The document discusses the mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene blended with virgin polypropylene. It analyzes the properties as a function of both blend composition and number of times the recycled material is reprocessed. The recycled polypropylene was collected from a municipal center and blended with virgin polypropylene in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. The blended materials were tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength according to ASTM standards after 1, 2 and 3 reprocessings. The results showed the properties generally decreased with increasing number of reprocessings but could be optimized by adjusting the blend ratio of recycled to virgin material.
Plastic Waste Management and Recycling TechnologiesBHU
Its time to prevent the plastic usage by using 4Rs such as- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
How to manage and utilize the Plastic Waste with the developed Technologies for Recycling.
Plastic Waste Management and Recycling TechnologiesBHU
Its time to prevent the plastic usage by using 4Rs such as- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
How to manage and utilize the Plastic Waste with the developed Technologies for Recycling.
In todays life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquitos and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from growing and obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of this project is to make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Kaushal Harsola | Gautam Shelar | Manjusha Donde | Faisal Shaikh"Adhesive from Petrol and Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12760/adhesive-from-petrol-and-thermocol/kaushal-harsola
About 2460kg (on average )plastic was collected by a factory named Sun Shine Plastic.amount of sorted plastic hard plastic (51%), semi hard plastic (38%) and soft plastic (11%).
Sun Shine plastic Factory has used 98070 kg raw materials and recycled around 7530 kg.
According to factory daily estimates, it is possible to produce of 28050 new products from 12515 kg raw materials.
Plastic Waste Management in Cement industryDeepak Shukla
Plastic Waste Management in Cement industry Under the purview of Plastic Waste (Management) Rules Notified by
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE on 18th March 2016 and Amendment thereof.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
In todays life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquitos and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from growing and obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of this project is to make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Kaushal Harsola | Gautam Shelar | Manjusha Donde | Faisal Shaikh"Adhesive from Petrol and Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12760/adhesive-from-petrol-and-thermocol/kaushal-harsola
About 2460kg (on average )plastic was collected by a factory named Sun Shine Plastic.amount of sorted plastic hard plastic (51%), semi hard plastic (38%) and soft plastic (11%).
Sun Shine plastic Factory has used 98070 kg raw materials and recycled around 7530 kg.
According to factory daily estimates, it is possible to produce of 28050 new products from 12515 kg raw materials.
Plastic Waste Management in Cement industryDeepak Shukla
Plastic Waste Management in Cement industry Under the purview of Plastic Waste (Management) Rules Notified by
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE on 18th March 2016 and Amendment thereof.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
Here we will see the classifications, Collection, Handling & Sorting, different methods of sorting of plastics
About Biodegradable polymers, how to use it and reuse it
This poster describes the affects of plastic used plastic goods that do not biodegrade naturally on environment and how plastic recycling can play a great role in playing the savior on the case.
In fact, Plastic injection molding materials are so pervasive that it is challenging, if not impossible, to look around in an indoor setting without spotting numerous objects that are at least partially made of Plastic injection molding materials in some way. This includes the structural materials that make up the entire indoor setting.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOME OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF/POLY...IAEME Publication
Plant fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The main advantage of employing natural fibers is that these are biodegradable and renewable and exhibit low cost, low density and high toughness. The proposed work focuses on the development of cellulose composites using Kenaf fibers. The kenaf plant (hibiscus cannabinus) belongs to Malvaceae family. In this work a study on the feasibility of extracting cellulose from plant fiber will be carried out by a chemical procedure, water pre hydrolysis. The composites will be prepared by using cellulose by using hand-layup technique. The composites are characterized by means tensile test based on ASTM standard.
Fabrication and analysis of jute hemp reinforced fiberIJARIIT
There is a huge need for new materials in all fields of engineering, this invites the development of new materials which
suits the need. Utilization of biodegradable materials i.e. natural fibers for various applications to preserve the environment from
synthetic fibers invites the development of natural fiber reinforced polyester composites. In a country like India which is
producing an enormous amount of agricultural solid waste (in the form of leaf, fruits, stems etc.) there is lack of marketing for
the above said wastes, if this can be improved the farmers may get benefited. Natural fiber reinforced composites are preferred
than conventional materials because of their advantages like low density, light weight, high strength to weight ratio, low cost,
high toughness, and biodegradability. The present investigation deals with the preparation of jute, Hemp fiber and jute- Hemp
fiber (Hybrid) reinforced polyester composite and to determine the tensile modulus with an increase in percentage weight fraction
of the fiber and further the experimental results will be validated through ANSYS software.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The present study provides evidence that 1,5-Bis (3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper has an antidiabetic effect, as hypoglycemic agent and as antilipolytic agent, but with many abnormalities. It affected blood and liver biochemistry in rats. Sera of animals treated with 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in the present study revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and albumin, while reported a significant increase in ALT and AST. Moreover, significant decrease in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION ...IJSIT Editor
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINE...IJSIT Editor
Fish are at present in high demand in food markets, they are widely consumed in many parts of the
world because they posses high protein content, saturated fat and also contain omega fatty acids known to
support good health. The present study deals with biochemical composition of common fish,Sardinella
longiceps. The proximate composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids were
studied. The results of proximate composition in S. longiceps showed the percentage of protein was high in
the normal and tumor infected fish tissue (29.15 &18.93%), followed by the carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %)
and lipid (15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are
presented in normal tissue and tumor infected tissue were found to be as 46.09 % & 41.47 % and 37.23% &
40.63%. In the analysis, the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount
of PUFA (Linolenic acid 32.74 %) in normal tissue. The details of the vitamins detected in S. longicepstissue.
Among them, vitamin A was found in higher levels (91.16 mg/gm) at normal tissue. In the present study,
totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported. The S. longiceps normal and infected tissue
contributed maximum sodium (289.6 mg/gm) and Potassium (166.5 mg/gm) of minerals. The result shows
that marine fish (S. longiceps) tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption, due to its high quality
protein and well-balanced amino acids fatty acids and vitamins and minerals.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTO–CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RAKTADUSHTIHAR YOGAIJSIT Editor
The Rakta has vital role in the maintenance of health. If Rakta is in proper quantity and having desirable
qualities too, it promotes health, improves complexion, strength and vigor. Raktadushtihara Yoga was
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Studies on mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene blended with virgin polypropylene ijsit 2.3.3
1. Mahendrasinh M. Raj et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(3), 194-203
IJSIT (www.ijsit.com), Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2013
194
STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE
BLENDED WITH VIRGIN POLYPROPYLENE
Mahendrasinh M. Raj*, Hemul V. Patel, Lata M. Raj and Naynika K. Patel
Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120,
Gujarat, India.
Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS),
New Vallabh Vidyanagar-388121, Gujarat, India.
C. N. P. F Arts and D. N Science College, Dabhoi, Gujarat, India.
Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Universty, Vallabh Vidyanagar -388120, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT
During the recycling process the material undergoes various operations that bring out several
modifications in the molecular structure. As a matter of fact, the mechanical properties of the recycled
products and their structural organization are quite different compared to those composed of virgin material
[1]. Also, particular attention is attached to the relationship and several consequent changes in the
mechanical properties. The aim of this work is to study the properties of recycled polypropylene in particular
through the analysis of degradation by the mechanical properties from virgin and recycled material. These
mixtures were analysed as a function both of blend composition and of the number of reprocessing of the
recycled fraction. The results of virgin and the reprocessing polypropylene were correlated with the
mechanical properties.
Keywords: recycled, polypropylene, virgin, extrusion, mechanical properties
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INTRODUCTION
Population growth in large urban centres, social and technological developments and changes in
consumers’ habits have led to greatly increasing amounts of solid wastes. Thus, nowadays, waste
management is one of the most significant issues that modern society deals with. The suitability of polymers
for a large number of applications and uses is a consequent result of their important properties i.e polymers
are lightweight, flexible and versatile, offering many practical benefits to various uses, easy to process in any
desirable shape and available with various types of modified properties. They match optimum design with
functional solutions; they are economic to produce in custom-made forms and are extremely durable [2, 3].
The use of plastics is growing steadily. Most industrialized have systems for the collection and
recycling of plastic waste, either implemented on a full scale or on trial. An important aspect of plastic
recycling is that the types of plastics used for most applications are inexpensive commodity materials. The
price of corresponding virgin resins determines the ceiling for the price at which recycled materials can be
sold for reprocessing. The processing of plastics often generates a considerable amount of production scrap.
The mechanical recycling of such material, i.e. material that has not been converted to a useful product, is
referred to as primary recycling. Examples of such plastic material that can be re-utilised are edge trims,
start-up and change-over scrap, finished products or parts that fails to meet required standards, material
solidified in mould runners, etc. Primary recycling can be done in-house if the necessary equipment is
available. Machines used for primary recycling are shredders, grinders and extruders. The recycled material
is often mixed with virgin resin and fed back into the same process that generated it, but it is also possible to
produce other products. If a plastic processing industry does not recycle production scrap itself, the material
can be sold to other companies for primary recycling. This solution may be attractive to processors who
cannot afford to invest in the necessary recycling equipment. To sell production scrap on the open market can
however be risky, since it may make it possible for competitors to acquire cheap raw-materials and thereby
gain a competitive advantage. The primary recycling of production scrap has been practiced for a long time in
order to save money [4-6].
Most thermoplastics are highly suitable for mechanical recycling. Numerous studies have shown that
the important properties of the most common plastics are fairly well preserved throughout several cycles of
processing and ageing. This means that any company that puts products on the market that are made of
thermoplastics can claim that its products are recyclable. For it to become realistic that the material will be
recovered and recycled, several other criteria must however be fulfilled. There has to be an infra-structure
available for collecting, sorting and reprocessing the material and there have to be useful applications for the
material in its second life. Recycling infrastructures are characterised by the requirement of economy of scale.
This means that large amounts of material have to be recovered in order to sustain the system for recycling. A
plastic product is consequently not in practice recyclable unless there is enough discarded material of the
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same kind to make recycling worthwhile. A possible strategy to overcome this dilemma is to recycle waste
plastics as “commingled plastics“, which means that the plastics are reprocessed without prior sorting
according to plastic type. Park-benches, poles and fences are examples of products that are being made out of
commingled plastics [7-8]. The value of materials made out of commingled waste plastics is very low
compared to that of virgin plastics and this type of recycling is therefore sometimes referred to as “down-
cycling“. A critical factor is the depletion of antioxidants, but if the material is considered to have insufficient
protection against oxidative degradation, it is possible to add more stabilizers during reprocessing.
Antioxidant formulations are now commercially available that are designed specifically for the purpose of re-
stabilising recycled plastics [9-10]. The present work is based on, to study the properties of recycled
polypropylene and it is blended with virgin polypropylene in different proportion.
Sources of waste plastics:
Industrial waste (or primary waste) can often be obtained from the large plastics processing,
manufacturing and packaging industries. Rejected or waste material usually has good characteristics for
recycling and will be clean. Although the quantity of material available is sometimes small, the quantities tend
to be growing as consumption, and therefore production, increases. Commercial waste is often available from
workshops, craftsmen, shops, supermarkets and wholesalers. A lot of the plastics available from these
sources will be polyolefin, often contaminated. Agricultural waste can be obtained from farms and nursery
gardens outside the urban areas. This is usually in the form of packaging (plastic containers or sheets) or
construction materials (irrigation or hosepipes). Municipal waste can be collected from residential areas
(domestic or household waste), streets, parks, collection depots and waste dumps. In Asian cities this type of
waste is common and can either be collected from the streets or can be collected from households by
arrangement with the householders [11, 12].
EXPERIMENTAL
Polypropylene waste was collected from municipal collection centre and virgin moulding grade
polypropylene was used is purchased from Reliance Industries Ltd.
Recycling of Polypropylene:
Initial upgrading: Once the plastic has been collected, it will have to be cleaned and sorted. The techniques
used will depend on the scale of the operation and the type of waste collected, but at the simplest level will
involve hand washing and sorting of the plastic into the required groups. More sophisticated mechanical
washers and solar drying can be used for larger operations. Sorting of plastics can be by polymer type
(thermoset or thermoplastic for example), by product (bottles, plastic sheeting, etc.), by colour, etc.
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Size reduction techniques: Size reduction is required for several reasons; to reduce larger plastic waste to a
size manageable for small machines, to make the material denser for storage and transportation, or to
produce a product which is suitable for further processing. There are several techniques commonly used for
size reduction of plastics. Cutting is usually carried out for initial size reduction of large objects and followed
with scissors, shears, saw, etc.
Shredding: Shredding is suitable for smaller pieces. A typical shredder has a series of rotating blades driven
by an electric motor, some form of grid for size grading and a collection bin. Materials are fed into the
shredder via a hopper which is sited above the blade rotor. The product of shredding is a pile of coarse
irregularly shaped plastic flakes which can then be further processed.
Agglomeration: Agglomeration is the process of pre-plasticising soft plastic by heating, rapid cooling to
solidify the material and finally cutting into small pieces. This is usually carried out in a single machine. The
product is coarse, irregular grain, often called crumbs.
Extrusion and pelletizing: The process of extrusion is employed to homogenise the reclaimed polymer and
produce a material that it subsequently easy to work. The reclaimed polymer pieces are fed into the extruder,
are heated to induce plastic behavior and then forced through a die (see the following section on
manufacturing techniques) to form a plastic spaghetti which can then be cooled in a water bath before being
palletised. The palletisation process is used to reduce the ‘spaghetti’ to pellets which can then be used for the
manufacture of new products. The detailed of preparation of various batches is given in Table No. 1to3
Proportion Weight of Ist time
Recycled (gms)
Weight of Virgin PP
(gms)
Total Batch Size
(gms)
90:10 25 225 250
80:20 50 200 250
70:30 75 175 250
60:40 100 150 250
Table 1: First time Recycled Polypropylene with Virgin Polypropylene
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Proportion Weight of IInd time
Recycled (gms)
Weight of virgin PP
(gms)
Total Batch Size
(gms)
90:10 25 225 250
80:20 50 200 250
70:30 75 175 250
60:40 100 150 250
Table 2: Second time Recycled Polypropylene with Virgin Polypropylene
Proportion Weight of IIIrd time
recycled (gm.)
Weight of virgin
Polypropylene (gm.)
Total Batch Size
(gm.)
90:10 25 225 250
80:20 50 200 250
70:30 75 175 250
60:40 100 150 250
Table 3: Third time Recycled Polypropylene with Virgin Polypropylene
Preparation of test specimen:
Injection moulding machine is used for the preparation of test specimen. The first stage of this
manufacturing process is identical to that of extrusion, but then the plastic polymer emerges through a nozzle
into a split mould. The quantity of polymer being forced out is carefully controlled, usually by moving the
screw forward in the heated barrel. A series of moulds would be used to allow continual production while
cooling takes place.
Measurements:
The important parameters for the end users are obviously determined by the application, but the
most important requirement is for the material to be mouldable. To establish this, it is necessary to know the
melt flow index (MFI) of the material, which determines the melt strength and indicates whether the material
is likely to be suitable or not. The melt flow index of the material produced was measured to determine
suitability for use. The recovery rate for the material was also recorded.
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Melt Flow Index (MFI) (ASTM D 1238 I): The MFI was established using test method with a 2.16 kg weight
and test temperature of 2300C.
Tensile Strength (ASTM D 638): Tensile test gives a measurement of the ability of a material to withstand
forces that tend to pull it apart and to determine to what extent the material stretches before breaking.
Flexural Strength (ASTM D 790): Flexural strength is the ability of the material to withstand bending forces
applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. The stresses induced by to the flexural load are a combination
of compressive and tensile stresses.
Izod Impact Strength (ASTM D 265): Izod Impact is a single point test that measures a materials resistance
to impact from a swinging pendulum. Izod impact is defined as the kinetic energy needed to initiate fracture
and continue the fracture until the specimen is broken. This test can be used as a quick and easy quality
control check to determine if a material meets specific impact properties or to compare materials for general
toughness.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The data obtained from results of tensile properties shows that the IIIrd time re-processed material is
showing lower tensile properties compared to the Ist and IInd time re-processed. The decrees in the tensile
properties are comparable with the tensile properties of virgin polypropylene. So, on the basis of these data
these data we can see that if the Ist time re-processed material is used with virgin PP, then it will show
maximum tensile strength when blended in 60:40 ratio and for IInd and IIIrd time the 90:10 ratio is best to use.
The results are given in Table No. 4 to 5.
Sample Tensile strength
KgF/cm2
Elongation at break
KgF/cm2
Young’s Modulus
KgF/cm2
Virgin PP 347.82 20 1739.10
Ist time Recycled 340.57 32 1064.28
IInd time Recycled 340.57 46 740.36
IIIrd time Recycled 335.65 20 1678.25
Table 4: Tensile Properties of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
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Sr.
No.
Ratio
Virgin PP :
Recycled
Tensile strength
KgF/cm2
Elongation at break
KgF/cm2
Young’s Modulus
KgF/cm2
Batch
I
Batch II Batch
III
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
1 90:10 313.07 317.24 306.84 18 26 26 1739.32 1220.15 1180.15
2 80:20 315.06 304.71 284.24 26 24 18 1211.76 1159.05 1134.25
3 70:30 308.49 301.69 277.96 22 22 16 1402.13 1105.15 1100.00
4 60:40 319.44 305.55 250.00 26 20 14 1228.61 1005.63 961.53
Table 5: Tensile Properties of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
Here, a very opposite trend can be seen i.e. the values of the flexural for the re-processed ones is
higher than the virgin PP. This behavior could be a result of using re-processed material because when a
polymeric material is processed its molecular weight decreases as a result of deterioration of chains and
these results in the brittleness in material. The flexural strength according to the data is increasing
continuously and is highest in case of IIIrd time re-processed at 90:10 ratios. The obtained results are given in
Table No. 6 and 7.
Sample Flexural Strength
KgF/cm2
Flexural Modulus
KgF/cm2
Vergin PP 568.42 3339.52
Ist time Recycled 593.50 3232.03
IInd time Recycled 593.50 3456.00
IIIrd time Recycled 586.56 3243.52
Table 6: Flexural Properties of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
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Sr.
No.
Ratio
Virgin PP : Recycled
Flexural Strength
KgF/cm2
Flexural Modulus
KgF/cm2
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
1 90:10 627.94 549.75 500.00 4490.34 3525.25 3300.52
2 80:20 502.94 505.50 475.25 4434.91 3450.00 3350.25
3 70:30 470.58 475.00 460.65 3855.95 3400.00 3300.00
4 60:40 450.60 450.00 425.25 3760.80 3350.25 3250.80
Table 7: Flexural Properties of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
The data is for the impact strength of material and from the shown peaks we can evaluate that when
the Ist time re-processed PP is used then the optimum ratio of blending should be 80:20 and for IInd and IIIrd
time re-processed material the ratios preferred are 70:30 and 90:10 respectively if optimum imact strength is
required.
We can clearly observe from the above given data that the Ist and IInd time re-processed materials are
having a higher value for MFI compared to the virgin polypropylene. This increase in the flow value is as a
result of reduction in molecular weight due to the processing. The results of MFI and Izod impact strength is
given in Table No. 8 and 9.
Sample Izood Impact Strength
Joule/cm
MFI
gm./10min.
Vergin PP 568.42 2.16
Ist time Recycled 593.50 2.18
IInd time Recycled 593.50 2.20
IIIrd time Recycled 586.56 2.23
Table 8: Izod Impact Strength & Melt Flow Index (MFI) of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
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Sr.
No.
Ratio
Virgin PP :
Recycled
Izod Impact Strength
Joule/cm
Melt Flow Index (MFI)
gm./10 min.
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
Batch
I
Batch
II
Batch
III
1 90:10 0.538 0.520 0.510 2.17 2.18 2.18
2 80:20 0.524 0.485 0.460 2.19 2.20 2.22
3 70:30 0.490 0.460 0.410 2.21 2.21 2.23
4 60:40 0.461 0.416 0.390 2.23 2.25 2.26
Table 9: Izod Impact Strength & Melt Flow Index (MFI) of Virgin Polypropylene and Recycled Polypropylene
Recycling is of prime importance nowadays as its favours cost-cutting and is a greener route to save
premium resources. Recycled products are used widely in the secondary preferred places i.e. where the
demands of strength and resistive properties are not very critical.
CONCLUSION
From the above data and all the interpretation we conclude that for optimum tensile strength
requirement the ratio of neat to the recycled proportions is best shown when blended in 90:10 ratios. Good
flexural strength, is obtained at the best proportion is 60:40. Optimum impact strength is observed ratio
taken should be 90:10. It is also concluded that this best way to utilize polypropylene waste without
compromising any properties.
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