This study evaluated the effects of a three-week smoking prevention program on 32 non-smoking adolescents aged 10-18 years old in the Philippines. The program consisted of eight interactive sessions based on health behavior theories. Participants completed questionnaires before and after measuring smoking knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitudes, and intentions. Results found that after the program, participants had higher smoking knowledge and refusal self-efficacy, less favorable attitudes toward smoking, and lower intentions to smoke in the future. The study suggests smoking prevention programs can positively impact important factors influencing adolescent smoking behavior.
This document describes a study assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of university students at risk of becoming first-time electronic cigarette users. The study involved surveying 455 students, identifying 39 at-risk participants. Most students were aware of e-cigarettes and many had tried them or were contemplating using them. Based on pre-testing different communication designs with the at-risk group, three designs - a hand with text, aerosol spray can, and infographic - tested most favorably and will be implemented in a campus health communication campaign to educate students on e-cigarette risks. The project aims to contribute to the university's initiative to discourage first-time e-cigarette use among students.
ATTITUDES & PRACTICES OF SMOKING IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSpaperpublications3
Abstract:Smoking is hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain & dangerous to the lungs. Smoking is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Tobacco smoke contains different harmful chemicals which are injurious for health. Smoking causes different types of cancer like lung cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer. Every year millions of people around the world die from diseases caused by the tobacco. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.1 and 14.4 years of life, respectively. Each cigarette that is smoked is estimated to short life by an average of 11 minutes. Most of younger (High School Students) may start smoking as a fashion. The main target of the study was to determine the attitudes & practices of smoking in highly school students, in Peshawar, KPK. This study was carried out in 5 high schools located in Peshawar; KPK. The sample was constituted by 112 students. The data of the study was obtained through well structured questionnaires. Students with male gender, those whose parents had a low educational level and a smoking mother, father or sibling, had a higher frequency of smoking. The result demonstrated that the majority of students said that the smoking is harmful for health. Some have the view that smoking reliefs you from the stress and cause mental relaxation. About more than 61% of the students spend their full pocket money on smoking.
- The study assessed the effectiveness of an awareness program on the knowledge and self-reported practices of adolescent students regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol.
- 107 students aged 14-17 years from a school in India participated. The program significantly improved students' knowledge about the harmful effects based on pre- and post-test scores.
- While no students reported using tobacco or alcohol, many reported that family/friends engaged in these practices. The study concluded the awareness program was effective at improving knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use."
This document summarizes the results of a survey on substance use, mental health, risky behaviors, and service needs among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape schools in 2011. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis were the most commonly used substances. Two-thirds of learners reported alcohol use, nearly half reported tobacco use, and about a quarter reported cannabis use.
- Males generally reported higher rates of substance use than females. They were more likely to report behaviors like binge drinking, weekly alcohol and tobacco use, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day.
- Hard drug use like cocaine, mandrax, ecstasy, heroin, and methamphetamine was relatively low at
The document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Pamela S. Hyde, Administrator of SAMHSA, at an annual research conference on September 2, 2010. Some of the main topics discussed include challenges facing adolescents with substance abuse issues, dramatic shifts in substance abuse treatment for pregnant teens, the prevalence of mental illness in America and its links to other health issues, and strategic initiatives being undertaken by SAMHSA to address issues like prevention, trauma, military families, and health insurance reform.
perceptions of pregnant women to avoid smoking side effects revised final copyjustus kimondo
This document discusses perceptions of pregnant women regarding smoking and using electronic cigarettes. It begins with an introduction describing the harmful effects of smoking on both mother and developing baby. The purpose is then stated to discuss eight empirical studies on perceptions of pregnant mothers to avoid smoking side effects by quitting or using e-cigarettes as an alternative. Several studies are summarized that examine perceptions and beliefs of pregnant women and postpartum mothers. The studies generally found initial attraction to e-cigarettes to reduce harm, but many returned to traditional cigarettes. The document concludes nurses should educate pregnant women that e-cigarettes still pose risks and are not a safe alternative to smoking.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
This document describes a study assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of university students at risk of becoming first-time electronic cigarette users. The study involved surveying 455 students, identifying 39 at-risk participants. Most students were aware of e-cigarettes and many had tried them or were contemplating using them. Based on pre-testing different communication designs with the at-risk group, three designs - a hand with text, aerosol spray can, and infographic - tested most favorably and will be implemented in a campus health communication campaign to educate students on e-cigarette risks. The project aims to contribute to the university's initiative to discourage first-time e-cigarette use among students.
ATTITUDES & PRACTICES OF SMOKING IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSpaperpublications3
Abstract:Smoking is hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain & dangerous to the lungs. Smoking is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Tobacco smoke contains different harmful chemicals which are injurious for health. Smoking causes different types of cancer like lung cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer. Every year millions of people around the world die from diseases caused by the tobacco. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.1 and 14.4 years of life, respectively. Each cigarette that is smoked is estimated to short life by an average of 11 minutes. Most of younger (High School Students) may start smoking as a fashion. The main target of the study was to determine the attitudes & practices of smoking in highly school students, in Peshawar, KPK. This study was carried out in 5 high schools located in Peshawar; KPK. The sample was constituted by 112 students. The data of the study was obtained through well structured questionnaires. Students with male gender, those whose parents had a low educational level and a smoking mother, father or sibling, had a higher frequency of smoking. The result demonstrated that the majority of students said that the smoking is harmful for health. Some have the view that smoking reliefs you from the stress and cause mental relaxation. About more than 61% of the students spend their full pocket money on smoking.
- The study assessed the effectiveness of an awareness program on the knowledge and self-reported practices of adolescent students regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol.
- 107 students aged 14-17 years from a school in India participated. The program significantly improved students' knowledge about the harmful effects based on pre- and post-test scores.
- While no students reported using tobacco or alcohol, many reported that family/friends engaged in these practices. The study concluded the awareness program was effective at improving knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use."
This document summarizes the results of a survey on substance use, mental health, risky behaviors, and service needs among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape schools in 2011. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis were the most commonly used substances. Two-thirds of learners reported alcohol use, nearly half reported tobacco use, and about a quarter reported cannabis use.
- Males generally reported higher rates of substance use than females. They were more likely to report behaviors like binge drinking, weekly alcohol and tobacco use, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day.
- Hard drug use like cocaine, mandrax, ecstasy, heroin, and methamphetamine was relatively low at
The document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Pamela S. Hyde, Administrator of SAMHSA, at an annual research conference on September 2, 2010. Some of the main topics discussed include challenges facing adolescents with substance abuse issues, dramatic shifts in substance abuse treatment for pregnant teens, the prevalence of mental illness in America and its links to other health issues, and strategic initiatives being undertaken by SAMHSA to address issues like prevention, trauma, military families, and health insurance reform.
perceptions of pregnant women to avoid smoking side effects revised final copyjustus kimondo
This document discusses perceptions of pregnant women regarding smoking and using electronic cigarettes. It begins with an introduction describing the harmful effects of smoking on both mother and developing baby. The purpose is then stated to discuss eight empirical studies on perceptions of pregnant mothers to avoid smoking side effects by quitting or using e-cigarettes as an alternative. Several studies are summarized that examine perceptions and beliefs of pregnant women and postpartum mothers. The studies generally found initial attraction to e-cigarettes to reduce harm, but many returned to traditional cigarettes. The document concludes nurses should educate pregnant women that e-cigarettes still pose risks and are not a safe alternative to smoking.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on the effects of drug abuse in Indonesia. The study surveyed 602 individuals across 6 Indonesian provinces and found that:
1) Drug use in Indonesia is typically polydrug use, involving multiple substances, starting at a young age. The most commonly abused drugs are crystal meth, marijuana, and other amphetamine-type stimulants.
2) Drug use poses many health risks, such as driving under the influence, mixing substances, and unprotected sex. It can also lead to physical effects like oral infections, respiratory issues, and overdoses.
3) Long-term drug abuse is linked to mental health issues in 86.4% of respondents as well
Smoking has negative effects on students' health, finances, and behavior according to a research paper. It discusses how smoking is harmful to students' health due to the 4000 chemicals in cigarettes. It also negatively impacts students financially as money spent on cigarettes would be better spent on other needs or saved. Additionally, smoking can lead to negative behaviors in students such as stress, aggression, and losing focus in class. The paper recommends preventing youth smoking through parental influence, education, and following Islamic rulings against the consumption of tobacco.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abouAMMY30
This document discusses research on reducing drug abuse among teenagers. It recommends focusing the research on how to reduce rather than just describe the problem. The literature review discusses consequences of drug abuse to help identify affected teenagers, and factors like parenting, poverty and peer pressure that contribute to abuse. Potential solutions proposed are encouraging good parenting, advising at-risk youth, and enforcing laws against drug availability to teenagers.
Knowledge and awareness of tobacco related health problems: A study from East...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Three million people die every year because of tobacco-related diseases in the world. The present
study was carried out to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco
consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and
diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The cross-sectional study was
conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects.
Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face
interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Knowledge
and awareness towards tobacco consumption and association between awareness towards tobacco
consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The
respondents those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware (46.9%)
than those not thinking (26.7%) (P<0.05). The respondents those thinking that tobacco can cause oral
problems (51.7%) and respiratory problems (48%) were more aware but the difference were not
significant. The respondent suffered from diseases was high who was not aware of tobacco
consumption (18.2%). The respondent suffered from respiratory problems (12.5%) and oral problems
(10%) was high among those not aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.
We conclude that people those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more
aware. The people who were not aware of tobacco consumption suffered more from diseases but the
difference was not significant.
This document discusses cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It provides an overview of the link between smoking and lung cancer, noting that rates vary by race and location. Two key social determinants that influence smoking and cancer are then examined: adolescent age and level of education. The socio-ecological model is applied to understand the multiple factors that influence health behaviors like smoking. Intervention strategies are proposed that target different levels of influence, including social support from family/peers and policies to restrict tobacco use and exposure.
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 1. Prevalence and Patterns of Alcohol Use ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
A life course approach to preventing drugs & alcohol risks [March 2016 Int'l ...Mentor
A life-course approach to preventing drug and alcohol risks, presented at the Home Office's International Crime & Policing Conference 2016.
Presentation from Mentor CEO Michael O'Toole and Andrew Brown, formerly of DrugScope and now working with Mind and PHE.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction and stress levels in college students. 17 participants (9 smokers and 8 non-smokers) completed public speaking and mental math tasks to induce stress while heart rate and subjective stress tests were administered. While results did not fully support the hypothesis that smokers would report more stress, some indications suggested smokers experienced higher stress than non-smokers. Previous research also found nicotine withdrawal can decrease performance and increase stress over time, and surveys of college students linked addictive behaviors like food and nicotine addiction to higher reported stress levels. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate whether nicotine addiction leads to increased stress in one's life.
Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using Social Cognitive Theory and Soci...Shauna Ayres, MPH, CHES
This document discusses reducing tobacco use among adolescents using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Network Theory (SNT). It summarizes key aspects of SCT, including its focus on personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence health behaviors. Studies discussed found targeting self-efficacy, normative beliefs, and intentions through programs and policies were effective in preventing or reducing tobacco use. The document suggests using a multi-strategy approach incorporating several SCT constructs is most effective for interventions.
This document provides information and recommendations for parents to protect their children from tobacco addiction. It notes that children with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke. It recommends maintaining a tobacco-free home, telling children you don't want them to use tobacco, emphasizing the health and appearance effects of smoking, and educating children about tobacco marketing tactics. While parental influence is important, outside factors like tobacco marketing also strongly impact children, spending over $9.6 billion annually to promote products. Comprehensive prevention programs that address these multiple influences can most effectively reduce youth tobacco use.
This grant proposal seeks funding for a program to reduce smoking and smoking-related deaths in Gallatin County, Kentucky. According to data, smoking rates and lung cancer deaths are higher in Gallatin County than statewide averages. The proposal outlines a series of evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and adults, including educational sessions addressing media influences, stress management, and social influences on smoking. The goal is to reduce adult smoking rates by 30% and the number of households with smokers by 50% by 2020 to ultimately lower lung cancer mortality in the county. A needs assessment provides background on the county's demographics, health indicators, and behavioral and environmental factors related to tobacco use.
The document describes a study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge of nicotine consumption and prevention among pre-university students in Bengaluru, India. The study will use a pre-experimental pre-test post-test design with 60 students. The structured teaching program will be delivered and knowledge assessed using a questionnaire before and after the intervention. The study aims to increase knowledge and identify factors associated with baseline knowledge. Findings could help design interventions to educate youth on risks of nicotine use.
Sonia isaac mann preliminary findings traditional tobacco research project ...NNAPF_web
This document summarizes the findings of a 5-year research project exploring traditional knowledge of tobacco use among First Nations youth. The research involved 4 communities across Canada and used an Indigenous-led, OCAP compliant methodology. Key preliminary findings include:
- 41.3% of youth surveyed were current smokers, with peer pressure and curiosity being top reasons for starting.
- 78.3% of youth knew what traditional tobacco was but only 45.6% knew how to use it traditionally.
- 100 youth reported trying to quit smoking, making an average of 2.5 attempts each, with an average successful period of 8.7 months smoke-free.
- Knowledge of health effects and cost were top factors
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on CigaretteSmoki.docxrtodd33
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette
Smoking by College Students: A Prospective Analysis
Erin L. Sutfin, PhD, Beth A. Reboussin, PhD, Beata Debinski, MHS, Kimberly G. Wagoner, DrPH, MPH, John Spangler, MD, MPH, and Mark Wolfson, PhD
There has been considerable growth in the
availability, marketing, sales, and use of elec-
tronic nicotine delivery systems, often referred
to as “e-cigarettes,” over the past several years.
Product sales in the United States have doubled
every year since 2008, and securities analysts
estimate the e-cigarette market is now approx-
imately a $2.5 billion industry.1 E-cigarette use
has rapidly increased among adolescents and
adults. From 2011 to 2012, rates of ever using
e-cigarettes among US middle and high school
students doubled from 3.3% to 6.8%.2 Similar
increases have been seen among US adults.3,4
Recent data suggest that e-cigarette use is
highest among young adults. Data from the
2012---2013 National Adult Tobacco Survey
show that young adults aged18 to 24 years had
a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use (8.3%)
than did the adult population as a whole
(4.2%).5 Similarly, with data from dual frame
surveys of national probability samples of
adults, McMillen et al. found that current
e-cigarette use in 2013 by young adults aged18
to 24 years (14.2%) was higher than was that
among adults aged 25 to 44 years (8.6%), 45
to 65 years (5.5%), and older than 65 years
(1.2%).4
Available data on e-cigarette use by college
students are limited, with most coming from
single-state or individual campus studies.6---9
College students are an important group to
study for several reasons. First, young adult-
hood is a period of many life transitions and
accompanying stress.10 The tobacco industry is
well aware of this vulnerable period and
recognizes it as a promising period for tobacco
use initiation and transition to addiction.11
Thus, college students are a target market for
the tobacco industry.11,12 College students are
often early adopters of novel products and
have historically been at the forefront of
societal changes in substance use that later
materialize in the general population.13 In
a cross-sectional study of college students in
North Carolina in 2009, Sutfin et al.6 found
that college students’ lifetime prevalence of
e-cigarette use was 4.9%, which was higher
than were rates of use among other adults at
the time,14,15 suggesting that college students
were early adopters of e-cigarettes.6
Additionally, there was an association be-
tween e-cigarette use and sensation seeking in
bivariate, but not multivariable, models. How-
ever, membership in Greek letter organizations
was associated with e-cigarette use in multi-
variable models. These data suggest that col-
lege students may be drawn to e-cigarettes
owing, at least in part, to their novelty. Finally,
college students are an important group to
study because they have a unique pattern of
cigarette smoking that is often marked by so.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.8
ABSTRACT- In India most of the peoples have the bad habit of smoking & it’s harmful effects on the body, it is the
major cause of the cancer of mouth, lungs, esophagus & stomach, pancreas and bladder. The smoking can also affect the
health to the next person who comes in a contact with the smoker that is also called as a passive smoking (second hand
smoke). Most of the Indian peoples have low knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking. The present investigation
study that the effects of smoking scores to 43.33%, 23.33%, 6.67% and 26.67% in Nashik District. The socio
demographic variables Age, Sex, Religion, Educational status, Occupation found to be significantly influencing
knowledge of the peoples. The finding of the study showed that majority of the adults were between 18-23 yrs = 43.33%,
an educational status pre university course and lived in joint families. Key-words- Smoking, Cancer, Effects of smoking, Street play
The document discusses the health promotion activity of encouraging smoking cessation. It assesses the health needs, outlines the target group as smokers, and chooses an educational approach to provide information about the benefits of quitting smoking. The aims are to increase awareness of benefits, diseases caused by smoking, and where to get help. Process evaluation determined the information provided addressed different learning styles and was effective at engaging the target group.
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document summarizes a study that investigated motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and methods of quitting smoking. The study involved focus groups and interviews with current and former smokers in Poland. Key findings included: (1) the main motivations for quitting were smoking bans and high cigarette costs, (2) the most common reason for relapse was stress, and (3) the most frequent method of quitting was a spontaneous decision triggered by a specific event. The study provided insights into factors that influence smoking behaviors and cessation attempts.
This document discusses tobacco use among adolescents in India. It begins by outlining the various tobacco products used in India and the extent of adolescent tobacco use. It then examines the psychosocial factors that lead adolescents to initiate tobacco use, such as family and peer influence. The document concludes by recommending preventive strategies like education programs, restricting tobacco advertising, and community development initiatives to curb adolescent tobacco use in India.
1) The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program called TABADO for adolescents aged 15-20 in vocational training centers in France.
2) The program combines pharmacological therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. It will be offered to the intervention group of 1000 trainees and compared to a control group of 1000 trainees receiving usual care.
3) The primary outcome is tobacco abstinence rate at 12 months follow up, as measured for all students regardless of program participation. Secondary outcomes include smoking prevalence and withdrawal rates.
Society for research on nicotine and tobacco conference abstracts srnt 2014Georgi Daskalov
This document summarizes six research studies presented at the 2014 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco conference. Three key findings are:
1) A study found that cytisine, a plant-derived alkaloid, was as effective as nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation and had fewer side effects.
2) A randomized controlled trial found that sending smokers placebo nicotine patches by mail, which induced more quit attempts, led to higher long-term smoking abstinence rates than asking smokers to obtain active patches themselves.
3) Qualitative research identified factors that prevented youth and young adult smokers and non-smokers from initiating e-cigarettes, such as health concerns, cost, and social dis
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on the effects of drug abuse in Indonesia. The study surveyed 602 individuals across 6 Indonesian provinces and found that:
1) Drug use in Indonesia is typically polydrug use, involving multiple substances, starting at a young age. The most commonly abused drugs are crystal meth, marijuana, and other amphetamine-type stimulants.
2) Drug use poses many health risks, such as driving under the influence, mixing substances, and unprotected sex. It can also lead to physical effects like oral infections, respiratory issues, and overdoses.
3) Long-term drug abuse is linked to mental health issues in 86.4% of respondents as well
Smoking has negative effects on students' health, finances, and behavior according to a research paper. It discusses how smoking is harmful to students' health due to the 4000 chemicals in cigarettes. It also negatively impacts students financially as money spent on cigarettes would be better spent on other needs or saved. Additionally, smoking can lead to negative behaviors in students such as stress, aggression, and losing focus in class. The paper recommends preventing youth smoking through parental influence, education, and following Islamic rulings against the consumption of tobacco.
Commentwww.thelancet.comlancetgh vol 5 june 2017 e557AMMY30
This document summarizes the Saving Mothers, Giving Life (SMGL) public-private partnership aimed at reducing maternal mortality in Uganda and Zambia. Key points:
- SMGL used a district health systems strengthening approach combining supply- and demand-side interventions to address barriers to accessing quality maternity care.
- Between 2012-2016 maternal mortality declined approximately 40% in SMGL-supported facilities and districts in Uganda and Zambia.
- Facility deliveries increased 47% in Uganda and 44% in Zambia, and C-section rates also increased significantly in both countries.
- The changes exceeded national rates, with maternal death reductions of 11.5% in Uganda and 10
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abouAMMY30
This document discusses research on reducing drug abuse among teenagers. It recommends focusing the research on how to reduce rather than just describe the problem. The literature review discusses consequences of drug abuse to help identify affected teenagers, and factors like parenting, poverty and peer pressure that contribute to abuse. Potential solutions proposed are encouraging good parenting, advising at-risk youth, and enforcing laws against drug availability to teenagers.
Knowledge and awareness of tobacco related health problems: A study from East...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Three million people die every year because of tobacco-related diseases in the world. The present
study was carried out to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco
consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and
diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The cross-sectional study was
conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects.
Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face
interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Knowledge
and awareness towards tobacco consumption and association between awareness towards tobacco
consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The
respondents those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware (46.9%)
than those not thinking (26.7%) (P<0.05). The respondents those thinking that tobacco can cause oral
problems (51.7%) and respiratory problems (48%) were more aware but the difference were not
significant. The respondent suffered from diseases was high who was not aware of tobacco
consumption (18.2%). The respondent suffered from respiratory problems (12.5%) and oral problems
(10%) was high among those not aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.
We conclude that people those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more
aware. The people who were not aware of tobacco consumption suffered more from diseases but the
difference was not significant.
This document discusses cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It provides an overview of the link between smoking and lung cancer, noting that rates vary by race and location. Two key social determinants that influence smoking and cancer are then examined: adolescent age and level of education. The socio-ecological model is applied to understand the multiple factors that influence health behaviors like smoking. Intervention strategies are proposed that target different levels of influence, including social support from family/peers and policies to restrict tobacco use and exposure.
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 1. Prevalence and Patterns of Alcohol Use ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
A life course approach to preventing drugs & alcohol risks [March 2016 Int'l ...Mentor
A life-course approach to preventing drug and alcohol risks, presented at the Home Office's International Crime & Policing Conference 2016.
Presentation from Mentor CEO Michael O'Toole and Andrew Brown, formerly of DrugScope and now working with Mind and PHE.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction and stress levels in college students. 17 participants (9 smokers and 8 non-smokers) completed public speaking and mental math tasks to induce stress while heart rate and subjective stress tests were administered. While results did not fully support the hypothesis that smokers would report more stress, some indications suggested smokers experienced higher stress than non-smokers. Previous research also found nicotine withdrawal can decrease performance and increase stress over time, and surveys of college students linked addictive behaviors like food and nicotine addiction to higher reported stress levels. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate whether nicotine addiction leads to increased stress in one's life.
Similar to Effect of a smoking prevention program on smoking related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitude, and intention of non-smoking adolescents
Reducing Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Using Social Cognitive Theory and Soci...Shauna Ayres, MPH, CHES
This document discusses reducing tobacco use among adolescents using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Social Network Theory (SNT). It summarizes key aspects of SCT, including its focus on personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence health behaviors. Studies discussed found targeting self-efficacy, normative beliefs, and intentions through programs and policies were effective in preventing or reducing tobacco use. The document suggests using a multi-strategy approach incorporating several SCT constructs is most effective for interventions.
This document provides information and recommendations for parents to protect their children from tobacco addiction. It notes that children with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke. It recommends maintaining a tobacco-free home, telling children you don't want them to use tobacco, emphasizing the health and appearance effects of smoking, and educating children about tobacco marketing tactics. While parental influence is important, outside factors like tobacco marketing also strongly impact children, spending over $9.6 billion annually to promote products. Comprehensive prevention programs that address these multiple influences can most effectively reduce youth tobacco use.
This grant proposal seeks funding for a program to reduce smoking and smoking-related deaths in Gallatin County, Kentucky. According to data, smoking rates and lung cancer deaths are higher in Gallatin County than statewide averages. The proposal outlines a series of evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and adults, including educational sessions addressing media influences, stress management, and social influences on smoking. The goal is to reduce adult smoking rates by 30% and the number of households with smokers by 50% by 2020 to ultimately lower lung cancer mortality in the county. A needs assessment provides background on the county's demographics, health indicators, and behavioral and environmental factors related to tobacco use.
The document describes a study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge of nicotine consumption and prevention among pre-university students in Bengaluru, India. The study will use a pre-experimental pre-test post-test design with 60 students. The structured teaching program will be delivered and knowledge assessed using a questionnaire before and after the intervention. The study aims to increase knowledge and identify factors associated with baseline knowledge. Findings could help design interventions to educate youth on risks of nicotine use.
Sonia isaac mann preliminary findings traditional tobacco research project ...NNAPF_web
This document summarizes the findings of a 5-year research project exploring traditional knowledge of tobacco use among First Nations youth. The research involved 4 communities across Canada and used an Indigenous-led, OCAP compliant methodology. Key preliminary findings include:
- 41.3% of youth surveyed were current smokers, with peer pressure and curiosity being top reasons for starting.
- 78.3% of youth knew what traditional tobacco was but only 45.6% knew how to use it traditionally.
- 100 youth reported trying to quit smoking, making an average of 2.5 attempts each, with an average successful period of 8.7 months smoke-free.
- Knowledge of health effects and cost were top factors
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on CigaretteSmoki.docxrtodd33
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette
Smoking by College Students: A Prospective Analysis
Erin L. Sutfin, PhD, Beth A. Reboussin, PhD, Beata Debinski, MHS, Kimberly G. Wagoner, DrPH, MPH, John Spangler, MD, MPH, and Mark Wolfson, PhD
There has been considerable growth in the
availability, marketing, sales, and use of elec-
tronic nicotine delivery systems, often referred
to as “e-cigarettes,” over the past several years.
Product sales in the United States have doubled
every year since 2008, and securities analysts
estimate the e-cigarette market is now approx-
imately a $2.5 billion industry.1 E-cigarette use
has rapidly increased among adolescents and
adults. From 2011 to 2012, rates of ever using
e-cigarettes among US middle and high school
students doubled from 3.3% to 6.8%.2 Similar
increases have been seen among US adults.3,4
Recent data suggest that e-cigarette use is
highest among young adults. Data from the
2012---2013 National Adult Tobacco Survey
show that young adults aged18 to 24 years had
a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use (8.3%)
than did the adult population as a whole
(4.2%).5 Similarly, with data from dual frame
surveys of national probability samples of
adults, McMillen et al. found that current
e-cigarette use in 2013 by young adults aged18
to 24 years (14.2%) was higher than was that
among adults aged 25 to 44 years (8.6%), 45
to 65 years (5.5%), and older than 65 years
(1.2%).4
Available data on e-cigarette use by college
students are limited, with most coming from
single-state or individual campus studies.6---9
College students are an important group to
study for several reasons. First, young adult-
hood is a period of many life transitions and
accompanying stress.10 The tobacco industry is
well aware of this vulnerable period and
recognizes it as a promising period for tobacco
use initiation and transition to addiction.11
Thus, college students are a target market for
the tobacco industry.11,12 College students are
often early adopters of novel products and
have historically been at the forefront of
societal changes in substance use that later
materialize in the general population.13 In
a cross-sectional study of college students in
North Carolina in 2009, Sutfin et al.6 found
that college students’ lifetime prevalence of
e-cigarette use was 4.9%, which was higher
than were rates of use among other adults at
the time,14,15 suggesting that college students
were early adopters of e-cigarettes.6
Additionally, there was an association be-
tween e-cigarette use and sensation seeking in
bivariate, but not multivariable, models. How-
ever, membership in Greek letter organizations
was associated with e-cigarette use in multi-
variable models. These data suggest that col-
lege students may be drawn to e-cigarettes
owing, at least in part, to their novelty. Finally,
college students are an important group to
study because they have a unique pattern of
cigarette smoking that is often marked by so.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.8
ABSTRACT- In India most of the peoples have the bad habit of smoking & it’s harmful effects on the body, it is the
major cause of the cancer of mouth, lungs, esophagus & stomach, pancreas and bladder. The smoking can also affect the
health to the next person who comes in a contact with the smoker that is also called as a passive smoking (second hand
smoke). Most of the Indian peoples have low knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking. The present investigation
study that the effects of smoking scores to 43.33%, 23.33%, 6.67% and 26.67% in Nashik District. The socio
demographic variables Age, Sex, Religion, Educational status, Occupation found to be significantly influencing
knowledge of the peoples. The finding of the study showed that majority of the adults were between 18-23 yrs = 43.33%,
an educational status pre university course and lived in joint families. Key-words- Smoking, Cancer, Effects of smoking, Street play
The document discusses the health promotion activity of encouraging smoking cessation. It assesses the health needs, outlines the target group as smokers, and chooses an educational approach to provide information about the benefits of quitting smoking. The aims are to increase awareness of benefits, diseases caused by smoking, and where to get help. Process evaluation determined the information provided addressed different learning styles and was effective at engaging the target group.
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document summarizes a study that investigated motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and methods of quitting smoking. The study involved focus groups and interviews with current and former smokers in Poland. Key findings included: (1) the main motivations for quitting were smoking bans and high cigarette costs, (2) the most common reason for relapse was stress, and (3) the most frequent method of quitting was a spontaneous decision triggered by a specific event. The study provided insights into factors that influence smoking behaviors and cessation attempts.
This document discusses tobacco use among adolescents in India. It begins by outlining the various tobacco products used in India and the extent of adolescent tobacco use. It then examines the psychosocial factors that lead adolescents to initiate tobacco use, such as family and peer influence. The document concludes by recommending preventive strategies like education programs, restricting tobacco advertising, and community development initiatives to curb adolescent tobacco use in India.
1) The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program called TABADO for adolescents aged 15-20 in vocational training centers in France.
2) The program combines pharmacological therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. It will be offered to the intervention group of 1000 trainees and compared to a control group of 1000 trainees receiving usual care.
3) The primary outcome is tobacco abstinence rate at 12 months follow up, as measured for all students regardless of program participation. Secondary outcomes include smoking prevalence and withdrawal rates.
Society for research on nicotine and tobacco conference abstracts srnt 2014Georgi Daskalov
This document summarizes six research studies presented at the 2014 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco conference. Three key findings are:
1) A study found that cytisine, a plant-derived alkaloid, was as effective as nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation and had fewer side effects.
2) A randomized controlled trial found that sending smokers placebo nicotine patches by mail, which induced more quit attempts, led to higher long-term smoking abstinence rates than asking smokers to obtain active patches themselves.
3) Qualitative research identified factors that prevented youth and young adult smokers and non-smokers from initiating e-cigarettes, such as health concerns, cost, and social dis
Critique of Australian National Drugs Campaign (Media Effectiveness Research)AzmiSuhaimi
The National Drugs Campaign by the Australian Government aimed to reduce illicit drug use among young Australians over 10 years through 4 phases targeting youths and parents. Phase 3 (2007) built on earlier phases and targeted youths aged 13-24, parents of 8-17 year olds, and social organizations. Formative research involved surveys and literature review on drug harms. The outreach strategy used TV, print, and online ads plus booklets. Evaluative surveys found high campaign awareness and recognition among youths and parents, and that it influenced attitudes and increased parent-child drug discussions. Critiques noted the research relied heavily on past data and some target groups were not addressed or evaluated.
This document summarizes an international tobacco control workshop presentation on developing and testing an mHealth smoking cessation program called "Cebiniz Bırakın Diyor" for adult smokers in Ankara, Turkey. The program was developed and tested in several phases: conducting a community survey to assess interest and acceptability of an mHealth program, developing culturally appropriate content, conducting a feasibility trial with 75 participants, and piloting a randomized controlled trial with 151 participants comparing the mHealth program to a control group. Preliminary results found the program was feasible and acceptable to participants, with higher continuous abstinence rates at 3 months for those in the intervention group compared to control.
P3CE model of Public Health and behavioral risk factor.pptxBinitaKPaudel
This presentation is prepared based on New concept of Public health. There is nothing new in the new concept but new way of looking at them. Public health is organized in three main domains as thematic, core action and intervention. P3CE represent the core actions of public health professionals. Thematic domain of public health represent the subject areas where public health professionals work on whereas intervention domain is related to the strategies that public health professionals follows to conduct core actions.
This qualitative study explored college students' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding nicotine-tobacco products like e-cigarettes and hookah. Three focus groups discussed: their sources of information about these products; situations and social contexts of use; differences between products; and views on health effects. Themes that emerged included use of e-cigarettes and hookah for social purposes rather than addiction, a lack of accessible information, and beliefs that these products are safer alternatives to cigarettes. The researchers recommend an educational intervention using interactive online modules to address knowledge gaps, present research-based information, and help students relate lessons to their social environments.
This article discusses concurrent disorders, which are when a person suffers from both a substance use disorder and a mental illness. The article interviews Dr. Tony George, who is a clinician scientist studying concurrent disorders. Dr. George became interested in this area after noticing that nearly all schizophrenia patients he treated also had addiction issues, which worsened their symptoms. He discusses how the brain areas involved in mental illnesses overlap with those involved in addiction. Having a mental illness can increase vulnerability to substance abuse, and substance abuse can worsen mental health symptoms, creating a vicious cycle.
pregnant women perception to avoid side effects of smokingjustus kimondo
Eight empirical studies were summarized that examined perceptions of pregnant women regarding avoiding smoking side effects through quitting or using e-cigarettes. Most studies found that while pregnant women were initially attracted to e-cigarettes as a harm reduction method, they often relapsed back to traditional cigarettes. The studies highlighted a lack of knowledge about e-cigarette health risks and the importance of quitting smoking beyond the first trimester. Qualitative research identified justifications pregnant smokers used and an opportunity for nurses to address misconceptions. The overall findings suggest that pregnant women show interest in alternatives to smoking but have uncertainty around e-cigarette safety. Education from healthcare providers is needed to inform choices and support smoking cessation during and after pregnancy.
Similar to Effect of a smoking prevention program on smoking related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitude, and intention of non-smoking adolescents (19)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
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This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Effect of a smoking prevention program on smoking related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitude, and intention of non-smoking adolescents
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
26
Effect of a Smoking Prevention Program on Smoking-Related
Knowledge, Refusal Self-Efficacy, Attitude, and Intention of Non-
Smoking Adolescents
Albert Atabila1*
, MPH and Eleanor C. Castillo 2
, DrPH
1. International Labor Organization(ILO) , International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor
(IPEC), Office of the Head of Civil Service, P.M.B, Ministries, Accra, Ghana
2. College of Health, Adventist University of Philippines, P.O. Box 1834, Manila 1099, Philippines
* E-mail of the corresponding author: atabila@gmail.com
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a three week smoking prevention program on
smoking-related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitudes and intentions of non-smoking adolescents. The
purposive sampling technique was used in selecting the participants of the study. The participants consisted of 32
non-smoking adolescents ranging in age from 10 to 18 years. The intervention was guided by constructs from the
Theory of Planned Behaviour, and the Health Belief Model. This study used the one group pretest-posttest
design to investigate the impact of the smoking prevention program. A comparison of the pre-intervention and
post-intervention scores revealed that after the intervention, the participants registered higher smoking-related
knowledge and refusal self-efficacy; they were less favourable in attitude towards smoking and less likely to
smoke in the future (p< 0.01).
Keywords: Health education, Smoking prevention, Evaluation, Adolescent health
INTRODUCTION
Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of premature death, disease and disability around
the world1
. Tobacco epidemic killed about 100 million people in the 20th
century worldwide and during the 21st
century, it could kill one billion people2
. Smokers not only put themselves at risk for disease and death related to
cigarette use, but they also expose others to second-hand smoke3
. Teenage smoking prevalence is around 15% in
developing countries with wide variation from country to country4
. In the Philippines, tobacco use among
adolescents has been reported to be approximately 37% among male and 18% among female, with almost one
fifth of adolescents beginning smoking before the age of ten5
.
Adolescent smoking is of public health significance as many adult smokers initiated the smoking habit
as adolescents. Smoking in adolescents may be a marker of other unhealthy lifestyles or social problems such as
alcohol use, illicit drug use, sedentary lifestyle, unprotected sex and truancy6
. Once an adolescent has taken up
the habit of smoking, he or she is more likely than an adult to become addicted7
. Unfortunately, little progress
has been made over the years in improving cessation rates among smokers and relapse is still the rule rather than
the exception in treatment studies8
. This therefore calls for effective primary prevention programmes for
adolescent before life-long smoking habits are established. Various educational strategies have been developed
and implemented to provide knowledge, motivation, social skills, and social influence recognition to equip
adolescents with the needed information and abilities to overcome pressures to smoke and thereby preventing
them from smoking8
. However, finding the appropriate mechanism for prevention has been challenging9
, hence
more smoking prevention programs need to be designed and tested to identify those that work best.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a smoking prevention program on smoking-
related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitudes, and intentions of non-smoking adolescents.
METHOD
Design and Sample
The one group pretest-posttest-only design was used in this study to investigate the effects of the
smoking prevention program. A control group could not be included in the design because of the possibility of
“contamination” by the experimental group as a result of the small size of the target community. The design was
also utilized to ensure that as much adolescents in the target community benefit from the program without any
intentional exclusion of some group of adolescents.
The participants of the study consisted of 32 non-smoking adolescents aged 10-18 years. They were
recruited from “Casile”, a small community in the Philippines, using the purposive sampling technique.
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
27
Description of the intervention
The intervention was adapted from a smoking prevention curriculum developed by Whalen et al.10
and
synthesizes concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and the Health Belief Model11-12
. The intervention
was made up of eight sessions with each session lasting for about one hour, implemented over a period of three
weeks in a class room setting. The titles of the sessions were: (a) “Tobacco People Hunt” (initiation of a
discussion regarding the use of tobacco products and their effects on health), (b) “Tobacco Grab
Bag”( brainstorming what participants know about various tobacco-related products and to enable them
differentiate myths from facts in regard to smoking and health), (c) Demonstration of Tobacco’s Harmful
Effects(listing and describing the harmful effects of tobacco smoke), (d) Film Show of the Harmful Effects of
Smoking( offering the participants an audio and visual portrayal of the harmful effects if smoking) (e) “Tobacco
No-No”(defining and practicing assertive communication and refusal skills related to tobacco use through role
playing), (f) Tobacco Decision Making (identifying and applying decision-making skills to common problems
that adolescents face through role playing), (g) Multiple Intelligent Tobacco Project(creating a project that
advertises the negative effects of tobacco use), and (h) “Tobacco Lecture”(giving overview of lessons learnt in
the previous sessions). The main objective of the curriculum was to educate the participants on the health
hazards of smoking, risk factors associated with smoking, smoking refusal skills, general decision making skills,
and interpersonal communication skills. Also, the participants were asked to create a project on their own, which
advertised the negative effects of smoking, using the knowledge they had acquired during the intervention.
Moreover, the curriculum was aimed at changing the attitudes and social norms of the participants about
cigarettes smoking. Ultimately, the curriculum was intended to equip the participants with the needed knowledge
and skills to prevent them from initiating cigarette smoking.
The lesson activities were hands-on, participant-centered, and interactive. They were created to be
stimulating, fun and exciting so as to capture the interest of the participants. Also, the lessons did not merely
address the cognitive, or knowledge-based domain of learning, but they also included the affective (emotional)
and behavioural domains of learning as well. This was to enable the participants translate the health knowledge
into healthy behaviours.
Instrumentation and Data collection
Pre-intervention and post-intervention questionnaires were used to collect data before and after the
program, respectively. The questions were based on the questionnaire of dela Torre and Kremers et al13-14
. The
questionnaire consisted of five sections, namely: (a) demographic profile of the participants, (b) smoking-related
knowledge, (c) smoking refusal self-efficacy (d) smoking-related attitudes and (e) smoking-related intentions.
The researcher developed the questionnaires in consultation with Health Education Experts in the
College of Health and a Statistician, from the Adventist University of the Philippines. A Cronbach alpha
reliability analysis of the instrument yielded a score of 0.7586.
Demographic information collected on the participants were: age, gender, grade/year level, religion,
father’s occupation, mother’s occupation, estimated family monthly income, highest educational attainment of
father, highest educational attainment of mother and the smoking status of parents, and peers. Smoking-related
knowledge was measured with 23 items on a two point scale (“true or false” items). Examples of the items
included were: “Cigarette smoking kills many people”, Cigarette smoking is not addictive”. Smoking refusal
self-efficacy was operationalzed to include items addressing the ability to avoid smoking in social and emotional
situations. Seven items on a three point scale was used to measure smoking refusal self-efficacy. For example,
one of the questions read: “I can refuse a cigarette when with friends who smoke.” Answering options were
“Agree” (3), “Somewhat agree” (2) and “Disagree” (1). In measuring smoking-related attitudes, eleven items on
a three point scale were used. Examples of the questions were “Smoking is personally acceptable”, “Smoking
makes a man look more masculine”. The options for the questions were “Agree” (1), “Somewhat agree” (2) and
“Disagree” (3). Five items on a three point scale was used to measure smoking related intentions. Some of the
questions were: “Do you think you will smoke a cigarette in the next six months?”, “Do you have plans to
encourage smokers to quit?” The items had the following options: “Yes” (1), “Undecided” (2) and “No” (3). All
items of the questionnaire that were negatively valenced were subsequently reverse-coded before creating a
composite score.
Ethical consideration
Prior to implementation, approval for this study was obtained from the Research Committee of the
researcher’s institution, Adventist University of the Philippines. Also, permissions were obtained from the
Mayor of Cabuyao, the Municipal Health Officer of Cabuyao and the “Barangay” captain of Casile. Furthermore,
consent of the participants and their parents were obtained prior to implementation of the intervention. They
were fully informed about the purpose of the study and the procedures that were involved.
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Data analysis
The data of the study was statistically analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
computer software program. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, and means were used to describe
the demographic profile of the participants as well as their smoking-related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy,
attitudes and intentions. The differences between the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores were
established using paired t- test.
RESULTS
Demographic profile of the participants
The sample (n=32) consisted of non-smoking adolescents aged between 10 to 18 years old (mean=13.7
years). 15 (46.9%) of them were boys and 17(53.1%) were girls. 30(93.7%) were Roman Catholics with the
remaining two (6.3%) not belonging to any religious denomination. 20(62.5%) of the participants reported that
none of their parents smoke whilst at least one of the parents of the remaining 12(37.5%) smoke. Also, 18(56.3%)
of the participants reported that none of their close friends smoke whiles at least one friend of the remaining
14(43.7%) smoke.
Effects of the intervention
Smoking-related knowledge
Table 1 show that the mean difference between the smoking-related knowledge pre-intervention and
post-intervention scores was found to be -6.812 with a t-value and p-value of -12.803 and 0.000, respectively.
This indicates that the smoking-related knowledge score at post-intervention was higher by 6.812 points.
Furthermore, the mean difference between the pre-intervention and post-intervention score was statistically
significant at 0.01 level. The finding implies that the post-intervention smoking-related knowledge score of the
participants was statistically higher compared to that of the pre-intervention score.
Smoking refusal self-efficacy
There was a difference of -0.8028 between the pre-intervention and post-intervention smoking refusal
self-efficacy mean scores. The t-value of the mean difference was -13.058 with a p-value of 0.000. This shows
that after the intervention, the post-intervention score for smoking refusal self-efficacy increased by 0.8028
points. Also, the difference between the pre-intervention and post-intervention was found to be statistically
significant at 0.01 level.
Smoking-Related Attitude
In terms of smoking-related attitude, the difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention
mean scores was found to be -0.6273 with a t-value and p-value of 11.361 and 0.000, respectively. It therefore
implies that, at post-intervention, there was an increase in the scores of smoking-related attitude during post-
intervention by 0.6273. Hence, at post-intervention, the participants had a less favourable attitude toward
smoking than at pre-intervention. The mean difference between the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores
was found to be statistically significant at 0.01 level.
Smoking-Related Intention
The difference between the smoking-related intention pre-intervention and post-intervention scores was
-0.3500 with a t-value of -5.568 and a p-value of 0.000. This shows that the intention score after the intervention
was higher than the score before the intervention. The findings further indicate that the pre-intervention score
for intention was significantly different from the post-intervention score, although these two scores appear to be
close.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a smoking prevention program on non-smoking
adolescents. The findings of the study highlight the positive impact of smoking prevention programs on
smoking-related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitudes and intentions of adolescents.
After the intervention, there was a significant increase in the smoking-related knowledge of the
participants. This outcome is consistent with previous studies 15, 16
on a comparable group. These studies
recorded an increase in smoking-related knowledge of 39% and 25%, respectively, when the pre-intervention
and post-intervention results of the participants were compared. However, the studies did not report on the
significance level of these results. The reported increase in smoking related-knowledge in this study could be
attributed to the inclusion of program activities related to the outcome. This result is encouraging because
according to Tobler et al. and Lantz et al. adolescents would refrain from smoking if they were supplied with
adequate information regarding the harmful effects of smoking 17, 18
. Lantz et al further state that with increased
awareness on the health hazards of cigarette smoking, these individuals will then develop anti-tobacco attitudes,
and make a rational and logical decision not to smoke.
With peer pressure being recognized by various authors as one of the important determinants of
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adolescents smoking behaviour 19-21
, the researcher included components in the intervention of this study, that
were meant to equip the participants with smoking refusal skill to enable them resist pressures from their peers to
smoke. Chen and Yeh define self-efficacy as how a person determines how to handle a troublesome situation.
The authors state that “if an individual is lacking in efficacy expectation or self-efficacy, frustration, fear, and
doubt will no doubt take over”22.
A comparison of the pre-test and post-test scores of the participants reveals that,
there was a significant increase in the smoking refusal self-efficacy of the participants. The findings show that
the participants were more capable of overcoming pressures to smoke after the intervention than before the
intervention. This outcome could therefore be a protective factor in enabling them to overcome the temptation to
smoke.
The attitudes of the participants were observed to be relatively less favourable to smoking, after the
intervention. This observation could be explained by the increase in smoking-related knowledge among the
participants after the intervention. Increased knowledge about the hazards of a health behaviour leads to the
development of a negative attitude towards that behaviour. On the other hand, if one believes that the
consequences of smoking produce no detrimental effects, his/her attitude toward smoking would be a positive
one 18, 23
. Also, the increased refusal self-efficacy reported among the participants after the intervention could
contribute the relatively negative attitude among the participants after the intervention. This is because if
someone has the ability to resist negative health behaviour, that individual would develop a more negative
attitude towards that behaviour 23
.
After the intervention, the participants were less likely to smoke in the future. The increased smoking-
related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, less favourable attitude to smoking after the intervention, could have
contributed to the gain in smoking-related intention scores of the participants. This is because knowledge about
the health hazards of smoking and efficacy to refuse cigarette from friends and other significant others,
determine whether a person would intent to smoke or not 17, 24
. The increased smoking-related intention scores
after the intervention may indicate that the adolescents feel strong enough to resist pressures to smoke. However,
18 (56.3 %) of them do not have friends who smoke and so might not have been put to the test of resisting
influences from friends to smoke. Intending not to smoke in the future might be different from what actually
happens then. According to McGahee et al., “saying and doing may be two entirely different matters” 25
.
STUDY LIMITATIONS
Although there was a significant difference in the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores in terms
of smoking-related knowledge, refusal self-efficacy, attitude and intention, confounding factors cannot be ruled
out owing to the weakness of the research design used.
Also, due to time constraints the effect of the intervention on the long-term smoking behaviour of the
participants could not be ascertained. However, self-reported intention to smoke has been found to be a predictor
of subsequent self-reported smoking behaviour among adolescents followed longitudinally over a 4-year interval
26
.
Moreover, due to the small sample size of this study caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of
this study.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The smoking prevention program led to a significant increase in smoking-related knowledge and refusal
self-efficacy among the participants. The participants also reported a significantly less favourable attitude toward
smoking and a lesser intention to smoke in the future. However, generalization of these outcomes should be done
with caution, considering the weakness of the research design and the small sample size of the study.
Findings of this study support the usefulness of smoking prevention programs in increasing smoking-
related knowledge and refusal self-efficacy, positively impacting on smoking-related attitude, and intention.
Therefore, more smoking prevention programs need to be done for young adolescents to help them not to start
smoking before they become addicted.
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Table 1: Difference in Pre-test and Post-test Scores
Paired Differences t df
Sig.
(2-tailed)
Mean S.D
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower Upper
Knowledge -6.8125 3.01006 .53211 -7.8977 -5.7273 -12.803 31 .000
Self-efficacy
-.8028 .34779 .06148 -.9282 -.6774 -13.058 31 .000
Attitude .6273 .31233 .05521 .5147 .7399 11.361 31 .000
Intention -.3500 .3556 .06286 -.4782 -.2218 -5.568 31 .000
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