What is Waste? Waste is undesirable, unwanted material which is inevitable & any type of material which we throw. Types of Waste - 1 Preconsumer Waste - is a material that was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different materials, or can be sold "as is" to third party buyers who then use those materials for consumer products. Preconsumer textile waste usually refers to waste by-products from fiber, yarn, textile, and apparel manufacturing. It can be mill ends, scraps, clippings, or goods damaged during production, and most is reclaimed and reused as raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishing, paper, and other industries 2 Postconsumer Waste - Postconsumer textile waste usually refers to any product that the individual no longer needs and decides to discard due to wear or damage and normally includes used or worn clothing, bed linens, towels, and other consumer textiles. Postconsumer waste which can be recovered are clothing, drapes/curtains, towels, sheets and blankets, clean rags and sewing remnants, table cloths belts hand bags paired shoes and socks.

1. Presented By
Priyanka Panchal
(B.Tech Textile Technology)

2. What is Waste?
 Waste is undesirable, unwanted material which is inevitable
& any type of material which we throw.

3. Types of Waste
Postconsumer
Waste Types
Preconsumer

4. Preconsumer Waste
is a material that was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Pre-consumer
recycled materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different
materials, or can be sold "as is" to third party buyers who then use those materials
for consumer products. Preconsumer textile waste usually refers to waste by-
products from fiber, yarn, textile, and apparel manufacturing. It can be mill ends,
scraps, clippings, or goods damaged during production, and most is reclaimed and
reused as raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home
furnishing, paper, and other industries.
Postconsumer Waste
Postconsumer textile waste usually refers to any product that the individual no
longer needs and decides to discard due to wear or damage and normally includes
used or worn clothing, bed linens, towels, and other consumer textiles.
Postconsumer waste which can be recovered are clothing, drapes/curtains, towels,
sheets and blankets, clean rags and sewing remnants, table cloths belts hand bags
paired shoes and socks.

5. Textile production wastes
Trash Waste
Clean Waste
Hard Waste
Textile Waste

6. Clean Waste : waste which requires no further cleaning,
examples are comber waste, card, draw frame and combed sliver waste filter
waste from draw frames, speed frames, ring spinning frames and rotor
spinning machines.
Trashy Waste : waste which requires cleaning before
reprocessing, examples are blow room wastes, carding waste, card
flat strips and filter waste.
Hard Waste : waste which requires opening on special
machines, examples are twisted roving, yarns, and textile fabrics
(woven rags and knitted rags).

7. Types of waste produced in different
production industries
Production Type Types of waste
Spinning waste, yarn waste Opening Waste, Carding Waste, Sliver
Waste, Roving Waste, Combed Noil,
Pneumafil Waste, hard waste from ring
spinning, winding and doubling.
Clothing waste Knitting waste fiber and yarn, Woven
waste fiber and yarn, Woven and knit
cutting waste.
Nonwovens production waste Thermally and chemically bonded,
lightweight webs, needled webs, coated,
uncoated.

8. Waste Management
Waste
Management
Techniques
Source
Reduction
Incineration
Landfill
Recycling

9. Source Reduction
To have little or even zero waste Source Reduction is generally the first step
that should be considered in an integrated waste management system e.g.
avoiding waste generation, internal reuse of waste, reuse in other products
etc.
Incineration
It is a process of burning the solid waste to recover the heat energy. Textile
waste e.g. short, shredded, loose fibres can also be reincorporated into a
palatalized fuel. But, Incinerator chimneys emit organic substances such as
dioxins, heavy metals, acidic gases and dust particles, which are all
potentially harmful to both humans and the environment. Also, there is a
problem disposing of residual ash which is likely to contain a concentration
of toxic material.

10. Land Filling
It should be the last alternative in an integrated waste management system. Textile
waste in landfill contributes to the formation of leach-ate as it decomposes, which
has the potential to contaminate both surface and groundwater sources. Another
product of decomposition in landfill is methane gas, which is a major greenhouse
gas and a significant contributor to global warming, although it can be utilized if
collected. The decomposition of organic fibres and yarn such as wool produces large
amounts of ammonia as well as methane. Ammonia is highly toxic in both terrestrial
and aquatic environments, and can be toxic in gaseous form. It has the potential to
increase nitrogen in drinking water, which can have adverse effect on humans.
Cellulose-based synthetics decay at a faster rate than chemical-based synthetics.
Synthetic chemical fibres can prolong the adverse effects of both leach-ate and gas
production due to the length of time it takes for them to decay.

11. Recycling
Recycling is a key concept of modern waste management. Recycling is the
reprocessing of waste materials into new or reusable products. Ninety-nine percent
of used textiles are recyclable. In many applications, especially where metals, glass
or polymers (including synthetic textile materials) are involved, the recycling
process can only slow down damage to the planet. The least expensive and least
adverse effect on the environment is when a component can be recycled into its
original product, i.e. so called ‘closed loop’ recycling. The second best is when it
can be used in another article which usually requires less demanding properties, for
example face car seat fabric being recycled into backing material. Typically,
recycling technologies are divided into primary; secondary, tertiary. Primary
approaches involve recycling a product into its original form; secondary recycling
involves melt processing a plastic product into a new product that has a lower level
of physical, mechanical and/or chemical properties. Tertiary recycling involves
processes such as pyrolysis and hydrolysis, which convert the plastic wastes into
basic chemicals or fuels.

12. What is Recycling?
Segregation
Processing
Remanufacturing
Purchase
&Use
Waste
Collection

13. Recycling Technology
Recycling Techniques
Chemical Recycling Physical Recycling

14. Chemical Recycling
 The principle of chemical recycling is to convert high molecular weight
polymers into low molecular weight substances via chemical reactions. The
obtained substances can be used as the reactants for preparations of other
chemicals and polymers.
Physical Recycling
 In the case of physical recycling, manufacturing wastes and post-consumer
products are reprocessed generally into new products using reclamations
process or commingled plastics waste processing. Due to its simpler,
cheaper and more environmental friendly process, physical recycling is
more favorable than chemical recycling.

15. Recycling Method of Textile Waste

16. Method of converting old clothing into fibers
Old clothes are converted into fibers by following operations.
(1) Firstly cloth have to Free from dust.
(2) Then Carefully sorted.
(3) Oiled so they will be soft and pliable.
(4) Then converted into strip- form of particular dimensions according to
specification of rag puller.
(5) Then, the strips were distributed evenly on the feed lattice. As the strips
were delivered by means of feed roller, the torn-out garment strips were
torn-off by the high speed spiked beater.
(6) The fibres produced were collected at the container while the unfilled-
opened strips were collected at the separator for re-processing.

17. Fiber Recycling Technologies
A vast number of products are made from reprocessed fiber because much of this fiber is
re-spun into new yarns or manufactured into woven, knitted, or non-woven fabrications,
or upholstery material, or composite biomaterial, or other methods including garment
linings, household items, furniture upholstery, insulation materials, automobile sound
absorption materials, automobile carpeting and toys.
Yarns From Recycled Fibres
The recovered fibers from waste can be used to produce blended yarns (waste/virgin fibers) in
different portions. These fibers can be reused for the open end spinning and friction spinning but
nowadays attempts on ring spinning are also in progress.. It is found from the studies that the
introduction of 15 and 25% waste fiber into the cotton will not affect the tenacity, the irregularity and
the rotor yarn elongation. Results also indicated that the recovered fibers have a good clean ability
which allows its blend with virgin fibres. This yarn can be woven or knitted for some special purpose
but till a date it is not able to fulfill the work of virgin fibres. Researchers claimed that yarn can be
used for specific use if waste is selected in specific amounts from the various waste categories and
mixed together properly. For example, a formula that includes the percentage by weight of the type of
waste from the various waste categories can be used that is based on characteristics of the yarn to be
produced. Researcher make yarn of 100 % cotton waste (30% ring spinning waste; 30% card waste;
20% weaving yarn waste; and 20% combed waste yarn) that has a count of 24/1 Ne which can be
used for a warp yarn in producing a woven bed sheeting. Attempt on making Dref yarns from
recycled fibres also shows good results but as raw materials used is totally waste materials so fabrics
produced of course belongs to cheap fabrics which are suggested to be used in the field of cleaning
cloths, wrapping cloths and covering cloths.

18. Recycling of Non-Woven’s
Cutting into
small pieces Processing into
Tearing machine

19. Composite recycling
Composite
Recycling
Mechanical
Grinding
Pyrolysis
Fluidised
Bed

20. Mechanical Grinding
GFRP recycling has tended to focus on mechanical grinding of the cured composite
material. After suitable size reduction, the materials are ground in a hammer mill or
similar and graded into different fractions
Pyrolysis
The resin matrix is burned off with limited oxygen. Carbon fibres processed in this way
retain 90% or more of their original mechanical properties. This process has been
commercialized by recycled carbon fibre (RCF).Variants of pyrolysis have been trailed in
several places around the world for both glass and carbon fibre composites. A pyrolysis
process for GFRP recycling was developed at the University of Leeds in a method where
the fluid pyrolysis products can be used as fuel.
Fluidised Bed
The sand is fluidized with a stream of hot air at 450-550 ºC.The polymer breaks down
and vaporizes, releasing the fibres and filler which are carried out in the gas stream.
The fibres and filler are separated out, and the resin products are fully oxidized in a
combustion chamber, where the heat energy can be recovered. This process can be
used for both carbon and glass fibres composites.

21. Other Method of Using recycled Fibers
Example of underlay carpet. Example of shoe insoles
insulation material Stuffed toys

22. Benefits of Recycling Waste
 Reducing environmental load .
 Reducing cost of purchasing materials.
 Recycling include petroleum savings, greenhouse gases
reduced, energy conserved.
 Textile recycling requires less energy than any other type of
recycling.
 Textile recycling does not create any new hazardous waste
or harmful by-products.
 Increasing profitability.

23. Limitation of Recycling
 Promoting waste avoidance on purely environmental reasons
may not be sufficient.
 There is no financial incentive for waste producers to reduce
waste .
 Low values, high transportation cost or lack of market
demand for recovered materials particularly.
 The predominance of small and medium recovery and
recycling enterprises discourages investments in waste
recovery technologies.

24. Conclusion
 The environmental awareness of the general public has
increased significantly in recent years, still their willingness
to actively participate in waste reduction by recycling needs
to be enhanced Thus, recycling by various methods for
increase in usability of products being obtained from waste.