The document discusses the history and development of reciprocating systems for shaping root canals. It traces the evolution from early systems that used large, equal angles of rotation to modern single-file systems like WaveOne and Reciproc that use unequal angles of small rotation. These newer systems utilize M-wire alloy and are designed for maximum flexibility and fatigue resistance. Studies show reciprocating systems take less time than rotary systems while maintaining canal anatomy, though results on debris removal are mixed and they may cause more dentinal defects.
A quick and concise recap of Endodontic Instruments.
This presentation resolves the basic doubts within terminologies and provides visual conceptualization of the same.
A quick and concise recap of Endodontic Instruments.
This presentation resolves the basic doubts within terminologies and provides visual conceptualization of the same.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
This presentation describes about evolution of nitinol (NiTi), its properties, manufacturing, metallurgy and various rotary systems in the field of endodontics.
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Increased flexibility
• Each instrument produces its own 'crown down effect' as larger tapers make way for smaller tapers.
• Protaper files engage a smaller area of dentine reducing torsional loads and file fatigue
CLEANING AND SHAPING USING ROTARY ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
This presentation describes about evolution of nitinol (NiTi), its properties, manufacturing, metallurgy and various rotary systems in the field of endodontics.
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Increased flexibility
• Each instrument produces its own 'crown down effect' as larger tapers make way for smaller tapers.
• Protaper files engage a smaller area of dentine reducing torsional loads and file fatigue
CLEANING AND SHAPING USING ROTARY ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation is about all the techniques we use to instrument during root canal treatment. includes hand and engine driven techniques and everything an undergraduate and postgraduate students need to know about instrumentation techniques.
This lecture explain the basic of root canal preparation in endodontic treatment. It is not meant to be a comprehensive lecture, rather an preliminary one
Comparison of root microcrack formation after root canal preparation using tw...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Understanding the basic metallurgy, commonly used instruments and newly available rotary systems in the market enable us to better disinfect the root canal.
EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO ROOT CANAL CLEANING AND SHAPING / /certified fixed...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Sterilization of endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Reciprocating instruments in endodontics
1.
2. History of development of reciprocating system
• The greatest No. of commercially available files utilized to
shape root canals are manufactured from NiTi and are
mechanically driven in continuous rotation.
• On the other hand, reciprocation, defined as any repetitive
back-and-forth motion, has been clinically utilized to drive
stainless steel files since 1958.
• Initially, all reciprocating motors and related handpieces
rotated files in large equal angles of 90º clockwise (CW) and
counterclockwise (CCW) rotation.
3. • Over time, virtually all reciprocating systems in the
marketplace began to utilize smaller, yet equal, angles of
CW/CCW rotation. The M4, Endo-Eze, and Endo-Express are
examples of reciprocating systems that utilize small, equal 30º
angles of CW/CCW rotation. Further, these systems have
recognized limitations, including decreased cutting efficiency,
more required inward pressure, and a limited capacity to
auger debris out of a canal.
• In about 1998, Dr. Ben Johnson and Professor Pierre Machtou
co-discovered the unmistakable advantages of reciprocating
NiTi files utilizing unequal bidirectional movements.
• After that, Machtou and his endodontic residents extensively
analyzed this novel unequal reciprocating movement using the
entire series of not-yet-to market PT files.
4. • Dr. Ghassan Yared, a former student of Professor Machtou,
performed exhaustive work to identify the precise unequal
CW/CCW angles that would enable a single reciprocating
25/.08 PT file to optimally shape virtually any canal.
• In 2008, a team of 8 international clinicians including Drs. Ben
Johnson, Sergio Kuttler, Pierre Machtou, Wilhelm Pertot, Julian
Webber, John West, Ghassan Yared, and Ruddle, in
collaboration with Dentsply International, began the serious
work of developing both a new reciprocating file and motor for
shaping canals.
• In 2011, following 4 years of research and development, both
WaveOne (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties and Dentsply
Maillefer) and RECIPROC (VDW) were internationally
launched as single-file shaping techniques.
5. Rotation and Reciprocation
• Compared to reciprocation, continuous rotation utilizing well-
designed active NiTi files requires less inward pressure and
improves hauling capacity auguring debris out of a canal.
• On the other hand, a mechanical reciprocating movement has
merit because it somewhat mimics manual movement and
reduces the various risks associated with continuously rotating
a file through canal curvatures.
• Reciprocation of Ni-Ti instruments have the following
advantages over continuous rotation:
1. Binding of the instruments into the root canal dentine walls is
less frequent, reducing torsional stress.
2. The reduction of the number of cycles within the root canal
during preparation results in less flexural stress on the
instrument.
3. There is decreased risk of instrument fracture.
6. • RECIPROC file and WaveOne file are able to completely
prepare root canals with only one instrument.
• These files are made of a special nickel–titanium alloy called
M-wire that is created by an innovative thermal treatment
process. The benefits of this M-wire alloy are increased
flexibility and improved resistance to cyclic fatigue of the
instruments.
• The RECIPROC and WaveOne files are used in a reciprocal
motion that requires special automated device (motor).
• These files are single use to avoid stress and wear on the active
portion of the files and to prevent potential for cross-
contamination between and among patients.
Reciprocating files
7. WaveOne file system
• It is a new single-instrument mechanized shaping system
(DENTSPLY Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). In most
instances, the WaveOne concept provides a single file shaping
technique, regardless of the length, diameter, or curvature of
any given canal.
• In fact, it has been shown that a single file reciprocating
shaping technique utilizing unequal CW/CCW angles is over 4
times safer and almost 3 times faster than using multiple
rotary files to achieve the same final shape.
8. • Strategically, only 1 file is generally utilized to fully shape
virtually any given canal. However, there are 3 WaveOne files
available to effectively address a wide range of endodontic
anatomy commonly encountered in everyday practice.
1. WaveOne Small file: is used in
fine canals. The tip size is ISO 21
with a continuous taper of 6%.
2. WaveOne Primary file: is used in
the majority of canals. The tip size
is ISO 25 with an apical taper of
8% that reduces towards the
coronal end.
3. WaveOne Large file: is used in
large canals. The tip size is ISO 40
with an apical taper of 8% that
reduces towards the coronal end.
9. Design features of WaveOne files system
• The WaveOne files have changing pitch and helical angle along their
active portions, and 2 distinct cross-sections along the length of their
active portions. From D1-D8, the WaveOne files have a modified
convex triangular cross-section, whereas from D9-D16, these files
have a convex triangular cross-section.
• The WaveOne files have noncutting modified
guiding tips which enable these files to safely
progress through virtually any secured canal.
• Together, these design features enhance safety
and efficiency when shaping canals that have a
confirmed, smooth, and reproducible glide path.
10. Reciprocation movement & WaveOne motor
• The e3 motors (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties) is specially
engineered and programmed to drive the new WaveOne
reciprocating files. The WaveOne motor is rechargeable battery
operated with a 6:1 reducing handpiece.
• This motor produces a feature-specific, unequal bidirectional file
movement. Because of the reverse helix design, the CCW engaging
angle is 5 times the CW disengaging angle. Additionally, it should be
noted, this motor can drive any market version file system in full CW
rotation at the desired speed and torque.
11. File selection
• If a # 10 K-file is very resistant to movement, use WaveOne Small file.
• If a # 10 K-file moves to length easily, is loose or very loose, use
WaveOne Primary file.
• If a # 20 K-file or larger goes to length, use WaveOne Large file.
12. Clinical guidelines for the use of WaveOne file
• Create straight line access.
• Negotiate canals to patency and create a reproducible glide path.
• Select the correct WaveOne file.
• Clean the cutting flutes of the instrument after each cutting cycle.
• Irrigate and recapitulate the root canal system after each cutting cycle, and
lubricated canal before using file.
• Faster preparation time requires
longer irrigation times preferably
with activation of irrigation
solution. Because of the reduced
preparation time, the tissue in
uninstrumented parts of the root
canal system have generally been
exposed for a shorter period of
time to the irrigation solution of
choice.
13. • A WaveOne file was used in a reciprocating motion according to the
manufacturer’s instructions using (WaveOneTM endo motor). The silicon
stopper was set on the WaveOne file at 2/3 of WL.
• Then, the file was introduced in the canal with a slow in (light apical directed
force) and out (circumferential brushing) motion without pulling the
instrument completely out of canal.
• After 3 in-and-out movements, the WaveOne file
was pulled out of the canal to clean the flutes, and
the canal was irrigated.
• The WaveOne file was used until it had
reached 2/3 of the WL as indicated by stopper
on the file. Then the file was reused in the
same manner until the WL had been reached.
Shaping technique of WaveOne
14. RECIPROC file system
• It is a new system for single file reciprocation without prior use of
hand files. It was developed as single-file shaping techniques (VDW).
• The system includes three instruments (R25, R40 and R50) Only one
RECIPROC instrument is used for the canal preparation depending
on the initial size of the canal. The three instruments have regressive
taper, which are:
1. R25 has a diameter of 0.25mm at the tip and an
8% taper over the first 3mm from the tip. The
diameter at D16 is 1.05mm.
2. R40 has a diameter of 0.40mm at the tip and a 6%
taper over the first 3mm from the tip. The
diameter at D16 is 1.10mm.
3. R50 has a diameter of 0.50mm at the tip and a 5%
taper over the first 3mm from the tip. The
diameter at D16 is 1.17mm.
15. Design features of RECIPROC file system
• These instruments are made from an M-wire NiTi. The three
instruments have non-cutting tips. They have an S shaped cross-
section.
16. • VDW. SILVERS® RECIPROC® is battery operated motor used with
RECIPROC system. The battery is rechargeable and the motor can be
used while the battery is charging.
• There are preprogrammed settings for reciprocating system The
instruments are used at 10 cycles of reciprocation per second.
Reciprocation movement & RECIPROC motor
• When the instrument rotates in the cutting
direction it will advance in the canal and
engage dentine to cut it. When it rotates in
the opposite direction (smaller rotation)
the instrument will be immediately
disengaged.
18. Shaping technique of RECIPROC file
Clinical guidelines for the use of RECIPROC file
• Same as in WaveOne file
19. Studies on reciprocating instruments
• The reciprocating movement induced less cyclic fatigue and
promoted an extended life of the ProTaper F2 instruments in
comparison with conventional rotation.
• RECIPROC instruments were associated with a significantly higher
cyclic fatigue resistance than the WaveOne instruments.
• The authors speculated that this could be attributed to the possible
difference in the cross-sectional designs of the two instruments.
1. Cyclic fatigue
20. • The use of Reciproc and WaveOne instruments resulted in less debris
removal compared with canal shaping performed with ProTaper
instruments.
• The studies showed that pecking motion could lead to debris
compaction while a brushing motion leads to debris removal.
3. Debris extrusion
2. Debris removal
• Filing with Reciproc showed more apical debris extrusion compared
with that seen withWaveOne and also with rotation ProTaper.
• A probable explanation for this finding is that rotary motion tends to
pull dentinal debris into the flutes of the file and directs it toward the
coronal aspect of the canal. Also, continuous rotation compared to
reciprocation, requires less inward pressure and improves capacity
to auger the debris out of a canal.
• Many researchers found that instrumentation techniques produce
some debris extrusion and this can induce inflammation within the
periapical area; therefore, instrumentation technique that causes
less extrusion of debris is more desirable.
21. • The presence of bacteria is the main cause of the development of
periodontal infection and apical periodontitis. The aim of
chemomechanical root canal preparation is to eradicate residual
vital and non-vital pulp tissue and reduce the number of pathogenic
organisms. Mechanical instrumentation can disrupt the bacterial
biofilm and has the potential to reduce the presence of bacteria in the
main root canal.
• Reciprocating systems resulted in similar bacterial reductions to
those obtained with rotary systems or with the manual
instrumentation technique.
4. Bacterial reduction
22. 5. Maintenance of root canal anatomy
• Reciproc and WaveOne instruments were found to maintain the
original canal contour.
• In curved canals, Its better instrumented with reciprocating files
than with rotary, which tend to transport the outer canal wall of the
curve in the apical part of the canal.
• Reciprocating systems showed good ability and suitable for shaping
curved canals with only one instrument.
23. • A recent study compared the incidence of dentinal defects after root
canal preparation with reciprocating (WaveOne 40/08 and Reciproc
R40) and with rotary instrumentation (Mtwo and Pro- Taper
Universal) on extracted human central lower incisors:
The study concluded that all four systems caused dentinal
defects, but both reciprocating systems caused significantly
more incomplete cracks in the apical (3mm) portion of the root
canals.
RECIPROC was associated with more complete cracks compared
with the full sequence rotary systems.
6. Dentinal defects/cracks
24. • Reciprocating files were faster than rotating files.
• The primary WaveOne files were significantly faster for canal
preparation compared to the Reciproc R25 files.
• According to the authors with the study the difference can be
attributed to the fact that WaveOne instruments have three cutting
blades and might have better cutting efficacy than the two-bladed
Reciproc properties of the instruments.
7. Clinical efficiency
8. Centric ability
• WaveOne and Reciproc instruments obtained better centering ability
at all levels especially at the end point of preparation comparing with
Protaper and Mtwo instruments.
25. • The clinical technique in which reciprocating instruments like
WaveOne and RECIPROC are used can play a vital role in the
successful outcome of the cleaning and preparation phase of
endodontic treatment. Most studies agree that the reciprocating
movement can reduce torsional (binding to dentine is reduced) and
flexural stresses (number of rotation cycles are reduced) on
endodontic instruments.
• These instruments, also maintain the original canal anatomy and
demonstrate reduced time for canal preparation compared with full
rotary systems.
• However, there are conflicting results in the literature regarding the
efficacy of debris removal and bacterial reduction and there remains
the possibility of debris extrusion and dentinal crack formation
during root canal preparation with reciprocating instruments.
Conclusions