Battery life is a key issue for an elongated life in WSN. Clustering of nodes is done to achieve the energy conservation in LEACH algorithm. The main objectives of clustering are equal distribution of energy and equal distribution of nodes in space so that less energy is consumed and early deaths of nodes can be delayed. In LEACH both of these objectives can’t be achieved. Further Max-Energy LEACH is able to achieve energy equi-distribution but not the space equi-distribution because CH can be selected from one region only leading to large energy consumption by nodes to send data to CHs. The clustering algorithm while doing its work should pay attention toward the number of nodes a cluster is having. If we can equi-distribute all nodes to cluster then we assume that it may lead to better energy efficiency. This paper discusses the recent developments in WSN in this direction.
The hierarchical routing of data in WSNs is a specific class of routing protocols it encompasses solutions that take a restructuring of the physical network in a logical hierarchy system for the optimization of the consum-ption of energy. Several hierarchical routing solutions proposed, namely: the protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) consist of dividing the network in distributed clusters at one pop in order of faster data delivery and PEGASIS protocol (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) which uses the principle of constructing a chain’s sensor node. Our contribution consists of a hierarchical routing protocol, which is the minimization of the energy consumption by reducing the transmission distance of data and reducing the data delivery time. Our solution combines the two hierarchical routing approaches: chain based approach and the cluster based approach. Our approach allows for multi-hop communications, intra- and intercluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data in each Cluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data at each sensor node.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROUTING ALGORITHMS TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Wireless sensor network (WSN) brings a new paradigm of real-time embedded systems with limited
computation, communication, memory, and energy resources that are being used fora huge range of
applications. Clustering in WSNs is an effective way to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes.
In this paper improvements in various parameters are compared for three different routing algorithms.
First, it is started with Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH)which is a famed clustering
mechanism that elects a CH based on the probability model. Then, work describes a Fuzzy logic system
initiated CH selection algorithm for LEACH. Then Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)which is an optimisation
protocol owes its inspiration to the exploration behaviour of honey bees. In this study ABC optimization
algorithm is proposed for fuzzy rule selection. Then, the results of the three routing algorithms are
compared with respect to various parameters
IMPROVEMENT of MULTIPLE ROUTING BASED on FUZZY CLUSTERING and PSO ALGORITHM I...IJCNCJournal
One of the most important issues discussed in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is how to transfer information from nodes within the network to the base station and select the best possible route for transmission of this information, taking into account energy consumption for the network lifetime with
maximum reliability and security. Hence, it would be useful to provide a suitable method that would have the features mentioned. This paper uses an Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) as a routing protocol. This protocol has high energy consumption due to its multipath. However, it is a big challenge if it can reduce AOMDV energy consumption. Therefore, clustering operations for nodes are of high priority to determine the head of clusters which LEACH protocol and fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm are used for this purpose. Simulation results represent 5% improvement in energy consumption in a WSN compared to AOMDV method.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
Energy-Efficient Hybrid K-Means Algorithm for Clustered Wireless Sensor Netw...IJECEIAES
Energy efficiency is the most critical challenge in wireless sensor network. The transmission energy is the most consuming task in sensor nodes, specifically in large distances. Clustered routing techniques are efficient approaches used to lower the transmission energy and maximize the network’s lifetime. In this paper, a hybrid clustered routing approach is proposed for energy optimization in WSN. This approach is based on KMeans clustering algorithm and LEACH protocol. The simulation results using MATLAB tool have shown that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms LEACH protocol and optimizes the nodes energy and the network lifetime.
The hierarchical routing of data in WSNs is a specific class of routing protocols it encompasses solutions that take a restructuring of the physical network in a logical hierarchy system for the optimization of the consum-ption of energy. Several hierarchical routing solutions proposed, namely: the protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) consist of dividing the network in distributed clusters at one pop in order of faster data delivery and PEGASIS protocol (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) which uses the principle of constructing a chain’s sensor node. Our contribution consists of a hierarchical routing protocol, which is the minimization of the energy consumption by reducing the transmission distance of data and reducing the data delivery time. Our solution combines the two hierarchical routing approaches: chain based approach and the cluster based approach. Our approach allows for multi-hop communications, intra- and intercluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data in each Cluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data at each sensor node.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROUTING ALGORITHMS TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Wireless sensor network (WSN) brings a new paradigm of real-time embedded systems with limited
computation, communication, memory, and energy resources that are being used fora huge range of
applications. Clustering in WSNs is an effective way to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes.
In this paper improvements in various parameters are compared for three different routing algorithms.
First, it is started with Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH)which is a famed clustering
mechanism that elects a CH based on the probability model. Then, work describes a Fuzzy logic system
initiated CH selection algorithm for LEACH. Then Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)which is an optimisation
protocol owes its inspiration to the exploration behaviour of honey bees. In this study ABC optimization
algorithm is proposed for fuzzy rule selection. Then, the results of the three routing algorithms are
compared with respect to various parameters
IMPROVEMENT of MULTIPLE ROUTING BASED on FUZZY CLUSTERING and PSO ALGORITHM I...IJCNCJournal
One of the most important issues discussed in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is how to transfer information from nodes within the network to the base station and select the best possible route for transmission of this information, taking into account energy consumption for the network lifetime with
maximum reliability and security. Hence, it would be useful to provide a suitable method that would have the features mentioned. This paper uses an Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) as a routing protocol. This protocol has high energy consumption due to its multipath. However, it is a big challenge if it can reduce AOMDV energy consumption. Therefore, clustering operations for nodes are of high priority to determine the head of clusters which LEACH protocol and fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm are used for this purpose. Simulation results represent 5% improvement in energy consumption in a WSN compared to AOMDV method.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
Energy-Efficient Hybrid K-Means Algorithm for Clustered Wireless Sensor Netw...IJECEIAES
Energy efficiency is the most critical challenge in wireless sensor network. The transmission energy is the most consuming task in sensor nodes, specifically in large distances. Clustered routing techniques are efficient approaches used to lower the transmission energy and maximize the network’s lifetime. In this paper, a hybrid clustered routing approach is proposed for energy optimization in WSN. This approach is based on KMeans clustering algorithm and LEACH protocol. The simulation results using MATLAB tool have shown that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms LEACH protocol and optimizes the nodes energy and the network lifetime.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
G-DEEC: GATEWAY BASED MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTO...IJCI JOURNAL
Wireless sensor network is composed of hundreds and thousands of small wireless sensor nodes which
collect information by sensing the physical environment. The sensed data is processed and communicated
to other sensor nodes and finally to Base Station. So energy efficient routing to final destination called base
station is ongoing current requirement in wireless sensor networks. Here in this research paper we propose
a multi-hop DEEC routing scheme i.e. G-DEEC for heterogeneous networks where we deploy rechargeable
intermediate nodes called gateways in-between cluster head and base station for minimizing energy
consumption by sensor nodes in each processing round thereby increasing the network lifetime and
stability of wireless sensor networks unlike DEEC.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NE...IJCSIT Journal
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks have gained growing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-energized devices, so the network lifetime can be widespread to sensible times.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
Energy efficiency has recently turned out to be primary issue in wireless sensor networks.
Sensor networks are battery powered, therefore become dead after a certain period of time. Thus,
improving the data dissipation in energy efficient way becomes more challenging problem in order to
improve the lifetime for sensor devices. The clustering and tree based data aggregation for sensor
networks can enhance the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic
Algorithm (NSGA) -III based energy efficient clustering and tree based routing protocol is proposed.
Initially, clusters are formed on the basis of remaining energy, then, NSGA-III based data aggregation
will come in action to improve the inter-cluster data aggregation further. Extensive analysis demonstrates
that proposed protocol considerably enhances network lifetime over other techniques.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR MAXIMIZING THE MINIMUM LIFETIME OF WIR...ijasuc
In wireless sensor network, devices or nodes are generally battery powered devices. These nodes have
limited amount of initial energy that are consumed at different rates, depending on the power level. The
lifetime of the network is defined as the time until the first node fails (or runs out of battery). In this paper
different type of energy efficient routing algorithms are discussed and approach of these algorithms is to
maximize the minimum lifetime of wireless sensor network. Special attention has been devoted for
algorithms formulate the routing problem as a linear programming problem, which uses the optimal flow
path for data transmission and gives the optimum results. Advantages, limitations as well as comparative
study of these algorithms are also discussed in this paper.
2.a survey on energy balanced clustering approach for homogenous sensor networkk srikanth
Energy consumption is one of the significant characteristic should be considered within designing of routing protocol. A one of major challenge is to improve the lifespan of network within designing of the homogenous sensor network. This paper deal with a new approach for homogenous sensor network. This method intended to balance the consumption of energy at member node as well as head node of cluster during the data transmission stage. The aim of the intended method to improve energy efficiency and lifespan of network.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
A NOVEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROTOCOL FOR WSN BASED ON OPTIMAL CHAIN ROUTINGKhushbooGupta145
Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant aspects of routing in these networks. WSN consist of thousands of sensory nodes densely distributed over wide geographical network. As these nodes are deployed in remote areas where recharging is not possible, even if it is possible it will incur high cost. So there is a need of a protocol which facilitates less energy dissipation and thereby enhances the overall performance of the network. We surveyed several protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, ACT etc. and concluded that important performance measures are First Node Die (FND), Half Node Alive (HNA) and Last Node Alive (LNA). Values for above mentioned parameters vary for different protocols. In this paper we present a new protocol Energy Efficient Optimal Chain Protocol (EEOC) which outperforms all above mentioned protocols. We compared the results of all these protocols with EEOC and found that with respect to FND, HNA and LNA EEOC performs way better than others.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
G-DEEC: GATEWAY BASED MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTO...IJCI JOURNAL
Wireless sensor network is composed of hundreds and thousands of small wireless sensor nodes which
collect information by sensing the physical environment. The sensed data is processed and communicated
to other sensor nodes and finally to Base Station. So energy efficient routing to final destination called base
station is ongoing current requirement in wireless sensor networks. Here in this research paper we propose
a multi-hop DEEC routing scheme i.e. G-DEEC for heterogeneous networks where we deploy rechargeable
intermediate nodes called gateways in-between cluster head and base station for minimizing energy
consumption by sensor nodes in each processing round thereby increasing the network lifetime and
stability of wireless sensor networks unlike DEEC.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NE...IJCSIT Journal
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks have gained growing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-energized devices, so the network lifetime can be widespread to sensible times.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
Energy efficiency has recently turned out to be primary issue in wireless sensor networks.
Sensor networks are battery powered, therefore become dead after a certain period of time. Thus,
improving the data dissipation in energy efficient way becomes more challenging problem in order to
improve the lifetime for sensor devices. The clustering and tree based data aggregation for sensor
networks can enhance the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic
Algorithm (NSGA) -III based energy efficient clustering and tree based routing protocol is proposed.
Initially, clusters are formed on the basis of remaining energy, then, NSGA-III based data aggregation
will come in action to improve the inter-cluster data aggregation further. Extensive analysis demonstrates
that proposed protocol considerably enhances network lifetime over other techniques.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR MAXIMIZING THE MINIMUM LIFETIME OF WIR...ijasuc
In wireless sensor network, devices or nodes are generally battery powered devices. These nodes have
limited amount of initial energy that are consumed at different rates, depending on the power level. The
lifetime of the network is defined as the time until the first node fails (or runs out of battery). In this paper
different type of energy efficient routing algorithms are discussed and approach of these algorithms is to
maximize the minimum lifetime of wireless sensor network. Special attention has been devoted for
algorithms formulate the routing problem as a linear programming problem, which uses the optimal flow
path for data transmission and gives the optimum results. Advantages, limitations as well as comparative
study of these algorithms are also discussed in this paper.
2.a survey on energy balanced clustering approach for homogenous sensor networkk srikanth
Energy consumption is one of the significant characteristic should be considered within designing of routing protocol. A one of major challenge is to improve the lifespan of network within designing of the homogenous sensor network. This paper deal with a new approach for homogenous sensor network. This method intended to balance the consumption of energy at member node as well as head node of cluster during the data transmission stage. The aim of the intended method to improve energy efficiency and lifespan of network.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
A NOVEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROTOCOL FOR WSN BASED ON OPTIMAL CHAIN ROUTINGKhushbooGupta145
Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant aspects of routing in these networks. WSN consist of thousands of sensory nodes densely distributed over wide geographical network. As these nodes are deployed in remote areas where recharging is not possible, even if it is possible it will incur high cost. So there is a need of a protocol which facilitates less energy dissipation and thereby enhances the overall performance of the network. We surveyed several protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, ACT etc. and concluded that important performance measures are First Node Die (FND), Half Node Alive (HNA) and Last Node Alive (LNA). Values for above mentioned parameters vary for different protocols. In this paper we present a new protocol Energy Efficient Optimal Chain Protocol (EEOC) which outperforms all above mentioned protocols. We compared the results of all these protocols with EEOC and found that with respect to FND, HNA and LNA EEOC performs way better than others.
Agro-Sense: A Cloud-Enabled Mobile App for Efficient Farming System using WSNsijsrd.com
Agro-Sense: A cloud-enabled mobile app plays an important role in improving farming activities. This paper focuses on using cloud computing and Wireless Sensors Network (WSNs) technology to enhance the application and its benefits to the field of agriculture. The paper focuses on the Cloud Database which gives details of past agriculture work records of farmers. The farmers who have inculcated the system and installed the application on their Smartphones can register the application on their Smartphones can register, so that they can access as well as upload the data stored on the server and use the system efficiently. Light, Temperature, and Humidity and Soil moisture will be the various WSNs used. The main activities of the sensors are to sense and measure the environmental data from the fields. The farmer will get the notifications of condition in his field by these sensors. When the water level in the field reduces, the farmer will get notification, so that he can switch ON the motor through his Smartphone. The motor will get switched OFF automatically when the sufficient water supply is provided in the farm up to the threshold value. The main objective is to optimize the efforts and time of farmer and perform efficient farming to increase productivity.
Chapter summary and solutions to end-of-chapter exercises for "Data Visualization: Principles and Practice" book by Alexandru C. Telea
We presented a number of fundamental methods for visualizing scalar data: color mapping, contouring, slicing, and height plots. Color mapping assigns a color as a function of the scalar value at each point of a given domain. Contouring displays all points within a given two- or three-dimensional domain that have a given scalar value. Height plots deform the scalar dataset domain in a given direction as a function of the scalar data. The main advantages of these techniques are that they produce intuitive results, easily understood by users, and they are simple to implement. However, such techniques also have s number of restrictions.
Comparative study of evaluation of evapotranspiration methods and calculation...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration is necessary step in water resources management. Evapotranspiration varies spatially and temporally. Recently, the Food and Agricultural Organisation has suggested FAO-56 PM method (modified PM method) as a standard method for calculating reference evapotranspiration (ET0), because this method is applicable to all types of season and different climates and gives more accurate result when compared with the physical methods like Lysimeter and Class A Pan. FAO-56 PM method cannot be debated by any other old methods which require less data for calculating ET0. But FAO-56 PM requires very large amount of meteorological data, which is not available at full climate stations. So there is need to find out the next best suitable method after FAO-56 PM method, which will give ETo results nearer to FAO-56 PM method. Here seven different methods are considered for present study, which are radiation based, temperature based and combine parameters based (FAO-56 modified Penman Monteith, FAO-24 Penman Monteith, FAO-56 Hargreaves, Turc, Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Priestley Taylor are the methods). Chaskaman dam and its left bank canal is selected for this project. The objective of the project work is to calculate daily, monthly and yearly reference ET0 using modified PM equations for ‘left bank canal of Chaskaman dam and its command area’. Further ETc (crop evapotranspiration/crop water requirement) will be calculated for that command area.
Keywords - Penman Monteith, Hargreaves, Turc, Thornthwaite, Blaney- Criddle, Priestley Taylor, evapotranspiration, crop water requirements
OPTIMIZED CLUSTER ESTABLISHMENT AND CLUSTER-HEAD SELECTION APPROACH IN WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
An energy efficient optimized cluster establishment methodology for sensor n...nooriasukmaningtyas
The compatibility of WSN is with various applications such as; healthcar eand environmental monitoring. Whereas nodes present in that network have limited ‘battery-life’ that cause difficulty to replace and recharge those batteries after deployment. Energy efficiency is a major problem in the present situation. In present, many algorithms based on energy efficiency have been introduced to improvise the conservation of energy in WSN. The LEACH algorithm improvises the network lifetime in comparison to direct transmission and multi-hop, but it has several limitations. The selection of CHs can be randomly done that doesn’t confirm the optimal solution, proper distribution and it lacks during complete network management. The centralized EE optimized cluster establishment approach (OCEA) for sensor nodes is proposed to decrease the average energy dissipation and provide significant improvement. The proposed EE WSN model with the sensor nodes is examined under a real-time scenario and it is compared with stateof-art techniques where it balances the energy consumption of the network and decreasing the cluster head number.
AN EXTENDED K-MEANS CLUSTER HEAD SELECTION ALGORITHM FOR EFFICIENT ENERGY CON...IJNSA Journal
Effective use of sensor nodes’ batteries in wireless sensor networks is critical since the batteries are difficult to recharge or replace. This is closely connected to the networks’ lifespan since once the battery is used up, the node is no longer useful. The entire network will not function if 60 to 80% of the nodes in it have completely depleted their energy. In order to minimize energy usage and sustain the network for a long time, many cluster head selection algorithms have been developed. However, the existing cluster head selection algorithms such as K-Means, particle swarm selection optimization (PSO), Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) cluster head election algorithm have not fully reduced the issue of energy usage in WSN. The objective of this paper was to develop an extended K Mean Cluster Head selection(CHS) algorithm that uses remaining energy, distance between node and base station, distance between nodes and neighbour nodes, node density, node degree Maximum Cluster size, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and Signal to Noise Ratio. The algorithm developed was used to enhance the lifespan of WSNs. The performance of the simulated variants of LEACH routing protocols is measured and evaluated using the quantitative research methodology. Utilizing residual node energy, packet delivery ratio, throughput, network longevity, average energy usage, and the number of live and dead node, the suggested approach is contrasted to previous approaches. From the study we observed that the proposed approach outperforms existing actual LEACH, Mod-LEACH and TSILEACH approaches.
Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Heterog...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
CBHRP: A Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkCSEIJJournal
A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol
(CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster
head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to
collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor
nodes and transmits the aggregated results to the distance base station. This protocol reduces energy
consumption quite significantly and prolongs the life time of sensor network. It is found that CBHRP
performs better than other well accepted hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH in term of energy
consumption and time requirement.
Cluster Based Routing using Energy and Distance Aware Multi-Objective Golden ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, WSNs have attracted significant attention due to the improvements in various sectors such as communication, electronics, and information technologies. When the clustering algorithm incorporates both Euclidean distance and energy, it automatically decreases the energy consumption. So, the major goal of this research is to reduce energy consumption for prolong the lifetime of the network. In order to achieve an energy-efficient process, Energy and Distance Aware Multi-Objective Golden Eagle Optimization (ED-MOGEO) is proposed in this research. In addition, this proposed solution reduces retransmissions and delays to improve the performance metrics. And so, this research carried out two major fitness functions (Euclidean distance and energy) for creating an energy-efficient WSN. Furthermore, energy consideration is used to reduce the nodes unavailability which results in packet loss during the transmission. For generating the routing path between the source and the Base Station (BS), the ED-MOGEO algorithm is used. From the simulation results, it shows that Proposed ED-MOGEO achieves better performances in terms of residual energy (14.36 J), end-to-end delay (12.9 ms), packet delivery ratio (0.994), normalized routing overhead (0.11), and throughput (1.131 Mbps) when compared to existing Cluster-Based Data Aggregation (CBDA) and Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-Greedy methods.
CLUSTER BASED ROUTING USING ENERGY AND DISTANCE AWARE MULTI-OBJECTIVE GOLDEN ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, WSNs have attracted significant attention due to the improvements in various sectors such
as communication, electronics, and information technologies. When the clustering algorithm incorporates
both Euclidean distance and energy, it automatically decreases the energy consumption. So, the major goal
of this research is to reduce energy consumption for prolong the lifetime of the network. In order to
achieve an energy-efficient process, Energy and Distance Aware Multi-Objective Golden Eagle
Optimization (ED-MOGEO) is proposed in this research. In addition, this proposed solution reduces
retransmissions and delays to improve the performance metrics. And so, this research carried out two
major fitness functions (Euclidean distance and energy) for creating an energy-efficient WSN.
Furthermore, energy consideration is used to reduce the nodes unavailability which results in packet loss
during the transmission. For generating the routing path between the source and the Base Station (BS), the
ED-MOGEO algorithm is used. From the simulation results, it shows that Proposed ED-MOGEO achieves
better performances in terms of residual energy (14.36 J), end-to-end delay (12.9 ms), packet delivery ratio
(0.994), normalized routing overhead (0.11), and throughput (1.131 Mbps) when compared to existing
Cluster-Based Data Aggregation (CBDA) and Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-Greedy methods.
Lifetime enhanced energy efficient wireless sensor networks using renewable e...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we consider a remote environment with randomly deployed sensor nodes, with an initial energy of E0 (J) and a solar panel. A hierarchical clustering technique is implemented. At each round, the normal nodes send the sensed data to the nearest cluster head (CH) which is chosen on the probability value. Data after aggregation at CHs is sent to the base station (BS). CH requires more energy than normal nodes. Here, we energize only CHs if their energy is less than 5% of its initial value with the use of solar energy. We evaluate parameters like energy consumption, the lifetime of the network, and data packets sent to CH and BS. The obtained results are compared with existing techniques. The proposed protocol provides better energy efficiency and network lifetime. The results show increased stability with delayed death of the first node. The network lifetime of the proposed protocol is compared to the multi-level hybrid energy efficient distributed (MLHEED) technique and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) variants. Network lifetime is enhanced by 13.35%. Energy consumption is reduced with respect to MLHEED-4, 5, and 6 by 7.15%, 12.10%, and 14.975% respectively. The no. of packets transferred to the BS is greater than the MLHEED protocol by 39.03%.
CLUSTER HEAD SELECTION ALGORITHMS FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS ...IJCSES Journal
The extension of the sensor node's life span is an essential requirement in a Wireless Sensor Network.
Cluster head selection algorithms undertake the task of cluster head election and rotation among nodes,
and this has significant effects on the network's energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to
analyze existing cluster head selection algorithms and the parameters they implement to enhance energy
efficiency. To achieve this objective, systematic literature review methodology was used. Relevant papers
were extracted from major academic databases Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, IEEE, ACM Digital Library,
Citeseer Library, and preprints posted on arXiv. The results show that there are many existing Cluster
Head Selection Algorithms and they are categorized as deterministic, adaptive and hybrid. These
algorithms use different parameters to elect Cluster Heads. In future the researchers should derive more
parameters that can be used to elect cluster heads to improve on energy consumption
CLUSTER HEAD SELECTION ALGORITHMS FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS ...IJCSES Journal
The extension of the sensor node's life span is an essential requirement in a Wireless Sensor Network.
Cluster head selection algorithms undertake the task of cluster head election and rotation among nodes,
and this has significant effects on the network's energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to
analyze existing cluster head selection algorithms and the parameters they implement to enhance energy
efficiency. To achieve this objective, systematic literature review methodology was used. Relevant papers
were extracted from major academic databases Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, IEEE, ACM Digital Library,
Citeseer Library, and preprints posted on arXiv. The results show that there are many existing Cluster
Head Selection Algorithms and they are categorized as deterministic, adaptive and hybrid. These
algorithms use different parameters to elect Cluster Heads. In future the researchers should derive more
parameters that can be used to elect cluster heads to improve on energy consumption.
A CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL AND FAULT DETECTION FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be
deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a
consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which
have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and
routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend
the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices
and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated
widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network
lifetime
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
Energy balanced improved leach routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
ENERGY-BALANCED IMPROVED LEACH ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKScscpconf
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
Similar to Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated Life in WSN (20)
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
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Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
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A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
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Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated Life in WSN
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 07, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 594
Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated
Life in WSN
Richa Budhiraja1
Saranjeet Singh2
1,2
Department of Electronics Engineering
Abstract— Battery life is a key issue for an elongated life in
WSN. Clustering of nodes is done to achieve the energy
conservation in LEACH algorithm. The main objectives of
clustering are equal distribution of energy and equal
distribution of nodes in space so that less energy is
consumed and early deaths of nodes can be delayed. In
LEACH both of these objectives can’t be achieved. Further
Max-Energy LEACH is able to achieve energy equi-
distribution but not the space equi-distribution because CH
can be selected from one region only leading to large energy
consumption by nodes to send data to CHs. The clustering
algorithm while doing its work should pay attention toward
the number of nodes a cluster is having. If we can equi-
distribute all nodes to cluster then we assume that it may
lead to better energy efficiency. This paper discusses the
recent developments in WSN in this direction.
Keywords: WSN, LEACH, CH, GCEDA
I. INTRODUCTION
The protocol plays important role, which can minimize the
delay while offering high energy efficiency and long span of
network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) and PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in
Sensor Information System) are such typical hierarchical-
based routing protocols.LEACH protocol is achieved base
on many assumptions, such as assuming that all nodes in the
network have the same structure and start with the same
energy, and nodes can be aware of their residual energy, and
so on. The LEACH improves a lot as compared to direct
transmission of data but there remain several problems in
this algorithm. Because the election strategy of cluster head
is random, it may lead to misdistribution of cluster head and
imbalanced clusters. Thus cluster head load is not balanced
consequently this may lead to high energy consumption and
early death of individual cluster head.Clustering is the main
factor responsible for the energy conservation in LEACH
algorithm. Main objectives of clustering are equal
distribution of energy and equal distribution of nodes in
space so that less energy is consumed and early deaths of
nodes can be delayed. In LEACH both of these objectives
can’t be achieved. Further to achieve these objectives a
Max-Energy LEACH was proposed, in which CHs are
chosen based on residual energy instead of random
selection. Max-Energy LEACH is able to achieve energy
equi-distribution but not space equi-distribution because CH
can be selected from one region only leading to large energy
consumption by nodes to send data to CHs. The clustering
algorithm while doing its work should pay attention toward
the number of nodes a cluster is having. If we can equi-
distribute all nodes to cluster then we assume that it may
lead to better energy efficiency. In [28] and [29], the cluster
head is elected by obtaining the energy consumption in
Intra-cluster and Inter-cluster, and then we could find the
average energy of overall network. Finally, we proposed the
re-electing cluster heads method for balancing local clusters.
This method uses the information which the cluster heads
have. This information is the number of member nodes and
distance between the member nodes and the cluster head.
II. RELATED WORKS
Recently there has been increased interest in studying
energy-efficient clustering algorithms in the context of both
ad hoc and sensor networks. The main aim of clustering
protocols in ad hoc networks is to generate the minimum
number of clusters while maintaining network connectivity.
In these algorithms the election of CHs is based mainly on
the identity of nodes, the degree of connectivity or the
connected dominating set. These techniques are discussed in
depth in. In the case of WSNs, the main objective of
clustering protocols is to minimize energy consumption by
the network in order to extend the network lifetime. The
surveys dealing with WSN clustering protocols can be found
in [11].This is called balanced energy based clustering. The
next section discussesthe recent developments in the field of
clustering for better routing algorithms in WSN.
Authors in [10] presented a Simulation of
Improved Routing Protocols LEACH of Wireless Sensor
Network which introduces compression ratio and takes the
surplus energy of nodes as a pivotal factor in cluster-head
node selection. It proposes an improved algorithm of the
optimal number of cluster heads with the minimum energy
consumption and provides the computational formula for
obtaining the optimal number of cluster heads, and proves
by mathematical reasoning and by simulation experiments.
The improved algorithm is a success in terms of balancing
energy consumption of the system and prolonging the
network life cycle, thus leaving the network more of
robustness.Dnyaneshwaret al [18] presented Grouping of
Clusters for Efficient Data Aggregation (GCEDA) in
Wireless Sensor Network. wheredata aggregation at the sink
by individual node causes flooding of the data which results
in maximum energy consumption. To minimize this
problem they proposed and evaluate the group based data
aggregation method, where grouping of nodes based on
available data and correlation in the intra-cluster and
grouping of cluster heads at the network level help to reduce
the energy consumption. In addition, proposed method uses
additive and divisible data aggregation function at cluster
head (CH) as in-network processing to reduce energy
consumption. Cluster head transmits aggregated information
to remote sink and cluster head nodes transmit data to CH.
Cluster based data aggregation improves the scalability and
reduces the energy consumption in aggregation of data.
Result shows, grouping of the number of clusters together in
the second level of aggregation reduces energy consumption
to 14.94 % (with a group of three clusters heads). Also, if
the network diameter increases, then energy consumption
increases approximately by 1%. This causes due to the same
number of optimal cluster heads with an increase in the
2. Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated Life in WSN
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/135)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 595
distance between them. Optimal number of cluster head has
a direct effect on energy consumption. Reduced energy
consumption in transmission of aggregated data indicates
benefit of the increase in a lifetime of the network.
Yunjie et al [16] proposed an improved routing
algorithm LEACH-KED to improve the performance of the
network by the optimal number of cluster head and the
mechanism of cluster head selection, making node energy
consumption reduced and extending the network life cycle.
The simulation results show that LEACH-KED have
obvious advantages over LEACH and LEACH-C agreement
in overall performance.Zhao et al [38] in their research
article, presented an overview of the original LEACH and
LEACH-C protocols and a new version of hierarchical
protocol is proposed. The proposed protocol obtains energy
efficiency by the modification to choosing of cluster heads
formula and the steady-state phase. The modification to the
choosing of cluster heads formula makes the sensor nodes
which have more energy and play less role in making the
CH or VCH have more opportunity to act as CHs in the
coming round. So the total energy of the whole network has
more even distribution among different nodes. The
introduction of VCH makes the frequency of re-clustering
more lowly and prolongs the time of being in steady-state
phase; thus the energy used for calculating the formula on
every nodes reduces. Through the modification and
simulation, we can conclude that our proposed protocol
performs better than LEACH and LEACH-C protocols.
EbinDeni Raj [23] suggested new protocol
EDRLEACH based on clustering with maximum lifetime
for wireless sensor networks. It improves LEACH by using
a very equally distributed cluster and decreasing the unequal
topology of the clusters. The new network protocol can be
built on the shortcomings of Leach to try and rectify them.
The applications of the new algorithm are immense as the
life period has increased considerably.Li et al [15] presented
the LEACH algorithm based considering the residual energy
of each node in each round inconsistencies, selected path is
not the most energy-efficient path and proposed the concept
of the energy threshold and distance factor, energy threshold
and distance factors to determine the preferred cluster head
collection selected on the basis of the cluster head node.
Optimization algorithm selected by the head of such a
cluster, and extends the network lifetime, improve node
energy utilization.
Huo Shi et al [24] presented an Energy-Efficiency
Optimized LEACH-C for Wireless Sensor Networks.
LEACH-C is a cluster algorithm in which cluster heads are
randomly selected from the nodes with energy above the
average, and the simulated annealing algorithm is utilized to
find the optimal solution with better position to reduce the
energy loss of cluster heads. It provided an energy-
efficiency optimized LEACH-C through a modified model
of the cluster head energy consumption considering
retransmission and acknowledgment, and the secondary
simulated annealing algorithm is utilized to get a better
solution. An appraisal system which focuses on energy-
efficiency is created to judge whether the performance of
optimized LEACH-C is better. This paper presents an
energy-efficiency Optimized LEACH-C. First, it selects a
group of cluster heads using LEACH-C. Next, taking
retransmission and acknowledgment into consideration, it
creates a model of cluster head energy consumption. It will
calculate the quadratic sum of the distances from each
cluster head to its member nodes in the optimal solution.
Finally, the largest energy consumption for a single cluster
head in the next round will be estimated, and all nodes with
residual energy larger than the calculated consumption will
be taken to a new round of simulated annealing to find a
better solution. Thus, loss of the cluster head for each round
can be minimized, and the WSN lifetime can be extended
ultimately. Simulation results show that the Optimized
LEACH-C can minimize the total energy consumption of
the whole network to achieve energy-saving, and the
lifetime of the network is prolonged.
Further a paper [25] presented a new version of
LEACH protocol called VLEACH which aims to reduce
energy consumption within the wireless network. The
proposed protocol uses simulation model. The simulation
tool used for the purpose is MATLAB. Simulation results
show that the New Improved V LEACH routing protocol
reduces energy consumption and increases the total lifetime
of the WSN compared to the LEACH protocol.Stefanoset al
[27] presented ECHERP, an energy efficient protocol for
WSNs. ECHERP considers the current and the estimated
future residual energy of the nodes, along with the number
of rounds, that can be cluster heads in order to maximize the
network lifetime. The protocol computes the energy
consumed using the Gaussian elimination algorithm in order
to minimize the overall network energy consumption at
every single round. Therefore, it elects as a cluster head the
node that minimizes the total energy consumption in the
cluster and not the node with the higher energy left, as in
many other protocols. ECHERP also adopts a multi-hop
routing scheme to transfer fused data to the base station.
Therefore, ECHERP achieves substantial energy efficiency,
as shown through simulation tests, which indicates that
ECHERP outperforms several previously proposed
protocols, namely LEACH, PEGASIS and BCDCP. In
future work, ECHERP can be further enhanced by taking
into consideration metrics related to QoS and time
constraints.
Anitha andKamalakkannan [3] presented Energy
Efficient Cluster Head Selection Algorithm in Mobile
Wireless Sensor Networks. In Wireless sensor networks,
existing energy efficient routing algorithms assumed that the
sensor nodes are stationary. Some of the applications in
WSN must combine with both mobile sensor nodes and
fixed sensor nodes in the same networks. When mobility is
functioned there should be performance degradation.
Because these nodes are equipped with a lesser amount of
memory, restricted battery power, little computation
capability, and small range of communication. So there is a
need for energy efficient routing protocol to forward the
incoming packet. Ahlawat and Malik [1] presented an
extended vice-cluster selection approach to improve v leach
protocol in WSN. The paper presents a new version of leach
protocol called Improved VLEACH which aims to increase
network life time. In this paper we first completely analyzed
the typical clustering Routing Protocol-LEACH and its
deficiencies and proposed improved v-leach. The work to be
done in improved v-leach protocol on selection of vice
cluster head. The Vice Cluster head is that alternate head
that will work only when the cluster head will die. The
3. Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated Life in WSN
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/135)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 596
process of vice cluster head selection on the basis of three
factors i.e. Minimum distance, maximum residual energy,
and minimum energy. The proposed approach will improve
the network life as never the cluster head will die. As a
cluster head will die it will be replaced by it’s vice Cluster
head. After a number of simulations, it was found that the
new version of improved v- LEACH outperforms the
original version of leach protocol by increasing the network
life time 49.37%.
Park et al [20] presented A Novel Cluster Head
Selection Method based on K-Means Algorithm for Energy
Efficient Wireless Sensor Network. In this paper we propose
an efficient cluster head selection method using K-means
algorithm to maximize the energy efficiency of wireless
sensor network. It is based on the concept of finding the
cluster head minimizing the sum of Euclidean distances
between the head and member nodes. . This is mainly due to
effective selection of the CHs such that the distances
between the CH and the member nodes become minimal.
We have proposed to group the sensor nodes into several
clusters by using K-means algorithm in this paper. Authors
in [8] presented an optimal Algorithm based on gridding and
clustering for decrease energy consumption in WSN. This
proposed approach emphasizes on increasing network
lifetime which reduces data redundancy via clustering
algorithms and gridding. The proposed algorithm was
derived from clustering and the grid- based routing
protocols. It follows the clustering routing protocol in data
gathering and tries to optimize energy consumption with
identifying sensors that sense same data besides integrating
gridding and clustering protocols.Messai[13] presented a
new clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks. In this
paper, it proposed a novel Energy-Aware Clustering
algorithm (EAC) for prolong the wireless sensor network
lifetime. EAC achieves a good performance in terms of
lifetime by balancing the energy load among all the sensor
nodes in the network. In EAC scheme, the cluster heads and
their members are selected according to two parameters: the
remaining residual energy and the distance of member’s
sensor nodes to theirs cluster heads sensor nodes. This
parameters conduct to select the appropriate sensor nodes as
cluster heads and nearest sensor nodes as members. By this
way the lifetime of WSNs is extended.EAC introduces the
energy factor for cluster head selection and distance factor
for non-cluster heads to select its cluster head. Simulation
results show that the proposed algorithm increases the
network lifetime in compare of the well-known LEACH
protocol.
Chen et al [6] presented A Low-Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy Architecture with an Intersection-
based Coverage Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks. To
extend the system lifetime, it used the intersection-based
coverage algorithm (IBCA) to address lifetime; its
introduction causes sensor nodes to enter sleep mode when
not operating. This algorithm can achieve reduced energy
consumption in transmission. And then combine IBCA with
Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)
architecture to improve system performance. Simulation
results show that the performance of the proposed LEACH
architecture with IBCA perform better than LEACH
architecture with phase-based coverage algorithm (PBCA)
in terms of energy consumption, number of surviving nodes
and sensing areas. By using IBCA, the WSN’s sensor nodes
are classified into two types, i.e., active nodes, which
responsible for detecting data, and the sleep mode nodes,
which remain idle. Therefore, the entire system requires less
live sensor nodes to cover a sensor field. The nodes to enter
sleep mode are determined using IBCA, and do not perform
any functions, which reduces energy consumption. Finally,
the system is constructed by only active nodes, further
reducing the energy consumption of the WSN. On the other
hand, IBCA selected a greater number of redundant nodes
than did PBCA, the main reason being that, with IBCA, a
greater number of sensor nodes can be used for judgment.
For this reason, the application of IBCA to the LEACH
architecture improves the system lifetime.
Tyagi and Gupta [21] presented EHE-LEACH:
Enhanced heterogeneous LEACH protocol for lifetime
enhancement of wireless SNs. As SNs are battery operated,
so efficient utilization of energy during various operations in
WSNs is one of the major issues which requires special
attention. It has been observed in literature that Hierarchical
clustering and the node heterogeneity are the two parameters
by which the lifetime of WSNs can be enhanced. Keeping in
view of the above, in this paper, Enhanced Heterogeneous
LEACH (EHE-LEACH) Protocol is proposed for Lifetime
Enhancement of SNs. A fixed distance based threshold is
used for the bifurcation of direct communication and cluster
based communication in the proposed scheme. SNs near to
the BS communicate directly and those which are far away
from the BS use cluster based communication. To evaluate
the performance of the proposed scheme two key parameters
known as: Half Nodes Alive (HNA) and Last Node Alive
(LNA) are selected. By selecting the distance based
threshold with the ratio of 1:9 between direct
communication and cluster based communication it has been
observed that EHE-LEACH has better network lifetime with
respect to various parameters in comparison to the other
well-known proposals such as LEACH.
Mahmood et al 17] presented modified LEACH
(MODLEACH): A Variant of LEACH for WSNs. In this
work, MODLEACH is proposed, a new variant of LEACH
that can further be utilized in other clustering routing
protocols for better efficiency. MODLEACH tends to
minimize network energy consumption by efficient cluster
head replacement after very first round and dual transmitting
power levels for intra cluster and cluster head to base station
communication. In MODLEACH, a cluster head will only
be replaced when its energy falls below certain threshold
minimizing routing load of protocol. Hence, cluster head
replacement procedure involves residual energy of cluster
head at the start of each round. Further, soft and hard
thresholds are implemented on MODLEACH to give a
comparison on performances of these protocols considering
throughput and energy utilization. Ahmed and Qazi [2]
presented Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for Mobile
Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper Basic LEACH
protocol has been modified with our proposed LEACH-
MAE (LEACH Mobile Average Energy based) protocol to
overcome its shortcomings to support mobility along with
the new average energy based Cluster Head selection
technique. Simulation in NS2 shows that proposed
algorithm improves network life time up to 25 % as well as
helps to maintain the equal distribution of energy resource
4. Recent Developments in Routing Algorithms for Achieving Elongated Life in WSN
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/135)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 597
among the sensor nodes. It presents the performance
analysis of the modified LEACH algorithm i.e. LEACH-
MAE for mobile wireless sensor network. Here energy
resource and minimum link breakage have been focused.
Comparison simulation result on the varying speed of sensor
nodes proved that maximum link maintenance and less
energy consumption improves the network lifetime and
prevents data loss. Network lifetime would be degraded if
there is random selection of CHs. Also as the speed of
sensor nodes increases there are more chances of frequent
link breakage which lead to quick power failure. Hence in
the proposed algorithm it has been observed from the above
results that even if the mobility is high there is minimum
data loss as compared to LEACH-M as well as the network
life time is greater with less energy dissipation. It is
concluded that by using some mobility pattern for WSNs,
energy dissipation can be minimized and network lifetime
can be optimized.Tripathi et al [22] presented Energy
Efficient Clustered Routing for Wireless Sensor Network.
This paper introduces a novel cluster based routing protocol
in which, the base station finds the highest energy node
among the cluster and mark it as a cluster head for the
current time. Thus in the proposed system the energy
consumption of various nodes becomes more uniform as
compared to LEACHC. The simulation results indicate that
the proposed method leads to efficient transmission of data
packets with less energy and therefore increases the network
longevity as compared to LEACH-C and LEACH.
A new class of algorithms, inspired by swarm
intelligence, is currently being developed that can
potentially solve numerous problems of modern WSNs
requirement. The latest work in this area is described below.
Latiff and others [14] presented an energy-aware cluster
based protocol for wireless sensor networks using particle
swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. They have defined a
new cost function that takes into account the maximum
distance between the non-cluster head node and its cluster
head, and the remaining energy of cluster head candidates in
the cluster head selection algorithm. Results from the
simulations indicate that the proposed protocol using PSO
algorithm gives a higher network lifetime and delivers more
data to the base station compared to LEACH and LEACH-
C. Furthermore, the proposed protocol produces better
clustering by evenly allocating the cluster heads throughout
the sensor network area.Chakraborty et al [5] presented An
Energy Efficient Scheme for Data Gathering in Wireless
Sensor Networks Using Particle Swarm Optimization.
Thisnovel data gathering protocol was proposed for
enhancing the network lifetime by optimizing energy
dissipation in the nodes. To achieve the design objective it
uses applied particle swarm optimization (PSO) with
Simulated Annealing to form a sub-optimal data gathering
chain and devised a method for selecting an efficient leader
for communicating to the base station.
Singh andLobiyal [26] presented Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), a technique which is known for its easy
implementation and fast convergence. In this paper, it has
applied PSO for optimizing the cluster heads location. The
PSO ultimately reduces the communication distance by
locating optimal position of the cluster head nodes in the
cluster. The proposed technique is implemented within the
cluster rather than base station, which makes it a semi-
distributed approach. The proposed technique shows better
performance in terms of network lifetime, average number
of packets sent and energy consumption. M. Natarajan, R.
Arthi, K. Murugan [19] presented Energy Aware Optimal
Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially
distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical and
environmental conditions. Grouping sensor nodes into the
cluster can reduce the size of the routing table of the each
individual node and conserve communication bandwidth.
Sensors in such environments are energy constrained and
their batteries cannot be recharged. Therefore, designing
energy-aware algorithms becomes an important factor for
extending the lifetime of sensors. The proper organization of
nodes becomes one of the major techniques to expand the
life span of the whole network through aggregating data at
the cluster head. LEACH and PSO are applied for producing
energy-aware clusters with optimal selection of cluster head.
The work is simulated using NS-2 and the performance
metrics are analyzed. Energy aware cluster head selection
using LEACH and PSO are implemented in the wireless
sensor networks. The selection of a cluster head using PSO
minimizes the intra cluster distance between cluster head
and the cluster member, and the optimization of energy
management of the network. From the simulation results, it
is seen that Energy-aware Optimal cluster head selection
using PSO approach increases the network lifetime of the
cluster in such a way by reducing the total energy
consumption than LEACH implementation.
III. CONCLUSION
At present routing in routing in WSNs is a hot research
topic, with a limited but rapidly growing set of efforts being
published In this thesis we have conducted a survey of the
various latest routing protocols in WSNs assuming
underlying base of these protocol as LEACH and PEGASIS.
In this paper wediscussedvarious routing protocols in terms
of intra-cluster topology and cluster head selection.
Although the performances of these protocols are
encouraging for improving scalability of large-scale WSNs,
some issues remain to be considered. For clustering in data
mining several heuristic techniques can be effectively used
in clustering of nodes in WSN environment where equi-
distribution of space and energy and balanced nature of
clusters are the real concerns for enhancing the lifetime of
network. Embedding these algorithms in the routing design
is desirable.
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