A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to...Chuco Diaz
Background Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to...Chuco Diaz
Background Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.
Modeling and Forecasting the COVID-19 Temporal Spread in Greece: An Explorato...Konstantinos Demertzis
Within the complex framework of anti-COVID-19 health management, where the criteria of diagnostic testing, the availability of public-health resources and services, and the applied anti-COVID-19 policies vary between countries, the reliability and accuracy in the modeling of temporal spread can prove to be effective in the worldwide fight against the disease. This paper applies an exploratory time-series analysis to the evolution of the disease in Greece, which currently suggests a success story of COVID-19 management. The proposed method builds on a recent conceptualization of detecting connective communities in a time-series and develops a novel spline regression model where the knot vector is determined by the community detection in the complex network. Overall, the study contributes to the COVID-19 research by proposing a free of disconnected past-data and reliable framework of forecasting, which can facilitate decision-making and management
of the available health resources.
Who are the Smokers and what Factors Influence Smoking among Amassoma Communi...iosrphr_editor
Smoking is prevalent among Nigerians. This study identified the smokers and related factors among Amassoma Community in South-South Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered randomly within the community to 260 consenting respondents; Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Respondents were Males (73.6%), aged 18-45 years (77.5%), single (45.7%), married (37.8%); with secondary/tertiary education (68.1%); Civil Servants (13.4%) ); Students (26%); Drivers (12.2%); Christian (72.4%) and Ijaw tribe (54.7%).64.6%.had ever smoked at prevalent initiation age of 16-25 years (74.5%); current smokers were 86.0%; 97.2% also took alcohol; 43.3% always smoked for relaxation; 48.9% always smoked to have fun with their friends; 58.20% sometimes smoked in order to fit into the social circle; Gender, Age group and Education were associated with past (p<0.05)>0.05) smoking history; marital status and average annual income had no correlation with both past and present history of smoking (p>0.05). Smoking cessation outreaches should target the identified vulnerable groups in order to substantially lower the smoking prevalence in this community.
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and
Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected
subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2016
TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN OPIOID PRESCRIBINGwith Wind
Opioid Prescribing Practices published by JAMA OPEN ACCESS. Objective Journalism. There is an opioid crisis in North America. There is a systemic issue that must be cut off at the head. Healthcare Dissolution is paramount - not just for the millennial and generation Z future leaders - but our childrens's children - and their grandchildren. Stop with the lies and brainwashed propaganda for the love that of all that is true and holy. PLEASE! I BEG OF YOU!
Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) arenowwidely recognized as a threat to global development.The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed thisc observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declarationon the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting,and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have incommon that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.
A National Survey of Marijuana Use Among US Adults With Medical Conditions, 2...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
This survey study using data from 169 036 participants in the 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys found that, compared with adults without medical conditions, adults with medical conditions had a significantly higher prevalence of current and daily marijuana use, were more likely to report using marijuana for medical reasons, and were less likely to report using marijuana for recreational purposes. Among respondents with medical conditions, 11.2% of young adults reported using marijuana on a daily basis, and the prevalence of marijuana use decreased with increasing age.
Epidemiologic Principles and Measures Used to Address the Practi.docxrusselldayna
Epidemiologic Principles and Measures Used to Address the Practice Problem
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death on a global scale and in the United States (U.S.) (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Alwashmi et al., 2020; Bhansali et al., 2020; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019). Between 2016 - 2017, the global prevalence of COPD was approximately 300 million (Ferguson et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 2017). Identified as the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., COPD claims the lives of 150,000 people every year (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019). Additionally, women are now found to be equally or more afflicted than their male counterparts and also make up almost 60% of COPD cases (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018d; World Health Organization, 2017). A significant risk factor often associated with COPD is smoking. Cigarette smoking has been noted as the greatest factor in the development of COPD (Duan et al., 2020). Air pollution has been noted as the second biggest contributor to COPD development (Duan et al., 2020).
Use of Descriptive and/or Analytic Epidemiology to Address the Practice Problem
The research consensus reveals that millions of people suffer from COPD in the U.S. and that number is expected to rise as many more suspected COPD sufferers remain undiagnosed, as well as those with continued exposure to toxins, an aging population, and others with long-term respiratory ailments (Ferguson et al., 2020; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018d; World Health Organization, 2017). Age-adjusted death rates in women living in the U.S. have not changed greatly between 1999 and 2014 and are 35.6/100,000 from 35.3/100,000 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018b). Whereas the age-adjusted death rates in men living in the U.S. have decreased between 1999 and 2014, and are estimated at 44.3/100,000 from 57.0/100,000 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018b).
Florida was ranked 33rd in the nation for the number of deaths caused by COPD in 2017 (National Center for Health Statistics, 2018). Florida Department of Health’s Bureau of Tobacco Free Florida (TFF) program has made considerable improvements in reducing tobacco use rates from 21% in 2006 to 14.8% in 2019 (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). As a result, there have been almost $18 billion saved in health care costs related to smoking during the years 2007 to 2015 (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). It is unfortunate to report that it has been estimated that with the current smoking rate, the children in Florida who are less than 18 years of age will die prematurely due to tobacco use (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). To that end, in children between ages 11 and 17, there has been a reduction in cigarette smoking from 10.6% i.
Dr Yousef Elshrek is One co-authors in this study >>>> Global, regional, and...Univ. of Tripoli
Global, regional, and national age–sex specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators*
Dr. Yousef Elshrek is Coauthors in this study
Modeling and Forecasting the COVID-19 Temporal Spread in Greece: An Explorato...Konstantinos Demertzis
Within the complex framework of anti-COVID-19 health management, where the criteria of diagnostic testing, the availability of public-health resources and services, and the applied anti-COVID-19 policies vary between countries, the reliability and accuracy in the modeling of temporal spread can prove to be effective in the worldwide fight against the disease. This paper applies an exploratory time-series analysis to the evolution of the disease in Greece, which currently suggests a success story of COVID-19 management. The proposed method builds on a recent conceptualization of detecting connective communities in a time-series and develops a novel spline regression model where the knot vector is determined by the community detection in the complex network. Overall, the study contributes to the COVID-19 research by proposing a free of disconnected past-data and reliable framework of forecasting, which can facilitate decision-making and management
of the available health resources.
Who are the Smokers and what Factors Influence Smoking among Amassoma Communi...iosrphr_editor
Smoking is prevalent among Nigerians. This study identified the smokers and related factors among Amassoma Community in South-South Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered randomly within the community to 260 consenting respondents; Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Respondents were Males (73.6%), aged 18-45 years (77.5%), single (45.7%), married (37.8%); with secondary/tertiary education (68.1%); Civil Servants (13.4%) ); Students (26%); Drivers (12.2%); Christian (72.4%) and Ijaw tribe (54.7%).64.6%.had ever smoked at prevalent initiation age of 16-25 years (74.5%); current smokers were 86.0%; 97.2% also took alcohol; 43.3% always smoked for relaxation; 48.9% always smoked to have fun with their friends; 58.20% sometimes smoked in order to fit into the social circle; Gender, Age group and Education were associated with past (p<0.05)>0.05) smoking history; marital status and average annual income had no correlation with both past and present history of smoking (p>0.05). Smoking cessation outreaches should target the identified vulnerable groups in order to substantially lower the smoking prevalence in this community.
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and
Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected
subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2016
TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN OPIOID PRESCRIBINGwith Wind
Opioid Prescribing Practices published by JAMA OPEN ACCESS. Objective Journalism. There is an opioid crisis in North America. There is a systemic issue that must be cut off at the head. Healthcare Dissolution is paramount - not just for the millennial and generation Z future leaders - but our childrens's children - and their grandchildren. Stop with the lies and brainwashed propaganda for the love that of all that is true and holy. PLEASE! I BEG OF YOU!
Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) arenowwidely recognized as a threat to global development.The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed thisc observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declarationon the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting,and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have incommon that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.
A National Survey of Marijuana Use Among US Adults With Medical Conditions, 2...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
This survey study using data from 169 036 participants in the 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys found that, compared with adults without medical conditions, adults with medical conditions had a significantly higher prevalence of current and daily marijuana use, were more likely to report using marijuana for medical reasons, and were less likely to report using marijuana for recreational purposes. Among respondents with medical conditions, 11.2% of young adults reported using marijuana on a daily basis, and the prevalence of marijuana use decreased with increasing age.
Epidemiologic Principles and Measures Used to Address the Practi.docxrusselldayna
Epidemiologic Principles and Measures Used to Address the Practice Problem
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death on a global scale and in the United States (U.S.) (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Alwashmi et al., 2020; Bhansali et al., 2020; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019). Between 2016 - 2017, the global prevalence of COPD was approximately 300 million (Ferguson et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 2017). Identified as the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., COPD claims the lives of 150,000 people every year (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019). Additionally, women are now found to be equally or more afflicted than their male counterparts and also make up almost 60% of COPD cases (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018d; World Health Organization, 2017). A significant risk factor often associated with COPD is smoking. Cigarette smoking has been noted as the greatest factor in the development of COPD (Duan et al., 2020). Air pollution has been noted as the second biggest contributor to COPD development (Duan et al., 2020).
Use of Descriptive and/or Analytic Epidemiology to Address the Practice Problem
The research consensus reveals that millions of people suffer from COPD in the U.S. and that number is expected to rise as many more suspected COPD sufferers remain undiagnosed, as well as those with continued exposure to toxins, an aging population, and others with long-term respiratory ailments (Ferguson et al., 2020; Ammary-Risch et al., 2019; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018d; World Health Organization, 2017). Age-adjusted death rates in women living in the U.S. have not changed greatly between 1999 and 2014 and are 35.6/100,000 from 35.3/100,000 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018b). Whereas the age-adjusted death rates in men living in the U.S. have decreased between 1999 and 2014, and are estimated at 44.3/100,000 from 57.0/100,000 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018b).
Florida was ranked 33rd in the nation for the number of deaths caused by COPD in 2017 (National Center for Health Statistics, 2018). Florida Department of Health’s Bureau of Tobacco Free Florida (TFF) program has made considerable improvements in reducing tobacco use rates from 21% in 2006 to 14.8% in 2019 (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). As a result, there have been almost $18 billion saved in health care costs related to smoking during the years 2007 to 2015 (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). It is unfortunate to report that it has been estimated that with the current smoking rate, the children in Florida who are less than 18 years of age will die prematurely due to tobacco use (About Us | Tobacco Free Florida, 2020). To that end, in children between ages 11 and 17, there has been a reduction in cigarette smoking from 10.6% i.
Dr Yousef Elshrek is One co-authors in this study >>>> Global, regional, and...Univ. of Tripoli
Global, regional, and national age–sex specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators*
Dr. Yousef Elshrek is Coauthors in this study
RESEARCH Open AccessExposures to fine particulate air poll.docxronak56
RESEARCH Open Access
Exposures to fine particulate air pollution and
respiratory outcomes in adults using two national
datasets: a cross-sectional study
Keeve E Nachman1* and Jennifer D Parker2
Abstract
Background: Relationships between chronic exposures to air pollution and respiratory health outcomes have yet
to be clearly articulated for adults. Recent data from nationally representative surveys suggest increasing disparity
by race/ethnicity regarding asthma-related morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the
relationship between annual average ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and respiratory
outcomes for adults using modeled air pollution and health outcome data and to examine PM2.5 sensitivity across
race/ethnicity.
Methods: Respondents from the 2002-2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were linked to annual kriged
PM2.5 data from the USEPA AirData system. Logistic regression was employed to investigate increases in ambient
PM2.5 concentrations and self-reported prevalence of respiratory outcomes including asthma, sinusitis and chronic
bronchitis. Models included health, behavioral, demographic and resource-related covariates. Stratified analyses
were conducted by race/ethnicity.
Results: Of nearly 110,000 adult respondents, approximately 8,000 and 4,000 reported current asthma and recent
attacks, respectively. Overall, odds ratios (OR) for current asthma (0.97 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.87-1.07)) and
recent attacks (0.90 (0.78-1.03)) did not suggest an association with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Stratified analyses
revealed significant associations for non-Hispanic blacks [OR = 1.73 (1.17-2.56) for current asthma and OR = 1.76
(1.07-2.91) for recent attacks] but not for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Significant associations were observed
overall (1.18 (1.08-1.30)) and in non-Hispanic whites (1.31 (1.18-1.46)) for sinusitis, but not for chronic bronchitis.
Conclusions: Non-Hispanic blacks may be at increased sensitivity of asthma outcomes from PM2.5 exposure.
Increased chronic PM2.5 exposures in adults may contribute to population sinusitis burdens.
Keywords: Particulate matter, Asthma, Sinusitis, Air pollution, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
Background
Relationships between exposure to particulate air pollu-
tion and a variety of adverse effects, including cardiovas-
cular and respiratory diseases, birth outcomes, genetic
polymorphisms, as well as mortality and life expectancy
have been studied [1-8]. A number of studies have
investigated the influence of exposure to particulate
matter on development of respiratory outcomes, though
the majority focus on children [9-13]; a limited number
of published reports exist documenting of the effects of
chronic exposures on non-cancer respiratory outcomes
in adults [14-17].
National prevalence data for several respiratory condi-
tions are available from the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) of the Ce ...
Δείκτης Ποιότητας και Διαθεσιμότητας της Ιατροφαρμακευτικής Περίθαλψης (Healt...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Η ποιότητα και διαθεσιμότητα της ιατροφαρμακευτικής περίθαλψης έχει βελτιωθεί στις περισσότερες χώρες του κόσμου μετά το 1990. Όμως, από την άλλη, έχουν αυξηθεί οι ανισότητες τόσο μεταξύ των χωρών, όσο και στο εσωτερικό τους. Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στην 20ή θέση της παγκόσμιας κατάταξης, ακριβώς πάνω από τη Γερμανία, σύμφωνα με διεθνή μελέτη που δημοσιεύθηκε στο επιστημονικό έντυπο The Lancet.
Ερευνητές, με επικεφαλής τον καθηγητή Κρίστοφερ Μάρεϊ του Ινστιτούτου Μετρήσεων και Αξιολόγησης της Υγείας του Πανεπιστημίου της Ουάσιγκτον στο Σιάτλ, δημιούργησαν ένα νέο παγκόσμιο δείκτη (Healthcare Access and Quality Index), και βαθμολόγησαν από το 0 έως το 100, 195 χώρες ανάλογα με την ποιότητα της ιατροφαρμακευτικής περίθαλψής τους και του βαθμού στον οποίο έχει ο πληθυσμός έχει πρόσβαση σε αυτήν.
Ο δείκτης έλαβε υπόψη στοιχεία της περιόδου 1990-2015 και βασίστηκε στη θνησιμότητα που υπάρχει σε κάθε χώρα για 32 παθήσεις, η οποία θα μπορούσε να είχε αποφευχθεί με την κατάλληλη ιατρική φροντίδα.
Ουσιαστικά, ο δείκτης αξιολογεί το σύστημα υγείας κάθε χώρας ανάλογα με το βαθμό που οι κάτοικοί της πεθαίνουν με ρυθμό ταχύτερο του αναμενομένου από αιτίες που θα μπορούσαν να είχαν αποφευχθεί με την κατάλληλη ιατροφαρμακευτική παρέμβαση.
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES1The Effe.docxkendalfarrier
NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in New York
Pulla Rao Uppatala
MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School
KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis
Dr. Aditi Puri
14 Nov 2022
New Research Article 1
Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation interventions was performed by Villanti et al.
Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between 50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung cancer screening programs.
When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking.
Where: The researchers used data from National Health Interview Survey on cigarette smoking conditions for individuals between 45 and 64 years who were making 30% of active smokers across the United States at the time. The cancer treatment costs were acquired from New York's taxpayer database, which provided information including physician, hospital, drug and ancillary costs eligible for insurer reimbursement.
How: The authors used qualitative research methods to build up on the prior simulation model to determine the utility cost of yearly, recurring LDCT screenings for the last 15 years within an assumed high-risk population of 18 million adults aged between 50 and 64 years. It specifically involved those who have consumed over 30 packs within their smoking history. The authors' findings indicate that the recurring yearly lung cancer screening within the high-risk population has been effective. Providing smoking cessation strategies within the yearly screening program has increased the cost-effectiveness of the disorder by between 40 and 45%.
New Research Article 2
Who: The study on Using a smoking cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening was performed by Sharma et al.
Why: The goal of their study was to compare two alternatives to dispense information concerning lung cancer screening. This included a quitline, a mailed brochure pinned with in-depth messaging facilitated by a quitline coach. Therefore, the authors focused on assessing the strategy that will be effective and have a significant impact on the participants searching for information about lung cancer screening. The authors thus hypothesized that the individuals who received the brochure would repo.
his report will first examine the socioeconomic and political dimensions of tackling TB and then look at policy and progress in the areas of prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Download Whitepaper
Running Head LITERATURE REVIEW2LITERATURE REVIEW 2.docxwlynn1
Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Effect of Tobacco Use
Gideon Aryertey
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
Introduction
Over decades, many individuals have been using tobacco without being aware of its harmful effects. For instance, in the U.S., the rate of cigarette smoking increased immensely in the early twentieth century. This was due to the invention of the cigarette rolling machine as well as an increase in the advertisement of tobacco products. As a result, cigarette smoking expanded regardless of the opposition of religious leaders or other members. Tobacco consumption reaches its peak especially between the ages of 20 to 40 in both females and males although statistically males consume more than females. Furthermore, the smoking rate amongst African-Americans (16.7%) are higher than the national average in comparison to Caucasians (16.6%). In fact, mixed race individuals and American Indian/Alaska Natives have higher smoking rates than African-Americans. As a result, this shows that there’s a big issue with the use of tobacco. Tobacco has led to many diseases such as lung cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke. It also leads to addiction. However, it is significant for one to overcome the addiction of tobacco use to improve their health status. Educating people about the harmful effect of tobacco consumption and making tobacco less affordable will correspond to a gradual decrease in its use.
Tobacco use has caused numerous deaths amongst individuals despite their socioeconomic backgrounds. For instance, approximately 30 percent of people who perish due to cancer in the United States; 80 percent of these deaths are caused by lung cancer. lung cancer is the main cause of cancer related deaths in the youth and adults. (Addicott, Sweitzer & McClernon, 2018). Lung cancer attacks both genders and the treatment process can be very complex. Consumers of tobacco are affected by this disease because it exterminates the cells responsible for fighting against the disease. Also, the use of tobacco affects the proper functioning of all the organs in the body. Other than lung cancer, tobacco consumption can also lead to mouth, esophagus, larynx, liver, kidney, bladder, cervix, pharynx, stomach, myeloid leukemia, pancreas and colon cancers (Ebbert, Elrashidi & Stead, 2015).
In fact, about 7300 nonsmokers die from lung disease every year according to the International Agency that is responsible for Research on Cancer (IARC) after being exposed to tobacco. Additionally, a 2009 survey that was conducted in China indicated that about 38 percent of smokers were aware that smoking contributes to attack of coronary heart disease while 27 percent were aware that it can lead to a stroke (Ambrose, et. al, 2017). However, individuals who smoke about five cigarettes a day showed signs of various diseases and damages to the blood vessels (Gilreath, et. al, 2016). In fact, blood vessels are thickened and then become narrow.
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3 1
ASSIGNMENT 3
4
Assignment 3
Diamond Fulton-Hicks
Saint Leo University-HCA:402
Mrs.Claudette Andrea
04/05/2020
According to the CDC, Youth Risk Behaviors are used in monitoring the six groups of health-associated practices that are contributing to the top causes of deaths and disability amongst youths and adults. Some of these behaviors are those which are contributing to unintended injuries and violent behavior; sexual practices which lead to unintentional pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections; alcohol and other drug use; tobacco use; detrimental dietary practices; and the insufficient engagement in the physical exercise. This paper is therefore based on discussing these health behaviors top factors associated with the increased death and disability rates amongst youths and adults (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Alcohol and other drug use
Alcohol and other illicit drug are used by the majority of the youths as compared to tobacco use. It is contributing to about 41 percent of all deaths that are caused by motor vehicles. When compared to other behaviors that put human at risk concerning health, alcohol is causing a wider variety of injuries and it is approximated that 100,000 deaths occurs as a result alcohol consumption every year in the U.S. About 46 percent of Americans have been intoxicated in the previous years and roughly 4 percent have been intoxicated weekly (Kann, et al., 2014).
Behaviors causing unplanned injuries and violence such as suicide
The injuries and violent behavior are considered to be amongst the top causes of death amongst the youth of ages 10 to 24 years. The motor vehicle crashes are contributing to 30 percent of deaths and other accidental injuries contribute to 15 percent. Homicide and suicide are contributing to 15 and 12 percent death cases respectively (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Tobacco Use
It is estimated that there are about 3,600 adolescents of ages 12 to 17 years in the United States who have tried their first cigarette. The use of cigarettes is contributing to 1 to every 5 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors
Healthy eating is linked to the reduction in the risks of diseases that exposes individuals to death and these diseases include heart disease. In 2009, it was reported that about 23.3 percent of the high school learners reported increased habit of consuming fruits and vegetables five or more times every day. Studies have shown the relationship in the habit of eating the restaurant foods and the increased BMI thus exposing individuals to diseases such as obesity and other cardiovascular diseases (Kann, et al., 2014).
Physical Inactivity
The decline in physical activity is common among children when they get older. Most of the youths are spending their time in a sedentary lifestyle such as watching television with less participation in physical ...
Levels of Utilization and Socio - Economic Factors Influencing Adherence to U...inventionjournals
The paper intends to assess the level of utilization and socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Dodoma Municipality and Kongwa District in Tanzania. Documentary review, interview and Focus Group Discussion were used in collecting data. A total of 140 respondents (99 PLWHIV/AIDS and 41 key informants) from four hospitals, two health centers and one dispensary were selected and interviewed as representatives for the purpose of this study. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. The study revealed 100% of PLWHIV/AIDS used ART drugs in Dodoma General Hospital, Kongwa Hospital, Mkoka Health Center and Makole Health Center while 40% in St. Gemma Hospital. Also the study indicated there were high dropout from utilization of ART drugs among PLWHIV/AIDS, 60% in Mirembe hospital, (50%) in Mkoka health center and (44%) in St. Gemma hospital as compared to the rest health centers and hospitals. The drop out caused by ART drugs side effects such as vomiting (25.1%), frequently sickness (19.9%) and decrease in CD 4 (11.2%). Lastly the study revealed four main socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of ART services among PLHIV/AIDS including lack of employment support (66.7 %,) lack of confidentiality (50 %,) patient’s preference to traditional medicines (30%) and cultural belief (29.3%). The study recommends all PLWHIV/AIDS with side effects should report their cases to health centers and hospitals because not all side effects require a change of drugs or discontinuation, PLWHIV/AIDS should be assisted by Government and Non-Government Organizations and family members to secure soft loans that will enable them to establish income generation activities, education on patients confidentiality should be provided to services providers in hospitals and health centers
Factors associated adherence to TB treatment in Georgia report (eng)Ina Charkviani
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widely spread disease globally that causes millions of people’s death worldwide. Treatment for TB is complex and usually involves taking several antibiotics at once for a long time (sometimes up to two years). Considering the severity of the treatment regimen, it becomes hard for the patients to adhere and complete proposed treatment and particularly for those who are infected with drug-resistant strain of TB.
STA 544Homework 1Work on the following problem set and show yo.docxsusanschei
STA 544
Homework 1
Work on the following problem set and show your works within the document. Use SPSS as much as possible.
Chapter 1
1. What types of activities other than “calculations” and “math” are associated with the practice of statistics?
2. Define the term measurement.
3. List the three main measurement scales addressed in this chapter.
4. What type of measurement assigns a name to each observation?
5. What type of measurement is based on categories that can be put in rank order?
6. What type of measurement assigns a numerical value that permits for meaningful mathematical operations for each observation?
7. What does GIGO stand for?
8. Provide synonyms for categorical data.
9. Provide synonyms for quantitative data.
10. What is the difference between imprecision and bias
11. How is imprecision quantified?
Chapter 2
1. Controlled-release morphine in patients with chronic cancer pain. Warfield reviewed 10 studies comparing the effectiveness of controlled-release and immediate-release morphine in cancer patients with chronic pain. The studies that were reviewed were double blinded. How would you double blind such studies?
2. What is the general goal of a statistical survey?
3. What is the general goal of a comparative statistical study?
4. What is the key distinction between experimental studies and observational studies?
5. Campus survey. A researcher conducts a survey to learn about the sexual behavior of college students on a particular campus. A list of the undergraduates at the university is used to select participants. The investigator sends out 500 surveys but only 136 are returned.
a. Consider how the low response rate could bias the results of this study.
b. Speculate on potential limitations in the quality of information the researcher will receive on questionnaires that are returned.
6. A study seeks to determine the effect of postmenopausal hormone use on mortality. What is the explanatory variable in this study? What is the response variable?
7. MRFIT. The MRFIT study discussed in an earlier illustrative example studied 12,866 high-risk men between 35 and 57 years of age. Approximately half the study subjects were randomly assigned to a special care group; the other half received their usual source of care. Death from coronary disease was monitored over the next seven or so years. Outline this study’s design in schematic form.
8. Five-City Project. The Stanford Five-City Project is a comprehensive community health education study of five moderately sized Northern California towns. Multiple-risk factor intervention strategies were randomly applied to two of the communities. The other three cities served as controls. Outline the design of this study in schematic form.
By applying factors in combination, experiments can study more than one factor at a time.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
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Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
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Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
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FLATULENCE
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1. Patch 1
Smoking Prevalence and Attributable
Disease Burden
INTRODUCTION
This research assesses global, national, and regional smoking mortality, morbidity, and
aetiologies in all 195 countries, by specifically identifying.
The study designs.
The validity
Reliability
Representativeness
The comprehensiveness
Does it understand people's interpretations?
Whether it varies within the association & cause-and-effect relation. (PubMed.gov, 2017)
THE DESIGN OF STUDY
This study research is the analysis of an investigation study, analyzing the worldwide burden of
tobacco consumption(smoking) across the 195 countries around the year 1990 - 2015. The study
presents an update in the previously issued estimates of smoking diseases, injuries, death, and
risk factors depending on the outcomes of GBD 2015. The focus of the research is on the
prevalence and fatality rate, the variation in burden, and the Socio-demographic Index in tobacco
consumption (smoking) in the youth and old adults age groups, and the efficient intervention and
possible solution to provide better guidance strategies to target the main risk factors in every
possible new territory. (Marissa B Reitsma, 2017)
The development of smoking cessation, specifically following the implementation of the
Framework Convention on Smoking Prevention, is a main leading point in public health. Matter
of fact, smoking is a major risk factor for death and injury worldwide, necessitating persistent
2. governmental commitment. The Worldwide Impact of disease, injury, and risk factors analysis
(GBD) establishes a strong framework for evaluating global, national, and regional progress
toward smoking-related goals. (NCBI, 2017)
VALIDITY
In several epidemiological trials, cigarette smoking is a significant predictor. We assessed the
validation of tobacco smoking reports in initial health care by linking the prevalence of smoking
reports from initial medical care to public healthcare interview results. Smoking tobacco is a
significant key factor related to health, mainly in the cardio-pulmonary, digestive systems, and
cancers. Smoking cigarettes may be responsible for 19% of all mortality in the United Kingdom.
In epidemiological trials, tobacco smoking status is regularly investigated to determine exposure
and future inconsistency. In 1996, a previous report examined smoking level reports in early care
from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. As opposed to national health survey results at the
time, both former and present smokers are significantly under-recorded. (Gulliford, 2013).
RELIABILITY
The outcomes collected with the Smoking the Timeline and Questionnaire Follow-back process
provided close relationships. A very limited variation found indicates that even an evaluation of
smokers can differ with respective customer response/ feedback, including a multi-item
developed method for measuring tobacco use with young adults might not be of sufficient value.
(Danielle E. Ramo, 2011)
Despite progress in tobacco prevention around the world, smoking continues to be a major risk
factor for premature mortality & morbidity. Amid some successes, multiple countries across the
world witnessed greater annualized rate levels of reduction in the smoking prevalence around
1990 and 2005 than the one between 2005 and 2015. Tobacco restriction and enhanced
surveillance are needed to minimize attributable burden and smoking prevalence even further.
(Christopher J L Murray, 2017)
REPRESENTATIVENESS
The representativeness of this study is shown by sample research that has been conducted. The
CPRD generated a representative group of individuals aged 30 to 100 years. The analysis was
3. part of a broader research of the antecedent factors of a chronic condition, and people under the
age of 30 were omitted due to a lesser risk for death. Every year around 1st January 2005 to 30th
April 2015, a sample size of 21 430 males and females was taken without substitution. Only
general practices in England were studied for this survey, which spanned the years 2007 to 2015.
(NCBI, 2017)
COMPREHANSIVENESS
The comprehensiveness of this research study is that the higher accomplishment in tobacco
prevention is probable, but it would necessitate reliable, comprehensive, and properly adopted
and executed strategies, which will necessitate national and global levels of governmental effort
beyond what is accomplished over the last three decades. (Marissa B Reitsma, 2017)
IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSOCIATION &
CASE-AND-EFFECT OF THIS STUDY?
This study shows a similarity between the DALY and Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Conclude, the three major causes of smoking-attributable age-standardized DALYs for both
sexes in 2015 were cancers (276%), cardiovascular diseases (412%), and chronic respiratory
diseases (205%). Tobacco use was the leading risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases and
cancer, but it was just the 9th leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Between 2005 and
2015, the population increase was the most important factor in growing attributable pressure
related to smoking in low SDI countries.
The key causes of aggregate increases in attributed burden related to smoking differed by sex
and SDI level concerning the transition in smoking exposures Since 2005, almost all DALYs
caused by smoking has fallen by 118% (95 percent UI 0–139) in high-SDI states, the only SDI
category with a substantial decline in attributable burden for men. Only middle-SDI states have
seen a substantial decline in all-cause DALYs due to smoking for women (a 226 percent
decrease [90–328]) around 2005 and 2015. (PMC, 2017)
4. References
Christopher J L Murray, M. H. F. E. G., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden
in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
Danielle E. Ramo, S. M. H. a. J. J. P., 2011. Reliability and validity of self-reported smoking in an
anonymous online survey with young adults. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202069/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
Gulliford, H. P. B. A. T. P. M. C., 2013. Validity of smoking prevalence estimatesfrom primary care
electronic health records compared with national population survey data for England, 2007 to 2011.
[Online]
Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pds.3537
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
Marissa B Reitsma, N. F. M. N. J. S. S., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in
195 countries and territories,1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
Marissa B Reitsma, N. F. M. N. J. S. S., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in
195 countries and territories,1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
Marissa B Reitsma, N. F. M. N. J. S. S. A. A., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease
burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
5. NCBI, 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories,
1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
NCBI, P., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories,
1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
PMC, N., 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories,
1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439023/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
PubMed.gov, 2017. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and
territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.[Online]
Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28390697/
[Accessed 24 March 2021].
