This document discusses electrical distribution system planning and optimization techniques. It notes that distribution system planning is an important problem for utilities, and various heuristic and mathematical techniques have been proposed over the past 40+ years to solve this problem while integrating reliability and other objectives. The continuous growth in demand requires resizing and expanding the distribution network to meet future demand profiles. Deregulation of the energy sector also complicates planning by introducing greater uncertainty. The document reviews factors that influence network design and connection to loads, such as demand factor, coincidence factor, and power factor. It also discusses voltage drop requirements and algorithms like greedy algorithms that can be used for reconfiguration and restoration of electrical networks.
Coautor en Revista JCR, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. Título; Analysis of the behavior of MVDC system in a distribution grid compared to a UPFC system
Basic MOSFET Based vs Couple-Coils Boost Converters for Photovoltaic GeneratorsIJPEDS-IAES
Considering the optimization of a photovoltaic system, several studies show the advantage in the choice of a distributed structure. For such structures small power converters such as the boosts and buck converters appear as most appropriate. We have analysed the efficiency of small power boost- converters especially dedicated for photovoltaic energy conversion systems working in the middle and high voltage ranges. The setup studied is a photovoltaic generator connected to an AC grid working in 230 Volts via an inverter. Moreover, we considered the possibility of multiple electrical energy sources as photovoltaic, wind systems in the same energy production system, which obliged an adaptive converter structure. We evaluated the losses in the various stages of a boost converter and point out the importance of the power MOSFET used as the commutation element. New transistors databases obtained from manufacturers show the nonlinear dependency between the resistance drain-source when passing, Rdson and the maximum rating voltage when the transistor is off, Vdsmax, for all transistor families. Thus nonlinear dependency induces a huge increase of losses with the voltage in the MOSFET, and as a direct consequence in the converter the more as Vdsmax is higher. In order to minimize losses of the converter we have designed and realized a new high efficiency version of a Step-Up structure based on a commutation element integrating a low Vdsmax voltage MOSFET and very low Rdson.
Sliding-mode controller for a photovoltaic system based on a ´ Cuk converterIJECEIAES
The wide range of step-up and step-down input-output voltage characteristic of the ´ Cuk converter makes it a good candidate to interface photovoltaic arrays in both clas- sical and distributed maximum power point tracking systems. Because its two inductor structure, ´ Cuk converters have continuous input and output currents, which reduce the additional filtering elements usually required for interfacing dc/dc converter topologies. However, PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters usually do not provide formal proofs of global stability under realistic conditions, which makes impossible to ensure a safe operation of the PV installation. Therefore, this paper proposes a highperformance sliding-mode controller for PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters, which regulates the PV voltage in agreement with the commands imposed by a MPPT algorithm, rejecting both load and environmental perturbations, and ensuring global stability for real operation conditions. Finally, the performance of the regulated PV system is tested using both simulations and experiments.
Coautor en Revista JCR, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. Título; Analysis of the behavior of MVDC system in a distribution grid compared to a UPFC system
Basic MOSFET Based vs Couple-Coils Boost Converters for Photovoltaic GeneratorsIJPEDS-IAES
Considering the optimization of a photovoltaic system, several studies show the advantage in the choice of a distributed structure. For such structures small power converters such as the boosts and buck converters appear as most appropriate. We have analysed the efficiency of small power boost- converters especially dedicated for photovoltaic energy conversion systems working in the middle and high voltage ranges. The setup studied is a photovoltaic generator connected to an AC grid working in 230 Volts via an inverter. Moreover, we considered the possibility of multiple electrical energy sources as photovoltaic, wind systems in the same energy production system, which obliged an adaptive converter structure. We evaluated the losses in the various stages of a boost converter and point out the importance of the power MOSFET used as the commutation element. New transistors databases obtained from manufacturers show the nonlinear dependency between the resistance drain-source when passing, Rdson and the maximum rating voltage when the transistor is off, Vdsmax, for all transistor families. Thus nonlinear dependency induces a huge increase of losses with the voltage in the MOSFET, and as a direct consequence in the converter the more as Vdsmax is higher. In order to minimize losses of the converter we have designed and realized a new high efficiency version of a Step-Up structure based on a commutation element integrating a low Vdsmax voltage MOSFET and very low Rdson.
Sliding-mode controller for a photovoltaic system based on a ´ Cuk converterIJECEIAES
The wide range of step-up and step-down input-output voltage characteristic of the ´ Cuk converter makes it a good candidate to interface photovoltaic arrays in both clas- sical and distributed maximum power point tracking systems. Because its two inductor structure, ´ Cuk converters have continuous input and output currents, which reduce the additional filtering elements usually required for interfacing dc/dc converter topologies. However, PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters usually do not provide formal proofs of global stability under realistic conditions, which makes impossible to ensure a safe operation of the PV installation. Therefore, this paper proposes a highperformance sliding-mode controller for PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters, which regulates the PV voltage in agreement with the commands imposed by a MPPT algorithm, rejecting both load and environmental perturbations, and ensuring global stability for real operation conditions. Finally, the performance of the regulated PV system is tested using both simulations and experiments.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Analysis of Reconfigurable Solar Converter using MPPT Techniquesijtsrd
In this paper a converter called reconfigurable sunlight based converter RSC for photovoltaic PV battery applications is presented, particularl utility scale PV battery application. The fundamental idea of the RSC is to utilize a solitary force transformation framework to perform diverse activity modes, for example, PV to lattice dc to air conditioning , PV to battery dc to dc , battery to matrix dc to air conditioning , and battery PV to network dc to air conditioning for sun powered PV frameworks with vitality stockpiling. This converter arrangement is engaging for PV battery application, since it limits the quantity of change stages, along these lines improving productivity and lessening cost, weight, and volume. The examination of the converter is finished by PI controller and fluffy controller to decide yield voltage, PV current and voltage, battery current and voltages. Improvement of the model and Simulation is finished utilizing MATLAB SIMULINK software. Shalini Sharma | Gaurav Srivastava ""Analysis of Reconfigurable Solar Converter using MPPT Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29918.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29918/analysis-of-reconfigurable-solar-converter-using-mppt-techniques/shalini-sharma
In this Project, a multi-input DC-DC converter is proposed and studied for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Compared to conventional works, the output gain is enhanced, photovoltaic (PV) panel and energy storage system (ESS) are the input sources for proposed converter. The Super capacitor is considered as the main power supply and roof-top PV is employed to charge the battery, increase the efficiency and reduce fuel economy. The converter has the capability of providing the demanded power by load in absence of one or two resources. Moreover, power management strategy is described and applied in control method. A prototype of the converter is also implemented and tested to verify the analysis.
Inverter Design using PV System Boost ConverterIJMTST Journal
Many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. Among these natural resources, the PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for low-voltage dc-distribution systems, owing to the merits of clean, quiet, pollution free, and abundant. In the dc-distribution applications, a power system, including renewable distributed generators (DGS), dc loads (lighting, air conditioner, and electric vehicle), and a bidirectional inverter, is shown in fig. 1,in which two PV arrays with two maximum power point trackers (MPPTS) are implemented. However, the I–V characteristics of the PV arrays are nonlinear, and they require MPPTS to draw the maximum power from each PV array. Moreover, the bidirectional inverter has to fulfill grid connection (sell power) and rectification (buy power)with power-factor correction (PFC) to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid,and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages, such as 380± 10 v.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Analysis of Reconfigurable Solar Converter using MPPT Techniquesijtsrd
In this paper a converter called reconfigurable sunlight based converter RSC for photovoltaic PV battery applications is presented, particularl utility scale PV battery application. The fundamental idea of the RSC is to utilize a solitary force transformation framework to perform diverse activity modes, for example, PV to lattice dc to air conditioning , PV to battery dc to dc , battery to matrix dc to air conditioning , and battery PV to network dc to air conditioning for sun powered PV frameworks with vitality stockpiling. This converter arrangement is engaging for PV battery application, since it limits the quantity of change stages, along these lines improving productivity and lessening cost, weight, and volume. The examination of the converter is finished by PI controller and fluffy controller to decide yield voltage, PV current and voltage, battery current and voltages. Improvement of the model and Simulation is finished utilizing MATLAB SIMULINK software. Shalini Sharma | Gaurav Srivastava ""Analysis of Reconfigurable Solar Converter using MPPT Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29918.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29918/analysis-of-reconfigurable-solar-converter-using-mppt-techniques/shalini-sharma
In this Project, a multi-input DC-DC converter is proposed and studied for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Compared to conventional works, the output gain is enhanced, photovoltaic (PV) panel and energy storage system (ESS) are the input sources for proposed converter. The Super capacitor is considered as the main power supply and roof-top PV is employed to charge the battery, increase the efficiency and reduce fuel economy. The converter has the capability of providing the demanded power by load in absence of one or two resources. Moreover, power management strategy is described and applied in control method. A prototype of the converter is also implemented and tested to verify the analysis.
Inverter Design using PV System Boost ConverterIJMTST Journal
Many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. Among these natural resources, the PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for low-voltage dc-distribution systems, owing to the merits of clean, quiet, pollution free, and abundant. In the dc-distribution applications, a power system, including renewable distributed generators (DGS), dc loads (lighting, air conditioner, and electric vehicle), and a bidirectional inverter, is shown in fig. 1,in which two PV arrays with two maximum power point trackers (MPPTS) are implemented. However, the I–V characteristics of the PV arrays are nonlinear, and they require MPPTS to draw the maximum power from each PV array. Moreover, the bidirectional inverter has to fulfill grid connection (sell power) and rectification (buy power)with power-factor correction (PFC) to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid,and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages, such as 380± 10 v.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) units, based on their interfacing technology are divided into synchronous generator interfaced DGs, asynchronous generator interfaced DGs and inverter interfaced DGs. This paper presents two algorithms for allocation of optimal capacitor and distributed generation on radial distribution system. These algorithms predict requirement of reactive vars and real power and supplied via capacitor banks and distributed generation. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and voltage stability problem. Developed algorithm has been implemented on two IEEE 69 nodes and 52 nodes systems.
Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Capacitor and Distributed Generator in Radial...IJMTST Journal
Distribution Systems are growing large and being stretched too far, leading to higher system losses and
poor voltage regulation, the need for an efficient and effective distribution system has therefore become more
urgent and important. A distribution system connects consumers to the high-voltage transmission system.
Because of lower voltage, and hence higher current, the I2R loss in a distribution system is significantly high
compared to that in a high-voltage transmission system. The pressure of improving the overall efficiency of
power delivery has forced the power utilities to reduce the loss, especially at the distribution level. Loss
reduction initiatives in distribution systems have been activated due to the increasing cost of supplying
electricity, the shortage in fuel with ever-increasing cost to produce more power, and the global warming
concerns. The total system loss can be decreased by installing capacitor bank and distributed generation.
These two methods can also help maintaining the level of voltage and maintenance power factor. The direct
search algorithm is applied to minimize the loss in radial distribution systems.
This webinar will present the Reference Networks Models (RNM), which are useful tools for large-scale distribution network planning. These models combine technical and economic analyses: operation of distribution networks with optimal reinforcements and new infrastructure needs.
The webinar will present the modelling details of RNM as well as the applications and case studies. RNM are becoming increasingly popular as they provide regulators with an estimation of the efficient costs that would be incurred by a distribution company supplying a certain geographical area. In addition, the RNM compute sensitivities about the the integration of different type of distributed energy resources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Capacitor Placement for IEEE 14 bus system using Genetic AlgorithmAM Publications
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a non-parametric optimization technique that is frequently used in problems of combinatory nature with discrete or continuous variables. Depending on the evaluation function used this optimization technique may be applied to solve problems containing more than one objective. In treating with multi-objective evaluation functions it is important to have an adequate methodology to solve the multiple objectives problem so that each partial objective composing the evaluation function is adequately treated in the overall optimal solution. In this paper the multi-objective optimization problem is treated in details and a typical example concerning the allocation of capacitor banks in a real distribution grid is presented. The allocation of capacitor banks corresponds to one of the most important problems related to the planning of electrical distribution networks. This problem consists of determining, with the smallest possible cost, the placement and the dimension of each capacitor bank to be installed in the electrical distribution grid with the additional objectives of minimizing the voltage deviations and power losses. As many other problems of planning electrical distribution networks, the allocation of capacitor banks are characterized by the high complexity in the search of the optimum solution. In this context, the GA comes as a viable tool to obtaining practical solutions to this problem. Simulation results obtained with a electrical distribution grid are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology used.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords — exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
Similar to Reconfiguración de redes eléctricas - Sistemas de Redes de distribución de energía eléctrica (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Reconfiguración de redes eléctricas - Sistemas de Redes de distribución de energía eléctrica
1. 1
Abstract — The planning of an electrical distribution system
is one of the most important problems that the distribution
company faces. Good planning requires solving a difficult
problem and with several solutions, hence the more than 40 years
of history of continuous efforts and contributions to improve
solutions. The continuous growth in demand forces the resizing
and expansion of the distribution network. This has a future
demand profile. The well-known deregulation of the sector
complicates the problem due to the greater uncertainty in the
prediction of growth. Since the first publication in the 1960s,
various heuristic and mathematical techniques, some in which
reliability and other objectives were integrated, have been
proposed for this problem.
Key words — Configuration, networks, Connection, Driving
Resumen — La planificación de un sistema de distribución
eléctrico es uno de los problemas más importantes a los que se
enfrenta la empresa distribuidora. Una buena planificación requiere
resolver un problema difícil y con varias soluciones, de ahí los más de
40 años de historia de continuos esfuerzos y contribuciones para
mejorar las soluciones. El continuo crecimiento de la demanda obliga
al redimensionamiento y a la expansión de la red de distribución. Ésta
tiene un perfil de demanda futura. La ya bien conocida
desregularización del sector viene a complicar el problema debido a
la mayor incertidumbre en la predicción del crecimiento. Desde la
primera publicación en la década de los 60, varias técnicas heurísticas
y matemáticas, algunas en las que se integraba la fiabilidad y otros
objetivos, han sido propuestas para este problema.
Palabras Claves— Configuración, redes, Conexión, Conducción
I. INTRODUCCIÓN
e ha prestado considerable atención a encontrar
soluciones algorítmicas robustas para este tipo de
problemas y a su aplicación a la industria de energía
eléctrica. La motivación de considerar enfoques heurísticos
para resolver el problema viene de la posibilidad de introducir
funciones objetivo complicadas para el mejor balance posible
entre los costes de inversión de la red, costes de pérdidas, y
costes de fiabilidad.
Es importante tratar apropiadamente la planificación de
expansión del sistema de distribución para encontrar el balance
económico entre los costes de inversión y los costes de
fiabilidad por penalización, establecidos como
compensaciones por interrupciones y de energía no
suministrada. Los algoritmos de optimización tienen la tarea
de seleccionar una alternativa de entre un conjunto muy grande
de posibles conexiones entre cargas, tamaños de conductores,
y opciones de reconfiguración de redes, usando métodos
computacionales para encontrar la mejor alternativa dentro de
un proceso iterativo. Literalmente docenas de algoritmos están
disponibles [1].
Un algoritmo exitoso debe generar y examinar de manera
automática, al menos implícitamente, todas estas alternativas
de combinación que se estudian en el sistema, no solo una
porción. También debe tener la habilidad de respetar
restricciones propias del problema.
II. METODOLOGÍA
El estudio que se realiza en esta investigación es de tipo
descriptivo-correlacional. La investigación es de tipo
descriptivo, ya que analiza el comportamiento que experimenta
el rendimiento académico como herramienta metodológica en
el análisis de Sistemas de Distribución I, como indicador el
promedio del rendimiento académico del estudiante
presentador de este informe.
III. CONTENIDO
1. Diseño de redes, normas de caída de tensión.
2. Algoritmo codicioso.
3. Función Multiobjetivo.
4. Flujos de Potencia.
Cabe aclarar que, el desarrollo de las temáticas planteadas,
forman parte de la designación de tareas asíncronas permitidas
por el actual plan educativo debido a el Ciclo extraordinario,
parámetro que se debe cumplir a medida en que se valla
desenvolviendo la materia de Sistemas de Distribución I.
RECONFIGURACIÓN DE
REDES ELÉCTRICAS
RECONFIGURATION OF ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
Autor 1: TORRES PALOMINO JOE R.,
Universidad Técnica “Luis Varga Torres”- Facultad de Ingenierías (FACI)
Pertenecientes al 8vo Ciclo en la carrera de Ingeniería Eléctrica – Paralelo “A”
Joe_Eltorres@hotmail.com
S
2. 2
IV. DESARROLLO
1. DISEÑO DE REDES, NORMAS DE CAÍDA DE
TENSIÓN.
A. Diseño de Redes – Factores que influyen en la
conexión de la red a la carga.
Las líneas de media tensión y baja tensión, se proyectarán
para 15-20 años y las redes de baja tensión y centros de
transformación se proyectarán para un período de 10-15 años,
con los siguientes factores podemos determinar el rendimiento
del equipo a utilizar [2].
a. Factor de Demanda. (FD)
La demanda máxima se puede definir como la mayor
coincidencia de cargas eléctricas funcionando al mismo tiempo
en un intervalo de tiempo [3].
𝐹𝐷 =
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡.
(1.1)
Siendo:
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥= la demanda máxima en un tiempo determinado.
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡= la Potencia instantánea en un instante de tiempo.
b. El factor de coincidencia (FC)
Es la relación que existe entre la demanda máxima
coincidente de un conjunto de consumidores y la suma de las
demandas máximas individuales de los mismos consumidores
y el factor de diversificación es el inverso al factor de
coincidencia [4].
𝐹𝐶 =
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐
∑ 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣
(1.2)
Siendo:
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐= la demanda máxima coincidente.
∑ 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣= sumatoria de demandas máximas individuales.
c. El factor de Potencia (FDP)
El factor de potencia básicamente se define como la relación
entre la potencia activa (W, KW, MW) y la potencia aparente
(KVA, MVA, VA), establecido en el sistema o en alguno de
sus componentes [5].
𝐹𝐷𝑃 = cos 𝜑 =
𝑃
𝑆
(1.3)
Siendo:
𝑃= potencia activa
𝑆= potencia aparente.
B. Diseño de Redes – Clasificación de conexión de acuerdo
a su ubicación.
De acuerdo a su clasificación, se cuenta con las siguientes
formas de conexión para el diseño de redes de distribución [6].
a. Red radial:
Utiliza una sola línea de suministro, de manera que los
consumidores solo tienen una sola posible vía de alimentación.
Este tipo de red se utiliza principalmente en áreas rurales ya
que es menor el coste de suministro al tratarse de grandes áreas
geográficas con cargas dispersas y baja densidad [7].
Fig. 1.1. Red Radial.
b. Bucle abierto:
Presenta dos posibles caminos de suministro, de forma que
los consumidores pueden ser alimentados por cualquiera de
ellos, pero solo una de estas vías de alimentación ésta activada
en la operación normal. La otra vía es utilizada en caso de falta
y suele estar abierta [8].
Fig. 1.2. Bucle Abierto.
c. Red Mallada:
El suministro de las salidas de línea puede estar respaldado
por ramas o circuitos primarios adyacentes. (Se operan en
bucle abierto la mayor parte del tiempo.)
Fig. 1.3. Red Mallada.
3. 3
C. Diseño de redes – Requerimientos para un manejo
exitoso de conexión a la carga.
• Debe ser capaz de reducir la demanda durante
periodos de carga critica del sistema.
• Debe resultar en una disminución de los
requerimientos de generación nueva.
• Debe tener una relación costo/beneficio aceptable.
• Su operación debe ser compatible con el diseño y
operación del sistema.
• Debe operar con un nivel de confiabilidad aceptable.
• Debe tener el nivel aceptable de conveniencia para el
usuario.
• Debe tratar de reducir tarifas y ofrecer otros
incentivos.
D. Normas de Caída de Tensión.
Para el cálculo de la caída de tensión se aplicará el método
de momento de potencia aparente de cada conductor para 1%
de caída de tensión, para el cual se aplicarán los valores de
KVA x km para media tensión (22 y 13.8 kV); y, KVA x metro
para baja tensión [9].
a. Caída de tensión admisible para Red Primaria.
Los límites máximos de la caída de tensión considerados
desde el punto de salida de la subestación hasta el
transformador más alejado eléctricamente en el proyecto, no
deberán exceder los siguientes valores:
Área Urbana: 3.5 %
Área Rural: 7.0 %
b. Caída de tensión admisible para Red Secundaria.
La máxima caída de tensión se calcula desde el
transformador hasta la vivienda más alejada eléctricamente
(red de distribución secundaria sumada la acometida), este
valor no deberá exceder los siguientes límites:
Área Urbana: 4.5 %
Área Rural: 5.5 %
Para el caso de edificios o edificaciones, el proyectista
deberá incluir el cálculo de la caída de tensión hasta el tablero
de distribución principal más alejado, debiendo cumplir
además con los límites establecidos.
2. ALGORITMO CODICIOSO
La restauración puede ser considerada como un problema de
asignación, donde se plantea la transferencia de cargas del área
afectada a alimentadores adyacentes por medio de
interruptores fronterizos.
Una vez localizada y aislada la falla, se formula una serie de
conmutaciones de los interruptores de la red, de modo que el
mayor número posible de usuarios afectados pueda ser de
nuevo atendido mientras se soluciona la contingencia y se
regresa a la topología inicial [10].
A. Métodos Heurísticos
El método heurístico busca una población de soluciones
posibles, es el método codicioso en solución de problemas en
un sistema de distribución y reconfiguración de red.
El método heurístico más utilizado es:
a. Algoritmo Genético
El algoritmo genético inicia el proceso a partir de un
conjunto de configuraciones (población inicial) que puede ser
obtenida aleatoriamente o usando algoritmos heurísticos
constructivos simples y rápidos. En cada iteración es obtenido
un nuevo conjunto de configuraciones (nueva población) a
partir de la población corriente usando los operadores de
selección, recombinación y mutación.
En cada nueva iteración son encontradas configuraciones de
mejor calidad y, eventualmente, en este proceso iterativo se
puede encontrar una solución (configuración) óptima global.
En otras palabras, un algoritmo genético realiza una
búsqueda usando un conjunto de soluciones (configuraciones)
y a través de un proceso iterativo son encontradas nuevas
configuraciones candidatas.
El algoritmo para restauración y reconfiguración consta de
los siguientes pasos:
• Paso1. Dado un sistema de distribución radial, se ingresa
una falla al sistema en cualquier tramo o nodo de la red.
• Paso 2. Se aísla la falla mediante la apertura de
interruptores adyacentes.
• Paso 3. Se identifican los nodos que han quedado sin
servicio debido a la contingencia.
• Paso 4. Se crea una lista de nodos adyacentes a los que
han quedado sin servicio. Estos nodos son candidatos a
recibir la carga de la zona afectada. El mejor candidato a
recibir carga es aquel que tenga mayor tensión, siempre y
cuando el alimentador al que pertenezca tenga suficiente
capacidad de reserva.
• Paso 5. Se hace la conmutación restaurando el servicio a
los nodos afectados. Se corren los flujos de carga y se
calcula la función objetivo. En este punto se ha cumplido
con la primera parte del algoritmo, que es la restauración
del servicio.
4. 4
• Paso 6. Se inicia el proceso de reconfiguración. Es
probable que el alimentador que ha recibido carga se
encuentre muy cerca de sus límites de cargabilidad o que
alguno de sus nodos presente una tensión demasiado baja.
Lo que se hace es tratar de balancear la carga entre los
otros alimentadores, para ello se hace una lista de nodos
finales de cada alimentador y se selecciona el nodo final
que tenga menor tensión (este será el candidato a entregar
carga).
• Paso 7. Para ese nodo se identifican los nodos
adyacentes. Estos se ordenan, según su tensión, de mayor
a menor. De nuevo, el nodo candidato a recibir carga es
aquel que presente la mayor tensión.
• Paso 8. Se realiza la conmutación (el nodo de menor
tensión de la red entrega su carga al nodo adyacente de
mayor tensión).
• Paso 9. Se evalúa la función objetivo. Si ´esta ha
mejorado, se vuelve al paso 6, de lo contrario se borra de
la lista el nodo candidato y se repite el proceso con el
siguiente nodo de mayor tensión. El proceso se repite con
todos los nodos finales y sus respectivos nodos
adyacentes, hasta que no existan más nodos adyacentes
en las listas o hasta que no se pueda mejorar más la
función objetivo.
Esto permite al usuario ingresar el sistema de distribución,
ubicar una falla en cualquiera de sus nodos, correr flujos de
carga, restaurar y reconfigurar.
El tiempo que toma la búsqueda heurística para encontrar una
solución depende de la complejidad del sistema, ya que a
mayor número de nodos se requiere un mayor número de
iteraciones.
➢ Ejemplo representativo.
Si el sistema de distribución o SD, esté compuesto por cinco
mallas y los interruptores a abrir por cada una de ellas son los
números 8, 11, 16, 25, y 31, la cadena (denominada
cromosoma) que representa la configuración resultante de la
apertura de estos interruptores es la siguiente [11]:
Cromosoma resultante con codificación binaria (algorítmica)
Cromosoma resultante con codificación entera
8 11 16 25 31
Los sistemas de distribución históricamente, por razones tanto
técnicas como económicas, han operado con estructura de
redes radiales (árboles), es por tanto de gran interés que el
espacio de búsqueda del AG lo constituyan únicamente
individuos con esta característica. Para satisfacer este objetivo,
se desarrolló una metodología en la cual un árbol se representa
por un string de números enteros.
En esta representación el i-ésimo elemento del estring (nodo
i en la red) es j, si sólo si, j es el primer elemento en la
trayectoria desde i al nodo raíz.
Por definición se considera que el nodo raíz tiene como
predecesor un nodo ficticio denominado nodo cero, la fig. A.
muestra una red radial y su representación con números
enteros.
0 1 2 1 6 1 6 6 2
Fig. A. Codificación para la representación de un
Árbol.
En la Fig. B. se muestra una operación de cruza válida para
dos padres P1 y P2, el nodo o punto de cruza elegido es q =
4, se muestra además las descendencias h1 y h2.
Fig. B. Ejemplo de una operación de cruza.
En la Fig. C. se muestra el operador mutación actuando
sobre un cromosoma, en este caso, aleatoriamente se ha
elegido alimentar el nodo 3 desde el nodo 4 cambiando el
origen de la alimentación del nodo 2.
5. 5
Fig. C. Ejemplo de una operación de mutación
➢ Ejemplo práctico.
Una red de distribución como la que se muestra en la figura
(2.1.), se compone fundamentalmente de una subestación,
líneas de distribución, barras o nodos de carga e interruptores.
Las líneas que permanecen abiertas se denominan líneas de
enlace; cada línea de enlace se encuentra entre dos nodos [12].
Fig. 2.1. Sistema de distribución de 11 barras en el cual se ha
ingresado una falla en el nodo 2.
Los datos del sistema de distribución de 11 barras mostrados
en la figura (1), son los siguientes:
• Potencia entregada por la subestación: 4000 kV
• Factor de potencia: 0,85 inductivo.
• Tensión en la subestación: 13,2 kV
• Usuarios:
Malla 1
Usuarios 10 10 10 15 15
Nodo 1 3 4 6 8
Malla 2
Usuarios 5 5 5 5 5 5
Nodo 2 5 7 9 10 11
• Conductor: 1/0 AWG
• Impedancia del conductor:
(6,0459 + j3,3765) [E-4] Ohmios/m
• Longitudes: 600 m (líneas a,c,e); 300 m (líneas restantes).
Para los flujos de potencia se han hecho cálculos por unidad,
usando como bases 4000 kVA y 13,2 kV.
- Procedimiento
Para el sistema de distribución de la figura (2.1.), se ha
ingresado la falla en el nodo 2, representada como un círculo
alrededor del nodo comprometido. Una vez se ha ingresado la
falla, ´esta se debe aislar, como se muestra en la figura (2.2.);
para ello se abren los interruptores de las líneas b y e. Al hacer
esto, los nodos 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 y 11 quedan sin servicio (sección
(3), pasos 1 a 3).
El siguiente paso es restaurar el servicio a los nodos
afectados. Para ello se corre un flujo de carga, se identifica el
nodo a recibir carga (el de mayor tensión) y se conmuta, como
se muestra en la figura (3) (sección (3), pasos 4 y 5).
Fig. 2.2. Sistema de distribución en el que se ha aislado el nodo 2,
abriendo los interruptores de las líneas b y e
Una vez el sistema ha sido restaurado, se calcula la función
objetivo, cuyos valores se muestran en la tabla (1).
TABLA 1. VALOR DE LA FUNCIÓN OBJETIVO ANTES DE
RECONFIGURAR
Variable Valor Factor de peso Nuevo valor
Pérdidas de potencia 3,76E-3 1000 3,76
Perfil de tensión 0,255 10 2,55
Balanceo de carga 0,465 10 4,65
Total - - 10,96
En la figura (2.3.) se puede observar que todos los nodos
restaurados están siendo atendidos por el mismo alimentador.
El siguiente paso es reconfigurar el sistema para balancear la
6. 6
carga entre los alimentadores, mejorar el perfil de tensiones y
disminuir las pérdidas (sección (3), pasos 6 a 9).
En la figura (2.4.) se muestra el sistema después de la
reconfiguración. Se puede observar que los usuarios de los
nodos 8 y 11 ahora son atendidos por otro alimentador,
mejorando de esta forma el balanceo de carga entre
alimentadores.
El valor de la función objetivo para el sistema reconfigurado
se muestra en la tabla (2). En este caso, la reconfiguración
también ha contri- buido a la reducción de pérdidas y al
mejoramiento del perfil de tensiones.
Fig. 2.3. Sistema restaurado mediante la línea de enlace c
(conmutando los nodos 4 y 7)
Fig. 2.4. Sistema reconfigurado
TABLA 2. VALOR DE LA FUNCIÓN OBJETIVO DESPUÉS DE
RECONFIGURAR
Variable Valor Factor de peso Nuevo valor
Pérdidas de potencia 3,76E-3 1000 3,15
Perfil de tensión 0,239 10 2,39
Balanceo de carga 0,398 10 3,98
Total - - 9,52
Recordando que hay una norma establecida de la cantidad
de perdida en cuanto a caída de tención en el conductor.
3. FUNCIÓN MULTIOBJETIVO
Se presenta un enfoque multiobjetivo para el diseño de las
redes de distribución eléctrica. Se emplea un algoritmo
genético multiobjetivo con operadores específicos de mutación
y cruce y un esquema de codificación variable eficiente para
encontrar las soluciones óptimas. Ambos casos, el diseño de
nuevas redes y el diseño de la expansión de redes existentes,
son tratados por el algoritmo propuesto.
El problema de optimización multiobjetivo en lugar de
buscar una sola solución óptima, busca un conjunto de
soluciones óptimas (conjunto Pareto-óptimo) para un
problema con más de una función objetivo.
Si se considera la minimización de la función de un vector,
por lo general no existe una sola solución x en la que f(.)
alcance el mínimo valor para todos sus componentes. De esta
manera, la información proporcionada por el conjunto óptimo
es más valiosa que las tradicionales soluciones óptimas mono
objetivo [13].
𝑓(. ) = [
𝑓1(𝑥)
𝑓2(𝑥)
] (3.1)
Donde
f(.) = vector resultante multi objetivo
𝑓1(𝑥)= Vector del primer objetivo
𝑓2(𝑥)= Vector del segundo objetivo
Se considera un problema de variables discretas de
optimización con un número finito de posibles valores. Todas
las posibles instancias de los parámetros de optimización del
problema multiobjetivo tienen sus dos objetivos 𝑓1(. ) y 𝑓2(. )
evaluados.
Cada evaluación corresponde a un punto en el plano
𝑓1 × 𝑓2 , como se muestra en la figura. Los puntos marcados
con círculos (puntos I a IV) son las llamadas “soluciones
eficientes”, y los puntos marcados con un cuadro con los
llamados “puntos dominados”. Por ejemplo, el punto I domina
al punto VI, con ambos objetivos 𝑓1(. ) y 𝑓2(. ) siendo menores
que los del VI.
El punto III también domina el punto IV, teniendo solo el
objetivo 𝑓2(. ) menor, y el objetivo 𝑓1(. ) igual al del punto IV.
7. 7
Se puede notar que a pesar de que el punto V domina al punto
IV también, el punto V no es una “solución eficiente”, ya que
el punto V es también dominada por el punto I.
También, a pesar de que el punto IV es una solución
eficiente, no domina al punto VI: a pesar de que su objetivo
𝑓2(. ) es menor, su objetivo 𝑓1(. ) es mayor que el punto VI. Las
soluciones I a IV son eficientes porque no son dominadas por
ninguna otra solución, mientras que las otras soluciones son
dominadas al ser peores o iguales, en todos los objetivos, que
al menos una solución del conjunto Pareto (I a IV).
Fig. 3.1. Conjunto de soluciones
Culla funciones objetivas son:
• La primera incluye los costes de inversión y de las
pérdidas de energía.
• La segunda asociada a la fiabilidad del sistema a
través del coste de ocurrencia de faltas (proporcional
al número de faltas) y el coste asociado a la energía
no suministrada (proporcional a la duración de las
faltas).
4. FLUJOS DE POTENCIA
El flujo de potencia es una herramienta fundamental para
realizar estudios en sistemas de potencia. Los datos de entrada
del problema, tales como la demanda y los parámetros de los
alimentadores del sistema están sujetos a incertidumbre [14].
A. Modelo matemático de la función objetivo
La función objetivo es de la forma
𝐹𝑂 = 𝑘1𝐴 + 𝑘2𝐵 + 𝑘3𝐶 (4.1)
Donde cada una de las variables (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) representa un
parámetro de la red. A cada uno de estos valores se le asigna
un factor de peso (𝑘1, 𝑘2, 𝑘3) y luego se suman, obteniendo un
valor que representa el estado de la red. El objetivo es
minimizar la función, y para tal fin se pueden aplicar diferentes
criterios de optimización.
a. Minimización de pérdidas de potencia
Las pérdidas de potencia se pueden escribir como:
𝐴 =
(∑ 𝐼𝑖2
𝑛𝑡
𝑖=1 ∗ 𝑅𝑖)
𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑏
(4.2)
Donde:
𝑛𝑡 : número de tramos
𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑏: potencia activa que entrega la subestación
𝑅𝑖 : resistencia del tramo i
𝐼𝑖 : corriente en el tramo i.
b. Mejoramiento del perfil de tensiones
𝐵 = ∑|1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑓|
𝑁𝐹
𝑖=1
(4.3)
Donde:
𝑉𝑖𝑓 : tensión del i-ésimo nodo final por unidad,
𝑛𝑓 : número de nodos finales.
c. Balanceo de carga entre alimentadores
𝐶 = ∑|𝐻𝑗 − 𝑄|
𝑁𝐹
𝑖=1
(4.4)
𝑄 =
∑ 𝑃𝑒𝑗
𝑛𝑗
𝑗=1
∑ 𝑃𝑛𝑗
𝑛𝑗
𝑗=1
(4.5)
𝐻𝑗 =
𝑃𝑒𝑗
𝑃𝑛𝑗
(4.6)
Donde:
𝑛𝑗 : número de alimentadores principales
𝑃𝑒𝑗 : potencia entregada por el alimentador j
𝑃𝑛𝑗 : potencia nominal del alimentador j.
V. CONCLUSIÓN
El producto de este trabajo fue el desarrollo y la
implementación computación de un algoritmo que permite la
restauración del servicio en sistemas de distribución de
topologías radiales. Dada una falla en el sistema de
distribución, el algoritmo ha mostrado que cumple de forma
eficiente con la restauración y posterior reconfiguración de la
red.
Dado que se implementó un método heurístico para la
reconfiguración, se ha garantizado un buen desempeño del
8. 8
algoritmo en cuanto a complejidad espacial, ya que no se
necesita de mucha memoria computacional para analizar
sistemas de distribución de gran tamaño. Para cada iteración,
el algoritmo sólo necesita tener la información de la
configuración inmediatamente anterior y no de todas las
posibles configuraciones de la red, como ocurriría en una
búsqueda sin contar con información (sin un heurístico).
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