This document discusses the importance of soil health and the soil food web for plant and soil health. It provides information on the different microorganisms found in soil and their roles in nutrient cycling, holding soil carbon, and other functions. The document advocates for managed grazing practices like adaptive multi-paddock grazing to improve soil health by increasing organic matter and microbial diversity. It presents data showing higher soil carbon and improved pasture productivity on farms using adaptive grazing compared to conventional continuous grazing.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Biochar is a product rich in carbon that comes from the pyrolysis of biomass, generally of vegetable origin. It is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter exposed to temperatures between 350-600°C in an atmosphere with low oxygen availability (pyrolysis), which can be slow, intermediate or fast. The objective of this review is to show how biochar (BC) can be obtained and its effects on the physicochemical properties of soils and physiological behavior of cultivated plants. However, most studies reported positive effects of biochar application on soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial activities, plant biomass and yield, and potential reductions of soil GHG emissions. This review summarized the general findings of the impacts of biochar application on different aspects from soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, to soil nutrient availabilities, plant growth, biomass production and yield, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and soil carbon sequestration. The biochar applications in soil remediation in the past years were summarized and possible mechanisms were discussed. Finally, the potential risks of biochar application and the future research directions were analyzed to verify the mechanisms involved in biochar-soil-microbial-plant interactions for soil carbon sequestration and crop biomass and yield improvements.
Biochar preparation and effect of biochars on corn growth, yield , nutrient ...Dr. Pavinchandra patel
Biochar is sterile, odorless, high carbon solid that can be produced from a variety of organic feedstock. Soil application of biochar can reduce the overall total BD of the soil which is desirable for most plant growth and increased WHC. Nutrient availability can be affected by increasing CEC, altering soil pH, or direct nutrient contributions from biochar. The soil fertility of course texture is poor, so biochar application improved soil fertility of sandy loam soils, especially soil having low O.C., CEC, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and increased nutrient uptake resulted in increased in crop yield.
• Application of corn stover biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF increased DM and CP yield, chlorophyll content and plant height (at 30 and 60 DAS) as compared to CB and PJ biochars and FYM.
• Nutrient uptake like P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cu were significantly increased with the application of RDF+MS10 while in case of uptake of N and Mn were significantly increased in RDF+MS5.
• RDF+MS10 was found most effective in obtaining significantly higher DMY and CPY and larger removal of nutrients from the soil and found beneficial for built up nutrients in soil. It also showed significantly higher CEC and OC content in sandy loam soil.
• Application of RDF+MS5 significantly increased DMY and CPY content of forage corn crop which ultimately resulted in larger removals of nutrients from the soil.
Determination potassium by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhetSyed Zahid Hasan
Determination_potassium_by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhet.
Some picture and data are collected from internet. procedure is in short form so that it can understand easily.
There is no shortcut of success.
Read book first.
Are you interested in the water stored in the soil? Do you care more about water available for primary productivity? Are you studying water and solute movement in soils? Do you aim to optimize water use of crops? Are you modeling soil hydrology?
After this webinar you will:
• You will have a better understanding of the importance of water potential
• How you can utilize soil moisture release curves for irrigation planning
• What additional information lives within the soil moisture release curve
• What factors affect field capacity
Presented by Leo Rivera, METER Environment.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Biochar is a product rich in carbon that comes from the pyrolysis of biomass, generally of vegetable origin. It is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter exposed to temperatures between 350-600°C in an atmosphere with low oxygen availability (pyrolysis), which can be slow, intermediate or fast. The objective of this review is to show how biochar (BC) can be obtained and its effects on the physicochemical properties of soils and physiological behavior of cultivated plants. However, most studies reported positive effects of biochar application on soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial activities, plant biomass and yield, and potential reductions of soil GHG emissions. This review summarized the general findings of the impacts of biochar application on different aspects from soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, to soil nutrient availabilities, plant growth, biomass production and yield, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and soil carbon sequestration. The biochar applications in soil remediation in the past years were summarized and possible mechanisms were discussed. Finally, the potential risks of biochar application and the future research directions were analyzed to verify the mechanisms involved in biochar-soil-microbial-plant interactions for soil carbon sequestration and crop biomass and yield improvements.
Biochar preparation and effect of biochars on corn growth, yield , nutrient ...Dr. Pavinchandra patel
Biochar is sterile, odorless, high carbon solid that can be produced from a variety of organic feedstock. Soil application of biochar can reduce the overall total BD of the soil which is desirable for most plant growth and increased WHC. Nutrient availability can be affected by increasing CEC, altering soil pH, or direct nutrient contributions from biochar. The soil fertility of course texture is poor, so biochar application improved soil fertility of sandy loam soils, especially soil having low O.C., CEC, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and increased nutrient uptake resulted in increased in crop yield.
• Application of corn stover biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF increased DM and CP yield, chlorophyll content and plant height (at 30 and 60 DAS) as compared to CB and PJ biochars and FYM.
• Nutrient uptake like P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cu were significantly increased with the application of RDF+MS10 while in case of uptake of N and Mn were significantly increased in RDF+MS5.
• RDF+MS10 was found most effective in obtaining significantly higher DMY and CPY and larger removal of nutrients from the soil and found beneficial for built up nutrients in soil. It also showed significantly higher CEC and OC content in sandy loam soil.
• Application of RDF+MS5 significantly increased DMY and CPY content of forage corn crop which ultimately resulted in larger removals of nutrients from the soil.
Determination potassium by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhetSyed Zahid Hasan
Determination_potassium_by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhet.
Some picture and data are collected from internet. procedure is in short form so that it can understand easily.
There is no shortcut of success.
Read book first.
Are you interested in the water stored in the soil? Do you care more about water available for primary productivity? Are you studying water and solute movement in soils? Do you aim to optimize water use of crops? Are you modeling soil hydrology?
After this webinar you will:
• You will have a better understanding of the importance of water potential
• How you can utilize soil moisture release curves for irrigation planning
• What additional information lives within the soil moisture release curve
• What factors affect field capacity
Presented by Leo Rivera, METER Environment.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
Soil biological Response to BMPs - Alan Sundermeier, OSU Extension, and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Learn about the long-term Ontario research on cover crop impacts on yields and economics and about cover crop selection and termination. Anne Verhallen, Mike Cowbrough, OMAFRA
Plant Power vs Power Plant by Sena Crutchley (PAVE)VegFund
The Piedmont Area Vegan Educators (PAVE) have developed an informative presentation titled “Plant Power vs Power Plant: What We Consume and the Environment,” which they’ve used as the basis for talks with local environmental organizations. The presentation clearly and concisely lays out the facts and issues of our food and lifestyle choices and their relationship to the environment. PAVE graciously agreed to share it with the VegFund community as a valuable resource for all vegan advocates.
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland R...bio4climate
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland Restoration
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
www.bio4climate.org
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland R...gabriellebastien
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland Restoration
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
7. 90% of soil function is mediated by microbes.
Microbes depend on plants.
So, how we manage plants is critical.
7
8. Plant growth & health highly correlated with how
much life & what kind of life is in the soil!
– Microbes Matter!!!
– Microbial community structure crucial.
– Highly Important
Fungi to Bacteria ratio
Predator to Prey ratio
8
9. 9
Optimum Soil Health
Type of Organism number/acre lbs/acre
Bacteria 800,000,000,000,000,000,000 2,600
Actinobacteria 20,000,000,000,000,000 1,300
Fungi 200,000,000,000,000 2,600
Algae 4,000,000,000 90
Protozoa 2,000,000,000,000 90
Nematodes 80,000,000 45
Earthworms 40,000 445
Insects /arthropods 8,160,000 830
Soil Food Web
10. Role of Microbes
Produce Glomalin – “Soil Glue”.
– Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Glomalin creates soil aggregates vital to nutrient exchange and
water movement.
Reduces ponding and runoff.
Without underground “highways” created by glomalin, crops
require more fertilizer for same yields.
Slows down rate of water entering aggregate.
Soil aggregates are soil carbon vault.
Stores carbon where slow-acting microbes live.
10
11. Additional Roles
Fungal Hyphae:
– Help create fine roots
More efficient at grabbing nutrients.
Require less carbon as fuel (lower mpg).
Unlock chemical bonds to release P, S, N.
Fungi take up P 6 X’s faster than root hairs.
–Connect roots from different plants.
Transfer N and other nutrients from legume nodule to non-
legume root.
11
12. 10,000 – 50,000 microbe species in one
gram of soil.
Nutrient cycling services worth up to $20
Trillion annually!
World’s most valuable ecosystem!
“Soil livestock” more numerous & diverse
than tropical rain forest species.
12
31. Pore Spaces Are Essential For Biology And
Water Infiltration
32. Soil Testing
Soil Fertility or Chemistry
– SOM, pH, CEC
– Macro- and Micro-Nutrients
– Base Saturations/Ratios
Soil Biology – PLFA Analysis
– TLMB, Group Diversity Index
– Gram+ and Gram- Bacteria
– Fungi – Saprophytic & Mycorrhizal
– Predators – Protozoa & Nematodes
32
33. New Testing Available
Quorum Labs, Eldorado, IL
– Soil Fertility
Available and Bound Elements
OM, pH, CEC, Majors & Minors, Base Saturations
CO2
– Soil Biology
Active & Inactive fractions – Non-sporulated & sporulated
Microbial species specification
– Animal DNA
– Plant Tissue analysis
– Pathology
– Water Quality
– Affluent Testing
33
34. In Field Measurements
Compaction – Penetrometer
Temperature – Thermometer
Water Infiltration – Double Ring Infiltrometer
Soil NO3
Aggregation
Plant Brix
Shovel
34
37. Can we control runoff with Organic
Matter (OM)?
2% OM will hold 32,000 gallons of water
or 21% of a Moderate to Heavy rainfall.
5% OM will hold 80,000 gallons of water
or 53% of a Moderate to Heavy rainfall.
8% OM will hold 128,000 gallons of water
or 85% of a Moderate to Heavy rainfall.
41. 41
(oF)
Indicator: Soil Temperature
1. At 70 oF, 100% of Soil moisture is used for growth.
2. At 100 oF, 85% of Soil moisture is lost and 15% is used for growth.
3. At 115 oF, microbes begin to breakdown, and
4. At 140 oF they die.
Temperature (oF)
10
8
6
4
2
Temperature at 2
Inches
10 rated Best,
0 rated Worst
0
130+ 115-130
Poor Fair
(oF)
100-115
Good
90-100
Very
Good
< 90
Excellent
54. Soil OM – 1.3% to 1.6%
Water Infiltration Rates – < ½ in/hr
Plant Brix – 2%
Major forage species – 3-4
Stocking Rate – 1 AU/6 acres
54
55. Implemented Strategy
Bale Grazing 1st winter.
High Stock Density/Short Duration
Grazing.
Long rest periods.
Strategic use of microbial quorum sensing.
55
77. Chad Bitler, M.S.
Agriculture Resource Coordinator (ARC)
Email – cbitler@green-acres.org
Direct – (513) 898-3159
Green Acres Research Farm: Cincinnati, Ohio
78.
79. Chad Bitler, M.S.
Agriculture Resource Coordinator (ARC)
Email – cbitler@green-acres.org
Direct – (513) 898-3159
Green Acres Research Farm: Cincinnati, Ohio
80. Chad Bitler, M.S.
Agriculture Resource Coordinator (ARC)
Email – cbitler@green-acres.org
Direct – (513) 898-3159
Green Acres Research Farm: Cincinnati, Ohio
Over 56,000 lbs. of
biomass measured. No
fertilizer. Steers
gained ~ 3.0 lbs/day.
Organic matter
increased 0.20 % in 90
days.
84. Background
Typical 11 inch rainfall region.
– Last 4 years – 10”, 9”, 8”, 5” inches.
5 years ago – monoculture of tobosagrass
– Now = side-oats grama, blue grama, green
spangletop, …..
Run 1 cow/calf per 40 acres.
FREE ACRES!!!
Neighbor ranch runs 1 cow/calf per 200 acres.
84
95. Soil Carbon Data
Three farms sampled in Mississippi:
– Fall 2014
– Farm Descriptions:
AHSD Grazing for 5 years
High Level Conventional Grazing Management
– CG – Slow Rotation - 50+ years
Low Level Conventional grazing management
– CG – Continuous - 30+ years
All same soil types
95
96. Soil Carbon Data
Soil pits dug in random locations at each farm.
Same topography.
Each pit 3 feet deep and 3 feet square.
Collected soil samples within every 6 inch
section.
Noted root growth and structure.
Noted soil life, texture, aggregation.
96
103. Flexibility is Key
Alter stocking densities
Do not move through rotations in same pattern
Alter grazing heights
Alter rest periods
Alter species order
103
112. BRIX
Higher Brix – Result of improving SOM
and soil microbial populations.
112
113. BRIX
Dissolved plant solids include sugars
(such a sucrose and fructans), minerals,
amino acids, proteins, lipids and pectins.
Higher Brix – Result of improving SOM
and soil microbial populations.
113
117. 117
Forage Poor Avg Good Excellent
Alfalfa 4 8 16 22
Ryegrass 6 10 14 18
Sorghum 6 10 22 30
Fescue 2 4 7 12
Bermuda 2 4 6 8
Brix Index of Common Forages
118. 118
Why High Brix in Forages?
Research shows
– increase animal gains
– Increase Milk/components
High Brix Forages
are:
– More drought resistant
– Freeze tolerant,
– More resistant to plant
disease and pests
– References:
– (Moorby, 2001).
– (Moller, 1996).
– (Downing & Gamroth, 2007; Miller,
et al, 1999).
– (Allison, 2007).
– (McKenzie, 2007).
119. 119
Benefits of High Brix
More Sugars, minerals, and
proteins – Less water
Forages and crops will taste
“sweeter” and be more nutrient
dense
Enhanced aroma
Indication of nutrient uptake
Helps plants resist disease
and insect infestation
Stored Forages & Crops –
Longer “shelf” life, better
nutritional values, better flavor
characteristics
120. Brix Advantage
Brix 5.0% or less = ADG in low 1’s.
Brix 8-12% = ADG in low to mid-2’s.
Brix 12 – 15% = ADG in mid-high 2’s.
Brix > 15% = ADG in high 2’s to 3’s.
Every 1.0% increase in Brix adds 0.1 to 0.3
ADG.
Going from 3% to 6% Brix in dairy pastures
adds between 10-20% milk production.
120
130. What They Did
Cover Crop – 8 Seed Mix – Cereal Rye, Winter Oats, Triticale,
Winter Pea, Hairy Vetch, Crimson Clover, Daikon Radish,
Canola
Rolled down Early May. Planted into 20K+ standing biomass.
C:N ratio > 30:1.
Planted using a Roller and JD Air Seeder.
Lost all fear of biomass. If we can get it on the ground we can
plant.
Less than 5.5 inches rain from planting until August. 55+ days
with 90-98 temp.
Cover Crop Field yield 215 bu/ac. No-Till yield 160 bu/ac.
130
131. Illinois Trial
Collected baseline data in Spring 2014.
Planted complex cover crop into standing crop.
Adaptively grazed cover and employed Quorum
Sensing products.
Followed with cash crop for 2015.
Collected data again following 2015 harvest.
131
133. 2014 Data - Start of
season (pre-test)
Soil pH - 6.5
Soil OM - 2.4%
CEC - 10.3%
Soil P (lbs/ac) - 145, Soil
K - 252, Soil Ca - 3267,
Mg - 178
2015 Data (end of
season, August)
Soil pH - 7.3
Soil OM - 3.5%
CEC - 15.8%
Soil P - 190, K - 568, Ca
- 5346, Mg - 405
Cut N 55%
133
135. Penn State Trials
Compared 2 seed mix to 6 seed mix
9 Year Trial
Grazed both treatments the same – Rotation
Soil C
– 0.5 tons/Ha/Year
– 1.8 tons/Ha/Year
Forage Biomasss
– 31% more in 6 seed mix
135
