 1.01 0.49 - 2.08 According to available research, about half of quitters
who are abstinent for less than 6 month will subse-
Age quently relapse, and one-fifth of those abstinent for six
18-39 1.00 1.00 to twelve month will relapse [28], Therefore, the propor-
40-54 0.92 0.72 - 1.17 1.75 0.92 - 3.33 tion of smokers in the current study who will achieve
55+ 1.25 0.95 - 1.66 3.16 1.76 - 5.68 long term abstinence is likely to be well below the 6% of
smokers who reported abstinence at follow-up. Current
Income estimates indicate that annual quit rate in low and mid-
Low 1.00 1.00 dle income countries is typically 4% to 7% [13,15].
Middle 0.66 0.51 - 0.86 1.27 0.69 - 2.34 Therefore, the actual quit rate in China is likely lower
High 0.72 0.52 - 1.00 2.11 1.01 - 4.38 than that in high income countries.
No answer 0.44 0.24 - 0.81 0.70 0.31 - 1.60 Low income smokers in the current study were more
likely to make quit attempts than smokers with higher
Education income; however, lower income smokers were less likely
Low 1.00 1.00 to report smoking abstinence. In other words, lower
Middle 1.12 0.84 - 1.49 0.63 0.36 - 1.12 income smokers may be have greater interest in quitting
High 1.10 0.77 - 1.56 0.45 0.25 - 0.83 but have lower capacity to maintain abstinence. This
finding suggests that there is a need in China for popu-
Cigarettes smoked/day lation-based smoking cessation interventions to ensure
0-10 1.00 1.00 that smokers from low socioeconomic groups have
11-20 0.71 0.60 - 0.84 0.53 0.37 - 0.77 greater access to effective forms of cessation assistance.
21-30 0.54 0.40 - 0.72 0.37 0.17 - 0.81 Visiting doctors/health professionals was associated
31+ 0.58 0.40 - 0.83 0.39 0.17 - 0.89 with greater attempts to quit smoking and abstinence.
However, receiving advice on quitting during the doc-
tor/health professional visit was not associated with
Wave 2. In contrast, among smokers who tried to quit higher levels of abstinence among those attempting to
smoking on their own (n = 885), 24.8% (n = 200) were quit. Several factors may account for this finding. First,
smoking abstinent at Wave 2. As Table 4 shows, smo- research suggests that smoking prevalence is as high as
kers who used NRT were significantly less likely to be 23% among Chinese physicians and 41% among male
abstinent at Wave 2 compared with those attempting to physicians. Knowledge of the health effects of smoking
quit without assistance after adjusting for age, gender, also appears to be low among physicians: in 2007, only
education, income, and cigarette consumption per day two thirds of Chinese physicians reported that smoking
and prior quit attempts (OR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.03-0.46). causes heart disease [29]. This lack of knowledge may
Among those who quit using traditional Chinese medi- limit the capacity of health professionals to effectively
cine (n = 13) exclusively, 16.4% (n = 2) reported absti- advise smokers. Second, approximately two thirds of
nence at follow-up. There was no significant difference Chinese physicians do not believe that smokers would
in abstinence between quitters who reported using tradi- follow their cessation advice [29]. Despite this, a major-
tional Chinese medicine and acupuncture, and those ity of smokers who visited a doctor/health professional
who reported no cessation assistance (see Table 4). in the current study received cessation advice. This find-
ing highlights the need to examine the content of health
Discussion professionals’ advice to a greater extent.
Given the looming health burden from 350 million Use of stop smoking medications among Chinese
tobacco users in China, efforts to increase smoking ces- smokers was extremely low–less than 6% for NRT and
sation rates are among the most important public health Zyban combined. Given that the current sample is
measures in China. The current study indicates that the drawn from large urban centers in China, NRT use is
prevalence of smokers actively trying to quit smoking in likely to be even lower among smokers in rural areas
China is significantly lower than in Western countries. and entire population in China. The current findings are
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Table 3 Association of visiting the doctors/health professionals and receiving advice to quit smoking, quit attempts,
and abstinence among all smokers (n = 3,810)
Doctor’s Visit & Advice to Quit* Quit attempts Abstinence at Wave 2
Visited doctor, no advice Visited & advised to quit
Covariate OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P
Sex
Male 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Female 1.29 0.81 - 2.06 0.28 0.96 0.64-1.46 0.87 0.97 0.67 - 1.42 0.89 0.99 0.48 - 2.05 0.99
Age
18-39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
40-54 1.02 0.75 - 1.37 0.91 1.31 0.81 - 2.14 0.28 0.91 0.71 - 1.17 0.47 1.71 0.90 - 3.26 0.10
55+ 1.56 1.06 - 2.29 0.02 2.58 1.49 - 4.47 <0.001 1.11 0.85 - 1.46 0.446 2.86 1.58 - 5.17 <0.001
Income
Low 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Middle 1.44 1.05 - 1.97 0.03 1.20 0.83 - 1.74 0.33 0.62 0.48 - 0.80 <0.001 1.23 0.67 - 2.27 0.51
High 1.84 1.21 - 2.81 0.01 1.60 1.06 - 2.41 0.03 0.65 0.47 - 0.91 0.01 1.98 0.95 - 4.12 0.07
No answer 2.20 1.29 - 3.74 0.004 1.59 0.81 - 3.12 0.18 0.38 0.21 - 0.69 0.001 0.65 0.28 - 1.49 0.31
Education
Low 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Middle 0.69 0.46 - 1.04 0.07 0.87 0.63 - 1.20 0.40 1.20 0.89 - 1.64 0.23 0.66 0.37 - 1.16 0.15
High 0.91 0.61 - 1.36 0.64 0.82 0.54 - 1.23 0.34 1.17 0.79 - 1.72 0.44 0.45 0.24 - 0.85 0.01
Cigarettes smoked/day
0 - 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
11 - 20 0.68 0.52 - 0.89 0.01 0.74 0.55 - 0.99 0.04 0.74 0.62 - 0.89 0.001 0.56 0.38 - 0.81 0.002
21 - 30 0.66 0.43 - 1.01 0.06 0.99 0.68 - 1.46 0.97 0.52 0.39 - 0.70 <0.001 0.37 0.17 - 0.81 0.01
31+ 0.55 0.32 - 0.95 0.03 0.67 0.47 - 0.96 0.03 0.58 0.41 - 0.81 0.001 0.42 0.19 - 0.96 0.04
Doctor’s advice to quit
Did not visit doctor N/A 1.00 1.00
Visited doctor, no advice 1.60 1.22 - 2.10 <0.001 1.77 1.18 - 2.66 0.01
Visited & advised to quit 2.78 2.21 - 3.49 <0.001 1.85 1.13 - 3.04 0.02
*Based on a multinomial logit model using doctor/health professional visit and advice to quit as the outcome variable, where “Did not visit doctors/health
professionals since last survey” was used as the reference category.
consistent with recent evidence indicating that few smo- suggest no positive impact from NRT among Chinese
kers regard NRT as an effective and viable smoking ces- smokers after previous quit attempts were controlled
sation aid given the high price and relatively low levels after adjusting for important factors such as prior quit
of marketing in China [30]. attempts [31]. Nevertheless, the findings highlight the
Evidence from developed countries supports the effec- need for additional population-based study to examine
tiveness of stop-smoking medications such as NRT and the effectiveness of stop-smoking medications outside of
Zyban, which are among the “first-line” treatments for clinical trials in low and middle income countries. Even
smoking cessation in Western countries [13,14]. How- in high income Western countries, some within the
ever, the results from the current study suggest that Chi- tobacco control community have questioned the popula-
nese smokers who quit using NRT were significantly less tion-level benefit of stop-smoking medications [32]. The
likely to be abstinent at follow-up, compared with those question of whether low and middle income countries
who quit without stop-smoking medications. Although such as China should invest heavily in smoking cessation
several clinical trials support the effectiveness of NRT services and aggressively promote greater use of pharma-
among Chinese smokers [16-18], our findings are the cotherapy is also being addressed as part of the World
first “real-world” evaluation of NRT among Chinese smo- Health Organization’s Framework Convention on
kers to our knowledge. These preliminary findings Tobacco Control (FCTC), the world’s first public health
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Table 4 Association between stop-smoking medications and potential sample bias. In particular, abstinence was
and abstinence among respondents that made at least self-reported at follow-up and not biochemically veri-
one quit attempt (n = 955) fied in any way. A measure of continuous abstinence,
Covariates OR 95% CI P level such as sustained 6-month abstinence, would yield
Sex lower estimates of cessation activity. However, the
Male 1.00 - response rates of the ITC China are significantly
Female 1.39 0.54 - 3.56 0.50 higher than those commonly reported in Western
countries and the cohort design of this study is a con-
Age siderable strength.
18-39 1.00 -
40-54 2.06 1.14 - 3.72 0.02 Conclusions
55+ 3.07 1.63 - 5.78 <0.001 Tobacco control activities in China have lagged behind
most Western countries. China has recently taken sev-
Income eral important recent steps, including ratifying the
Low 1.00 - WHO FCTC, implementing smoke-free policies, as well
Middle 1.97 0.95 - 4.11 0.07 as launching several media campaigns. However, the
High 3.62 1.68 - 7.78 0.001 current study indicates that rates of smoking cessation
No answer 1.18 0.40 - 3.49 0.77 in China are considerably lower than in Western coun-
tries. Very few Chinese smokers use formal assistance
Education when trying to quit, including stop-smoking medica-
Low 1.00 - tions. In addition, preliminary findings suggest that smo-
Middle 0.50 0.26 - 0.97 0.04 kers who used NRT or Zyban were less likely to quit
High 0.29 0.14 - 0.62 0.001 than Chinese smokers who reported quitting without
assistance. The findings highlight the urgent need to
Cigarettes smoked/day better understand patterns of quitting and the use of
0-10 1.00 - cessation assistance in China, as well as other low and
11-20 0.64 0.40 - 1.02 0.06 middle income countries which bear the overwhelming
21-30 0.51 0.19 - 1.42 0.20 global burden of disease from tobacco use.
31+ 0.63 0.26 - 1.55 0.32
Acknowledgements
Prior Attempts
The ITC China Project was supported by grants from the US National Cancer
None 1.00 - Institute (R01 CA125116 and the Roswell Park Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use
Once 0.99 0.61 - 1.62 0.98 Research Center (P50 CA111236)), Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(79551), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Ontario
2-5 times 0.87 0.25 - 3.12 0.84
Institute for Cancer Research. Additional support was provided by Propel
6-10 times 1.17 0.42 - 3.23 0.76 Centre for Population Health Impact and a CIHR New Investigator Award
(Hammond). The funding sources had no role in the study design, in
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report,
Cessation assistance
and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
No assistance 1.00 -
NRT or Zyban 0.11 0.03 - 0.46 0.002 Author details
1
Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo,
Used traditional Chinese 0.61 0.15 - 2.43 0.48
Waterloo, Canada. 2Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer
medicine or acupuncture
Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA. 3National Tobacco Control Office, Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. 4The Cancer
Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. 5Department of Psychology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 6Ontario Institute for Cancer Research,
treaty. Article 14 of the FCTC treaty requires countries to Toronto, Canada.
promote the use of smoking cessation services; however,
the extent to which low and middle income countries Authors’ contributions
JLY and DH have made major contributions to research conception and
should following the model of countries such as the Uni- design and were responsible for preparing the manuscript draft. PD
ted Kingdom and South Korea and invest in cessation conducted the statistical analyses and participated in interpreting data
clinics and subsidies for medications is a pressing issue analyses. All authors have read and provided comments during the
manuscript preparation and approved the final manuscript.
for which little evidence exists to guide regulations.
Competing interests
Limitations The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
This study has several limitations common to survey Received: 25 June 2010 Accepted: 2 February 2011
research, including the limitations of self-reported data Published: 2 February 2011
8. Yang et al. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:75 Page 8 of 8
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