weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Weed Sensing SPAA Precision Agriculture Factsheet 2016
SPAA is a non-profit independent membership based group formed in 2002 to promote precision agriculture in Australia. www.spaa.com.au Twitter: SPAA_EO, SPAA_DO
The use of pesticides in agriculture is essential to maintain the quality of large scale production. The spraying of these products by using aircraft speeds up the process and prevents compacting of the soil. However, adverse weather conditions e.g. the speed and direction of the wind can impair the effectiveness of the spraying of pesticides in a target crop field. Thus, there is a risk that the pesticide can drift to neighboring crop fields. It is believed that a large amount of all the pesticide used in the world drifts outside of the target crop field and only a small amount is effective in controlling pests. However, with increased precision in the spraying, it is possible to reduce the amount of pesticide used and improve the quality of agricultural products as well as mitigate the risk of environmental damage. In the past several years, UAV has been extensively used in agriculture. However, the efficiency is still not as high as desired and the phenomenon of pesticide pollution is still existing. This is mainly because of the following two problems 1 the autonomy of most existing UAV system is still very limited. Actually, most of them are still operated through remote controlling. 2 the UAVs operating precision is not high enough due to the low accuracy flight control near the plants. The paper presents combination of new approaches and technologies in modern day agriculture. Perspectives and benefits of usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in different spheres of agriculture considered on the base of spraying drone project called “AeroDroneâ€. Kislaya Anand | Goutam R. ""An Autonomous UAV for Pesticide Spraying"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23161.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/23161/an-autonomous-uav-for-pesticide-spraying/kislaya-anand
Development of a Field Robot Platform for Mechanical Weed Control in Greenhou...Redmond R. Shamshiri
A prototype robot that moves on a monorail along the greenhouse for weed elimination between cucumber plants was designed and developed. The robot benefits from three arrays of ultrasonic sensors for weed detection and a PIC18 F4550-E/P microcontroller board for processing. The feedback from the sensors activates a robotic arm, which moves inside the rows of the cucumber plants for cutting the weeds using rotating blades. Several experiments were carried out inside a greenhouse to find the best combination of arm motor (AM) speed, blade rotation (BR) speed, and blade design. We assigned three BR speeds of 3500, 2500, and 1500 rpm, and two AM speed of 10 and 30 rpm to three blade designs of S-shape, triangular shape, and circular shape. Results indicated that different types of blades, different BR speed, and different AM speed had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the percentage of weeds cut (PWC); however, no significant interaction effects were observed. The comparison between the interaction effect of the factors (three blade designs, three BR speeds, and two AM speeds) showed that maximum mean PWC was equal to 78.2% with standard deviation of 3.9% and was achieved with the S-shape blade when the BR speed was 3500 rpm, and the AM speed was 10 rpm. Using this setting, the maximum PWC that the robot achieved in a random experiment was 95%. The lowest mean PWC was observed with the triangular-shaped blade (mean of 50.39% and SD = 1.86), which resulted from BR speed of 1500 rpm and AM speed of 30 rpm. This study can contribute to the commercialization of a reliable and affordable robot for automated weed control in greenhouse cultivation of cucumber.
Agriculture emerging technologies or industrial revolution 4.0.
The industrial revolution which are haven our day to day life.
Modern technology which can change our agriculture pattern.
Advancement of agriculture which help to improve our productivity and maintain soli nutrient.
Vertical farming which help use to increase productivity with minimising surface area.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
3. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
EMERGING ISSUES IN WEED SCIENCE
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS FOR WEED MANAGEMENT
FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
RESEARCH WORKS TO BE DONE
CONCLUSION
4. INTRODUCTION
Current crop production levels are not adequate to feed the projected population.
Meeting the food and fiber demands of the world’s growing population will only be possible
with highly productive agricultural systems in which weed management is a critical
component.
Advancements in weed control technology have had a huge impact on agricultural
productivity.
The increase in evolved herbicide resistance.
The lack of new MOAs threatens to make almost all existing herbicides unusable by 2050.
Integrating old and new weed management technologies into more diverse weed
management systems.
5. EMERGING ISSUES IN WEED
MANAGEMENT
Herbicide Resistance
Weed Plasticity
Herbicide-Resistant crops
Misconceptions about Integrated
Weed management
Neglected Areas of Research in Weed
science
Lack of improved mode of action of
herbicides
Herbicide Related Contamination
Lack of Trained Weed Scientists in
Developing Countries
Climate Change
Use of traditional herbicides
6. MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND
TOOLS
Precision weed management or site specific weed management
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV) or Drones
Abrasive grit
Harvest weed seed control
Nanotechnology
Future advancements
New combinations
7. PRECISION WEED MANAGEMENT OR
SITE SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT
Distribution of weeds is typically patchy, resulting in wastage of valuable compounds,
increased costs, crop damage risk, pest resistance to chemicals, environmental
pollution and contamination of products.
Real-time weed detection/recognition and control in agronomic field crops requires
seamless integration and high performance of sensors, data processing, and
actuation systems.
Continuing technological advances in computer vision, robotics, machine learning,
etc. are advancing for the improved site specific weed management.
9. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence (“AI”), is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent
machines that work and react like humans.
AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computers
systems.
These processes include learning, reasoning and self correction.
Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine
vision.
10.
11. APPLICATIONS OF AI IN GLOBAL
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL ROBOTICS
Agricultural robots have great potential to deliver weed control technologies that are
much more adaptable.
They potentially could direct chemical or cultivation tools to directly target weed plants.
Agricultural robots bring recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) to bear on the
control of weeds in crop fields.
Blue river technology, Ecorobotix, Zasso technology, etc are the companies working
on agricultural robotic weed management.
13. SEE AND SPRAY TECHNIQUE
Precisely spraying herbicides only where needed.
See & Spray does not rely on spacing or color to identify weeds. Instead it has
unparalleled ability to recognize differences between plants in conditions that would
challenge the human eye.
Robotic nozzles target unwanted weeds in real time as the machine passes eliminates 80
per cent of the volume of chemicals normally sprayed on crops
Custom nozzle designs enable <1-inch spray resolution.
See & Spray is currently operating in weeding for cotton and soybeans.
Source: Blue river technology
17. SPOT AND SPRAY TECHNIQUE
(CHEMICAL SPRAYED ON WEEDS & COTTON AVOIDED)
18. LETTUCE BOT
Focused on lettuce thinning, a traditionally time-intensive and expensive
task of eliminating unwanted lettuce seedlings.
The lettuce bot automated this arduous process by taking images,
identifying which plants to remove, spraying them, and verifying the
accuracy and performance of the system, all in real time.
20. AUTONOMOUS ROBOT
90% less herbicide
Up to 30% less expensive than standard treatments
Improved yield: no herbicide left on the crops
Conserves the organic life of the soil, with limited soil compaction
2 x 15 liters – more than enough for one day of autonomous operation
Source : Ecorobotix
23. a) Showing a field with cotton plant
and weed plant nutsedge
b)Weed map automatically mapped for
spray where region ‘x ‘ shows spray area
(Lamm, 2000)
26. DRONE OR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAV)
DRONE (Dynamic Remotely Operated Navigation Equipment), also
known as UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), is a device which can fly either
with the help of autopilot and GPS coordinates on the pre-set course or
can be operated manually with radio signals using the remote control or
smartphone app.
Unmanned Air Vehicle can stay in the air for up to 30 hours, doing the
repetitive tasks, performing the precise, repetitive faster scan of the
region even in the complete darkness or in the fog.
28. Contd.,
Various sensors are used in the drones based upon the purpose.
1. Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) bands: These bands are used for counting the
number of plants, for modeling elevation, and visual inspection of the crop field.
2. Near Infra-Red (NIR) band: This band is used for water management, erosion
analysis, plant counting, soil moisture analysis, and assessment of crop health.
3. Red Edge band (RE): It is used for plant counting, water management, and crop
health assessment.
4. Thermal Infra-Red band: This band has applicability in irrigation scheduling,
analyzing plant physiology, and yield forecasting.
29. WEED IDENTIFICATION
Drones can be used to identify the weeds present in the field and helps in timely
weeding.
Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) sensor data and post-
flight image processing to create a weed map, farmers and their agronomists
can easily differentiate areas of high intensity weed proliferation from healthy
croped areas.
30. CROP SPRAYING
Drones can scan the ground and spray the correct amount of liquid, modulating
distance from the ground and spraying in real time for even coverage.
Experts estimate that aerial spraying can be completed up to five times faster
with drones than with traditional machinery.
The amount of chemicals to be sprayed can be adjusted depending upon the crop
conditions, or the degree of severity of the weeds or insect-pest attack.
Drones pave the pathway to precision agriculture.
The spraying of chemicals over tall crops can be done easily by drones without
any damage.
33. ABRASIVE GRIT METHOD
Abrasive weeding is a non-chemical weed management tool. Weed leaves and stems are
abraded by small grits propelled by compressed air.
This abrasion results in defoliation, stem breakage, or tissue damage leading to weed
injury or, ideally, mortality.
More recent research has focused on the development of grit applicator machines and
specialized nozzles, and the potential for using organic fertilizers as grits to integrate weed
and nitrogen management in one field pass.
Grit sources like corn cob, Wallnut shells, soyabean meal, etc can be used(0.015 –
0.035 inch diameter).
36. APPLICATORS
1. AIR COMPRESSOR - Reciprocating air compressors are suitable for
single-nozzle, hand-held grit application, but a rotary-screw air compressor
is required for continuous application of grits within a crop row with multiple
nozzles.
2. HOPPER AND METER - grit is either siphoned from the hopper or
delivered via pressure or gravity
3. NOZZLES –Each nozzle requires two different tubes: one carrying
compressed air and the other carrying grit.
38. Contd.,
Forcella (2012) demonstrated the efficacy of grits derived from crop
residues such as corncobs or walnut shells in controlling small weed
seedlings in greenhouse and field experiments.
Tomato and pepper can be sprayed one week after transplanting. Stem
abrasion is visible, but grit application does not reduce growth rate or yield
(Wortman 2014, 2015).
Corn and soybean plants can be sprayed as early as the V1 growth stage
without any reduction in crop yield (Erazo-Barradas, 2017).
39. WEED CONTROL (%) AFTER TWO GRIT APPLICATIONS,
MEASURED AS A REDUCTION IN WEED BIOMASS RELATIVE TO
A WEEDY CHECK IN GRAIN AND VEGETABLE CROPPING
SYSTEMS.
CROP WEED CONTROL
(%)
NOTES
Corn 70-90% Applied to in-row areas and paired with between-rows
, corn at V1 and V3 stage.
Tomato 60-80% Applied to planting hole area in plastic film; weeds at 2
and 3-leaf stage at first application.
Pepper 75-95% Applied to planting hole area in plastic film; weeds at
1-leaf stage
broccoli 50-70% Applied to intra-row area and paired with inter-row
cultivation; >90%grass weeds
(Erazo-Barradas et al., 2017)
41. HARVEST WEED SEED CONTROL
Alternative nonchemical weed control practices are needed to control herbicide
resistant or escaped weeds.
Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) tactics have been developed that include
both cultural and mechanical management practices to decrease the number of
weed seeds replenishing the soil seed bank.
These management practices include the use of chaff carts, narrow windrow
burning, the Harrington Seed Destructor, bale direct systems and other means
of targeting the chaff during harvest.
42. HARVEST WEED SEED CONTROL
OPTIONS
Growers can prevent further additions to the soil seedbank at the time of harvest by
practicing HWSC tactics. These tactics have shown a range of 75 to 99 percent weed
seed destruction at the time of harvest (Walsh et al., 2013)
1. Narrow Windrow Burning
The inexpensive system uses a chute mounted on the rear of the combine that
concentrates all of the chaff into a narrow row.
Burning the entire field is not as effective in killing the weed seeds as burning the chaff in
the windrows.
In soybean, narrow windrow burning reduced escaped Palmer amaranth by 73% and the
soil seedbank by 62% over 3 years (Norsworthy et al., 2016)
44. CHAFF CART
The simple chaff cart method consists of a chaff collection and transfer
mechanism attached to a grain harvester that delivers the weed seed into a
bulk collection bin.
This method allows for the chaff and the weed seed to be collected and
removed from the field.
Another option is to dump the chaff material in the field and then burn the
chaff piles.
46. HARRINGTON SEED DESTRUCTOR
(HSD)
The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) was developed by an Australian crop
producer, Ray Harrington, in 2005.
The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) is a unique weed seed control system that
smashes the chaff and weed seed fraction as it exits the harvester, destroying
seed viability and returning the crushed fraction to the paddock.
The HSD is a trailer mounted cage mill with chaff transfer systems.
Preliminary research using the HSD has shown that during commercial wheat
harvest, 95 percent of annual ryegrass, wild radish, wild oat and brome grass
weed seed was destroyed (Walsh et al., 2013).
49. BALE DIRECT SYSTEMS
The bale direct system consists of a large baler directly attached to the
combine that constructs bales from the chaff exiting the harvester.
This system captures the weed seed, and the bales formed can then be used
as feed for livestock.
A significant secondary benefit is the collection and removal of annual weed
seeds.
The limitations of this method are that there is a very limited market for the
baled product and there is some risk in spreading the resistant weed seeds to
other fields through the distribution of the bales.
51. EFFICIENCY AND ADOPTION OF HARVEST WEED SEED
CONTROL SYSTEMS
system Weed species Seed
control
(%)
adoption Extra benefit reference
Harrington
seed destructor
Annual ryegrass
Brome grass
Wild oat
Wild radish
95
99
99
93
High adoption rate due
to high Efficiency
Residue retention
for soil protection
and fertility
Enhancement
Walsh et al.
(2012)
Chaff carts Annual ryegrass
Wild radish
Wild oat
73 to 86
95
74
Less due to problems
of subsequent handling
of chaff
Alternative use of
chaff as feed
for the livestock
Walsh and
Powels (2007)
Shirtliffe and Entz
(2005)
Narrow
windrow
burning
Annual ryegrass
and wild radish
99 for
each
Most widely adopted as
economical, simple, and
efficient
Relatively
ecofriendly as
it avoids burning of
the whole field
Walsh and
Newman (2007)
Bale direct Annual ryegrass 95 Less due to lack of
availability of markets
for baled material
Baled feed stock for
livestock
Walsh and
Newman (2007)
SOURCE: Bajwa et al., (2015)
53. NANOTECHNOLOGY
New technologies, such as nanotechnology, have been developed as tools to
decrease the adverse effects of excessive herbicide application (Perez-de-
Luque, 2017).
Nanotechnology-based delivery systems are able to perform a sustained release
of active compounds in the optimum concentration.
Nanotechnology can provide greater safety for agricultural crops and for non-
target organisms, such as pollinators (Shukla et al., 2019).
Nanoparticles can serve as “magic bullets”, containing herbicides, nano-
pesticide fertilizers, or genes, which target specific cellular organelles in plant to
release their content.
55. NANOHERBICIDES
None of the herbicides inhibits activity of viable belowground plant parts like
rhizomes or tubers, which act as a source for new weeds in the ensuing season.
A target specific herbicide molecule encapsulated with nanoparticles is aimed
for specific receptor in the roots of target weeds, which enter into roots system
and translocated to parts that inhibit glycolysis of food reserve in the root
system.
Nano surfactant based on soybean micelles has been reported to make
glyphosate-resistant crops susceptible to glyphosate when it is applied with the
“nanotechnology-derived surfactant”. (Abigail
and Chidambaram, 2017).
57. contd.,
Maruyama et al. (2016) used combinations of imazapyr and imazapic
encapsulated in chitosan-based nanoparticles (chitosan/alginate, CS/ALG,
and chitosan/tripolyphosphate, CS/TPP) to control weeds.
Abigail et al. (2016) used rice husks to produce nanoparticles as a carrier
for 2,4-D herbicides. nanoformulations showed a higher herbicidal activity
against the target plant Brassica sp. than commercial 2,4-D and also observed
a reduction in soil leaching after the encapsulation of herbicides.
58. NANOFORMULATION APPROACHES OF
BIOHERBICIDES
Nanoformulations of biochemical bioherbicides have the potential to increase biocontrol
efficiency because large surface areas of nanoparticles result in a lower volume of
bioherbicide required, thereby increasing concentration in a smaller package with reduced
costs (Pallavi and Sharma, 2017).
Controlled release of the biotic agent or its phytotoxic metabolite(s) is one advantage that
could be achieved using variations of nanoparticles and other nanoformulation technology.
The biotic agent or metabolite could be attached to or incorporated within a nanocarrier
that would also protect against degradation (Hershenhorn et al., 2016).
59. Contd.,
An oil/water nanoemulsion of the essential oil of savory (Satureja hortensis)
applied to Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album demonstrated
complete lethality at 4000 μL L−1 and offers promise as an effective nano-
bioherbicide for weed control in organic farming systems (Hazrati et al., 2017).
61. FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
RNAi Technology
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) Technology
Altering Sex Ratios
62. RNA interference (RNAi)
A potential new technology is the use of RNA to silence key genes through
the process of RNA interference (RNAi).
This technology would potentially be applied as a spray to enhance weed
susceptibility to herbicides or direct death of the weed.
RNA has great potential for weed management, because sequences can be
designed to selectively target a specific weed species or a group of related
weed species.
63. Contd.,
Increased EPSPS production compensates for the enzyme molecules
inhibited by glyphosate, making the plant insensitive to the herbicide.
The application of artificial siRNA (short interference RNA) with glyphosate
to minimize the production of enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase
(EPSPS) in glyphosate-resistant weeds.
Silencing the mRNA for EPSPS revert the plant phenotype from resistant to
susceptible.
The potential application of this technology for resistance management is
broad, granting that the resistance mechanism is known and is amenable to
gene silencing (Korres et al ., 2019).
64. PLANT GENOME EDITING
Genome editing allows precise manipulation of the genome of an organism using
sequence-specific nucleases.
Nucleases create specific double-strand breaks at specific locations in the genome,
which are lethal, and must be repaired.
The genome editing technology utilizes this DNA repair mechanism (Malzahn et al.,
2017) and is enabled by genomics and biotechnology tools.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-
associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genetic editing system efficiently inserts a
targeted mutation, which results in a conversion from heterozygous to the
homozygous condition and transmission of a specific gene to nearly all progeny.
65. ALTERING SEX RATIOS
Some species of flowering plants are dioecious, meaning there must be male and
female plants present and subsequent gene exchange in order for reproduction to occur.
In dioecious species, male-to-female sex ratios are expected to be expressed as 1:1.
Environmental factors or stressors may affect the sex expressions leading to
asynchronous flowering.
If a gene drive system could be developed to target sex-specific genes through
CRISPR/Cas9, sex ratios could be managed to reduce the population.
(Gage, K. L., & Schwartz-Lazaro, L. M., 2019)
66. COMBINATION OF PAST SOLUTIONS AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
Spot and spray technique, variable rate application (chemicals and
irrigation), targeted tillage, autonomous tractors, unmanned aerial vehicles
and robots.
Should be combined with more unique options which are still in use like
laser weeding, stamping, microwaves and radiations, electrical discharge,
flaming, pressurized air or solar irradiation.
67. AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
Improvement in the sanitation procedures to prevent weed seeds
movement.
Discussing long term management of soil seedbank with growers.
Collecting data about reduction in seedbank due to various management
methods.
Identify and breed for competitive crop trials.
Study the interactions between weeds and microbes.
68. Contd.,
Quantify microbial stimulants or additives that may increase crop competitive
ability against weed species.
Encourage weed seed predators in agricultural fields by promoting the creation
of complex habitat.
Grower education, as well as the education of future weed scientists, in the fields
of weed biology and ecology is a critical investment.
Narrow range of host specificity should be improved in bioherbicides.
More attempts for new generation formulations, synergistic combinations and
other biotechnological approach.
69. CONCLUSION
The conventional methods like intercrops, cover crops, conservation
tillage, flaming, herbicides cannot be replaced suddenly.
To have better weed management and to overcome herbicide resistance,
these technologies and improved tools should be used.
The robotic weed management, soil seed bank management,
nanaotechnology, biotechnology improvement may be future options for
weed control other than the conventional method of weed control.
70. References
Ahirwar, S, R Swarnkar, S Bhukya, and G Namwade. 2019. "Application of Drone in Agriculture." International Journal Curr.
Microbiological Applied Science 8:2500-2505.
Alharby, Hesham F, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Mohammad Irfan Qureshi. 2019. "Weed Control Through Herbicide-Loaded
Nanoparticles." In Nanomaterials and Plant Potential, 507-527. Springer.
Bajwa, Ali A, Gulshan Mahajan, and Bhagirath S Chauhan. 2015. "Nonconventional weed management strategies for modern
agriculture." Weed Science 63 (4):723-747.
Baker, Syed, Sreedharamurthy Satish, Nagendra Prasad, and Raghuraj Singh Chouhan. 2019. "Nano-agromaterials:
Influence on plant growth and crop protection." In Industrial Applications of Nanomaterials, 341-363. Elsevier.
Beckie, Hugh J., Michael B. Ashworth, and Ken C. Flower. 2019. "Herbicide Resistance Management: Recent Developments
and Trends." Plants 8 (6):161. doi: 10.3390/plants8060161.
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