This document summarizes recent advances in nanotechnology. It discusses various nanoscale particles and structures such as nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, liposomes, quantum dots, nanotubes, nanoshells, dendrimers, paramagnetic particles, respirocytes, microbivores, and nanobubbles. It describes their structures, methods of preparation, and applications in drug delivery, imaging, and medicine. The document also discusses companies involved in producing nanoparticles and concludes that nanoparticles can improve drug solubility and bioavailability, have high cellular uptake, and deliver therapeutic agents to a wide range of biological targets due to their small size and mobility.

1. RECENT ADVANCES IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
BY:
VARSHA A. ANDHALE
M.PHARM (FIRST YEAR)
GUIDE NAME: DR.SUDHA RATHOD
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2. INTRODUCTION
•Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or
solid particles with a size in the range of 10-1000nm.
•The drug dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or
attached to a nanoparticles matrix.
•Depending upon to the method of preparation,
nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be
obtained.
•Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is
confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer
membrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems in
which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed.
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3. Why Nano is GOOD
•Faster
•Different properties at very small scale
•Lighter Can get into small spaces
•Cheaper
• More energy efficient
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4. LIPOSOME
APPROACH
NANOSOMES
RESIPIROCYTE
NANOTUBES FULLEFFRENE
NANOPORES
QUANTQUMDOT
NANONSHELL
N
PPPPPPP
NANOROBOT
MICROBIVORE
M
DENDRIMERS
PARAMAGNET
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5. LIPOSOME:
DEFINATION
•When phoshpolipids are dispersed in water, they
spontaneously form closed structure With internal aqueous
environment bounded by phoshpolipipd bilayer membrane,
this vasicular system called as liposome.
•Liposome are the small vesicles of spherical shape that can
be produced from cholesterol, non toxic surfactant
sphingolipids, glycolipids, long chain fatty acid
and even membrane proteins.
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6. PREPARATION METHOD
1.Mechanical method
A. Film method
B. Ultrasonic method
2.Method based on replacement of organic solvent
A. Reverse phase evaporation
B. Ether vaporisation method
3.Fusion of preformed vesicle
A. Freeze thaw extrusion method
B. Rehydration method
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7. PREPARATION METHOD OF LIPOSOME
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8. APPLICATION OF LIPOSOME
Antibody Directed Enzyme Pro-Drug Therapy
•Liposomes conjugated with an enzyme to activate a
prodrug and an antibody directed to a tumour antigen
(enzyme linked immunoliposomes).
•The antibody directs the enzyme to the target tissue
where it activates the prodrug selectively and converts
it to its active form.
•Action of the drug is avoided in other normal tissues.
•Example: Epirubicin and doxorubicin
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10. NANOPORE
DEFINATION
•A nanopore is a very small hole. It may, for example, be
created by a pore-forming protein or as a hole in
synthetic materials such as silicon or graphene.
•It can be a biological protein channel in a high
electrical resistance lipid bilayer, a pore in a solid-state
membrane or a hybrid of these - a protein channel set
in a synthetic membrane.
•These can be about 20 nm in a diameter.
•These pores allow small molecules like oxygen, glucose,
insulin to pass however they prevent large immune system
molecules like immunoglobilin from passing.
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12. NANOPORE BASED DNA SEQUENCING
• Ability to differentiate DNA strands based on
differences in base pair sequences.
• Ability to differentiate purines from pyrimidines.
• Incorporation of electricity conducting electrodes is
being designed to improve longitudinal resolution for
base pair identification.
• Pass a DNA molecule through a nanoscale pore in a
membrane from head to tail, and read off each base
when it is located at the narrowest constriction of the
pore, using the ion current passing through the pore to
probe the identity of the base.
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14. NANOTUBES
STRUCTURE
A. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural
family.
B. Their name is derived from their long, hollow
structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets
of carbon, called graphene.
C. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete
("chiral") angles, and the combination of the rolling
angle and radius decides the nanotube properties; for
example, whether the individual nanotube shell is a
metal or semiconductor.
D. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes
(SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes(MWNTs).
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15. NANOTUBE APPLICATION
•Carbon nanotubes can be made more soluble by
incorporation of carboxylic or ammonium groups to
their structure and can be used for the transport of
peptides, nucleic acids and other drug molecules.
• Nanotubes to transport DNA across cell membrane is
used in studies involving gene therapy.
•SWCN used with siRNA to silence targeted gene
expression.
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17. QUANTUM DOTS
•A quantum dot is a nanocrystal made of semiconductor
materials that are small enough to exhibit quantum
mechanical properties.
•Specifically, its excitons are confined in all three spatial
dimensions.
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19. APPLICATION OF QUANTUM DOT
•Used for biomedical purposes as a diagnostic as well
as therapeutic tool.
•The quantum dots conjugated with polyethylene glycol
(PEG) and antibody to prostate specific membrane
antigen (PSMA) were accumulated and retained in the
grafted tumour tissue.
•This method can be adopted for various malignancies like
melanoma, breast, lung and gastro intestinal tumours.
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21. NANOSHELL
DEFINATION
•A nanoshell, or rather a nanoshell plasmon, is a type of
spherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core
which is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold).
•These nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called plasmon
which is a collective excitation or quantum plasma
oscillation where the electrons simultaneously oscillate
with respect to all the ions.
•Nanoshells can be varied across a broad range of
the light spectrum that spans the visible and near
infrared regions.
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22. GOLD NANOPARTICLE SHELL PREPARATION
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23. APPLICATION OF NANOSHELL
• Nanoshells can also be embedded in a hydrogel
polymer containing the drug.
• After directing the nanoshells to the tumour tissue
by immunological methods, with an infrared laser,
these can be made to get heated up, melting the
polymer and releasing the drug at tumour site.
• Nanoshells are also useful for diagnostic purposes
in whole blood immunoassays.
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25. NANOBUBBLES
• The appearance of hydrophobic surface,causes formation
of nanobubbles.
• Inrefacially associated nanobubble of decreasing size and
number are observed as hydrophobicity of subphase
increases.
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26. DEVICE USE FOR NANOBUBBLE GENERATION
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28. APPLICATIOB OF NANOBUBBLE
•Remain stable at room temperature and when heated to
physiological temperature within the body coalesce to
form microbubbles.
•These have the advantages of targeting the tumour
tissue and delivering the drug selectively under the
influence of ultrasound exposure.
•This results in increased intracellular uptake of the
drug by the tumour cells.
• It also provides an additional advantage of enabling
visualisation of the tumour by means of ultrasound
methods.
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31. PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE
• MNPs are spherical nanocrystals of 10-100 nm in size
with an Fe2+ or Fe3+ core surrounded by lipids,
liposomes, proteins, polymers, or dextran and surface-coated
with non-polymeric stabilizers, providing the
opportunity for the smart delivery of therapeutic
materials
• Iron oxide MNPs (magnetite, Fe3O4; maghemite,
Fe2O3) are extensively used as the core of magnetic
nanocarriers due to super paramagnetic properties and
biocompatibility.
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32. PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE SYNTHESIS
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33. APPLICATION OF PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE
• Paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are used as
contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
• Targeting of these nanoparticles enables identification
of specific organs and tissues.
• Monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) help
in over coming the disadvantage of surgically induced
contrast enhancement in brain due to leak of contrast
material from the cut end and oozing blood vessels in
brain when MR imaging is done post-operatively.
• This is avoided when MIONs are used pre-operatively.
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34. Some novel SPIONs as MRI contrast agents in stem cell labeling
and tracking.
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35. NANOSOMES
• Nanosomes also called as PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated
by Biologically Localized Embedding).
• Nanosomes can also be integrated with a photocatalyst
which produces reactive oxygen species when stimulated
by light and destroy the target tissue.
• This method has advantage over conventional drugs in
being much safer without the adverse effects of cancer
chemotherapy drugs and also the absence of development
of drug resistance.
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36. NANOSOMES STRUCTURE
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37. DENDRIMERS
• Dendrimers are large and complex molecules with very
well-defined chemical structures.
• From a polymer chemistry point of view, dendrimers are
nearly perfect monodisperse (basically meaning of a
consistent size and form) macromolecules With a regular
and highly branched three dimensional architecture.
• They consist of three major architectural components
A. Core
B. Branches
C. End groups
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39. DENDRIMERS
•PAMAM dendrimers can also be used in treatment of
cancer by conjugating with anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin,
adriamycin or methotrexate
•PAMAM dendrimers in transfer of antisense surviving
oligonucleotides in tumour cell lines.
•These methods provide an effective alternative to viral
vectors of gene transfer for treatment of various tumours.
•Reagent of Qiagen are dendrimer based DNA
transfection kits used for delivering DNA into the cell.
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41. Respirocytes
• The respirocytes are intend designed to mimic all the
important functions of red blood cells and also used in
treatment of anaemia, heart attack, lung diseases
• These have higher capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues,
supplying 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than
natural red blood cells.
•These devices have sensors on the surface which can detect
changes in the environment and the onboard nanocomputer
will regulate the intake and output of the oxygen and carbon
dioxide molecules.
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43. Microbivores
•Hypothetical structures which function as white blood
cells in the blood stream designed to trap circulating
microbes.
•They are expected to have greater efficacy than cellular
blood cells in phagocytosis.
•The microbivores surface is arranged with processes
which can extend in length and secure the microbe which
gets in contact with it.
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44. MICROBIVORES
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46. Hunting malaria with magnets
• The new SMART system detects a parasitic waste
product called hemozoin.
• When the parasites infect red blood cells, they feed on the
nutrient-rich hemoglobin carried by the cells.
• As hemoglobin breaks down, it releases iron, which can
be toxic, so the parasite converts the iron into hemozoin a
weakly paramagnetic crystallite.
• How the hydrogen’s nuclear magnetic resonance is
affected by the proximity of other magnetic particles.
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48. APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
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49. COMPANIES INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF NANOPARTICLE
COMPANY PRODUCT
BioDelivery
Sciences
Oral drug delivery of drugs encapuslated in a nanocrystalline
structure called a cochleate
CytImmune Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs to tumors
Invitrogen Q dots for medical imaging
Smith and
Nephew
Antimicrobial wound dressings using silver nanocrystals
Luna Inovations Bucky balls to block inflammation by trapping free radicals
NanoBio Nanoemulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses (such as the flu
and colds) or through the skin to fight bacteria
NanoBio
Magnetics
Magnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
and other applications
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50. CONCLUSION
• Nanoparticulate systems have great potentials,
being able to convert poorly soluble, poorly
absorbed and labile biological active substance into
promising deliverable drugs.
• Generally nanoparticle have relatively higher
intracellular uptake compared to microparticles and
available to a wide range of biological targets due to
their small size and relative mobility.
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51. REFERENCES
•Prabhjot kaur, Loveleenpreet kaur and MU. Khan ,
International journal of research in pharmacy and
chemistry 2012,2(3) ISSN:2231-2781,756
•A.Surendiran , S.sandhiya , S.C.Pradhan & C. Adithan
Indian J Med Res 130 , December 2009 ,689 -701
•Priyanka R. Kulkarni , Jaydeep Yadav ,Kumar A Vaidya
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Reasearch
ISSN-0975-70666 VOL 3 ,ISSUE 2 , 2011 , 10-18
•Zhan Wang1 and Yuan-Cheng Cao2 Nanomedicine &
Nanotechnology Wang and Yuan-Cheng, J Nanomed
Nanotechnol 2014, 5:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-
7164 Se3pt9em.b1er 020104 020 , 1-7 51

52. ANY
QUESTION?
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