Real time PCR, also known as quantitative PCR or qPCR, allows for both the amplification and simultaneous quantification of targeted DNA sequences. It works by detecting amplified DNA in real time as the reaction progresses, rather than just at the end, as in standard PCR. There are two main methods for detection - using non-specific fluorescent dyes that bind to any double-stranded DNA, or using sequence-specific fluorescent probes. Real time PCR is commonly used for diagnostic applications to detect infectious diseases and cancers, as well as basic research applications to quantify gene expression levels.
A real-time polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
https://www.patreon.com/biotechlive
SUPPORT EDUCATION... SUPPORT US
A real-time polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
https://www.patreon.com/biotechlive
SUPPORT EDUCATION... SUPPORT US
What is PCR ? What is Real Time PCR ? Polymerase Chain Reaction ? What is Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme ?
Presented By:
Bharat Bhushan Negi
M.Tech. Biotechnology
IIT Guwahati
It is called “polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
It is called “chain” because the products of the first reaction become substrates of the following one, and so on.
Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
Introduction to Real Time PCR (Q-PCR/qPCR/qrt-PCR): qPCR Technology Webinar S...QIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
Pyrosequencing of the DNA : Genomics and ProteomicsAbhay jha
Pyrosequencing of the DNA is sequencing technique which was one of the suitable method for DNA sequencing. It is very useful for the part of genomics and proteomics which will results into the knowledge of the DNA sequencing.
RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which are now widely used. Traditionally RT-PCR involves two steps: the RT reaction and PCR amplification. RNA is first reverse transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcriptase as described here, the resulting cDNA is used as templates for subsequent PCR amplification using primers specific for one or more genes. RT-PCR can be used to quantify mRNA levels from much smaller samples. In fact, this technique is sensitive enough to enable quantitation of RNA from a single cell.
What is PCR ? What is Real Time PCR ? Polymerase Chain Reaction ? What is Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme ?
Presented By:
Bharat Bhushan Negi
M.Tech. Biotechnology
IIT Guwahati
It is called “polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
It is called “chain” because the products of the first reaction become substrates of the following one, and so on.
Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
Introduction to Real Time PCR (Q-PCR/qPCR/qrt-PCR): qPCR Technology Webinar S...QIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
Pyrosequencing of the DNA : Genomics and ProteomicsAbhay jha
Pyrosequencing of the DNA is sequencing technique which was one of the suitable method for DNA sequencing. It is very useful for the part of genomics and proteomics which will results into the knowledge of the DNA sequencing.
RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which are now widely used. Traditionally RT-PCR involves two steps: the RT reaction and PCR amplification. RNA is first reverse transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcriptase as described here, the resulting cDNA is used as templates for subsequent PCR amplification using primers specific for one or more genes. RT-PCR can be used to quantify mRNA levels from much smaller samples. In fact, this technique is sensitive enough to enable quantitation of RNA from a single cell.
REAL TIME PCR, principle of real time pcr, method for detection real time pcr, taq man probe, molecular beacons. application of real time pcr. difference between real time pcr and conventional pcr.
It is a molecular biological technique.we can monitor the amplification of DNA or RNA sequence. we can aklso test Corona like disease trough this machine.
In this ppt, the various types of PCR such as real time PCR, Reverse transcription PCR, multiplex PCR, ligation chain PCR, nested PCR which is applied in diagnosis of diseases, identification of genetic disorders, determination of polymorphism and also in DNA fingerprinting analysis are described.
REAL-TIME PCR.pptx by UMNA FATIMA- BIOMEDumnajmi123
his PowerPoint presentation serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), a fundamental technique in molecular biology research and diagnostics. The presentation begins with an introduction to the principle of RT-PCR, elucidating its significance in analyzing RNA molecules and amplifying specific sequences of interest. It then delves into the key components and steps involved in RT-PCR, including RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, PCR amplification, and real-time detection. Through informative slides, the audience will gain insights into the applications of RT-PCR in various fields such as disease diagnosis, gene expression analysis, and environmental monitoring. Additionally, the presentation addresses quality control measures, data analysis techniques, and offers case studies illustrating real-world applications of RT-PCR. Furthermore, it discusses future perspectives and emerging trends in RT-PCR technology, providing a forward-looking view of its potential advancements and implications. With a focus on clarity and comprehensiveness, this presentation aims to equip the audience with a thorough understanding of RT-PCR and its diverse applications in molecular biology.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
1. REAL TIME PCR
In molecular biology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, also
called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or kinetic
polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique based on the PCR, which
is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. For
one or more specific sequences in a DNA sample, Real Time-PCR enables both
detection and quantification. The quantity can be either an absolute number
of copies or a relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional
normalizing genes.
2. Kinetic Polymerase Chain Reaction
cont..
The procedure follows the general principle of polymerase chain reaction; its
key feature is that the amplified DNA is detected as the reaction progresses
in real time. This is a new approach compared to standard PCR, where the
product of the reaction is detected at its end. Two common methods for
detection of products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent
dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-
specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with
a fluorescent reporter which permits detection only after hybridization of the
probe with its complementary DNA target.
3. RT-PCR cont..
Frequently, real-time PCR is combined with reverse transcription to
quantify messenger RNA and non-coding RNA in cells or tissues.
4. Background
Cells in all organisms regulate gene expression by turnover of gene transcripts
(messenger RNA, abbreviated to mRNA): The amount of an expressed gene in
a cell can be measured by the number of copies of an mRNA transcript of that
gene present in a sample.
Older methods were used to measure mRNA abundance: Differential
display, RNAse protection assay and Northern blot. Northern blotting is often
used to estimate the expression level of a gene by visualizing the abundance
of its mRNA transcript in a sample. In this method, purified RNA is separated
by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a solid matrix (such as a nylon
membrane), and probed with a specific DNA or RNA probe that
is complementary to the gene of interest. Although this technique is still used
to assess gene expression, it requires relatively large amounts of RNA and
provides only qualitative or semiquantitative information of mRNA levels.
5. Background contd..
In order to robustly detect and quantify gene expression from small amounts
of RNA, amplification of the gene transcript is necessary. The polymerase
chain reaction is a common method for amplifying DNA; for mRNA-based PCR
the RNA sample is first reverse transcribed to cDNA with reverse
transcriptase.
Development of PCR technologies based on reverse
transcription and fluorophores permits measurement of DNA amplification
during PCR in real time, i.e., the amplified product is measured at each PCR
cycle. The data thus generated can be analysed by computer software to
calculate relative gene expression (or mRNA copy number) in several samples.
Real-time PCR can also be applied to the detection and quantification of DNA
in samples to determine the presence and abundance of a particular DNA
sequence in these samples.
6. Real-time PCR with double-stranded DNA-
binding dyes as reporters
A DNA-binding dye binds to all double-stranded (ds) DNA in PCR, causing
fluorescence of the dye. An increase in DNA product during PCR therefore
leads to an increase in fluorescence intensity and is measured at each cycle,
thus allowing DNA concentrations to be quantified. However, dsDNA dyes such
as SYBR Green will bind to all dsDNA PCR products, including nonspecific PCR
products (such as Primer dimer). This can potentially interfere with, or
prevent, accurate quantification of the intended target sequence.
The reaction is prepared as usual, with the addition of fluorescent dsDNA dye.
7. Like other real-time PCR methods, the values obtained do not have absolute
units associated with them (i.e., mRNA copies/cell). As described above, a
comparison of a measured DNA/RNA sample to a standard dilution will only
give a fraction or ratio of the sample relative to the standard, allowing only
relative comparisons between different tissues or experimental conditions. To
ensure accuracy in the quantification, it is usually necessary to normalize
expression of a target gene to a stably expressed gene (see below). This can
correct possible differences in RNA quantity or quality across experimental
samples.
8. The reaction is run in a real-time PCR instrument, and after each cycle, the
levels of fluorescence are measured with a detector; the dye only fluoresces
when bound to the dsDNA (i.e., the PCR product). With reference to a
standard dilution, the dsDNA concentration in the PCR can be determined
9. Fluorescent reporter probe method
Fluorescent reporter probes detect only the DNA containing the probe
sequence; therefore, use of the reporter probe significantly increases
specificity, and enables quantification even in the presence of non-specific
DNA amplification. Fluorescent probes can be used in multiplex assays—for
detection of several genes in the same reaction—based on specific probes
with different-coloured labels, provided that all targeted genes are amplified
with similar efficiency. The specificity of fluorescent reporter probes also
prevents interference of measurements caused by primer dimers, which are
undesirable potential by-products in PCR. However, fluorescent reporter
probes do not prevent the inhibitory effect of the primer dimers, which may
depress accumulation of the desired products in the reaction.
10. Fluorescent reporter probe method
The method relies on a DNA-based probe with a fluorescent reporter at one
end and a quencher of fluorescence at the opposite end of the probe. The
close proximity of the reporter to the quencher prevents detection of its
fluorescence; breakdown of the probe by the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of
the Taq polymerase breaks the reporter-quencher proximity and thus allows
unquenched emission of fluorescence, which can be detected
after excitation with a laser. An increase in the product targeted by the
reporter probe at each PCR cycle therefore causes a proportional increase in
fluorescence due to the breakdown of the probe and release of the reporter.
The PCR is prepared as usual (see PCR), and the reporter probe is added.
11. As the reaction commences, during the annealing stage of the PCR both probe
and primers anneal to the DNA target.
Polymerisation of a new DNA strand is initiated from the primers, and once
the polymerase reaches the probe, its 5'-3'-exonuclease degrades the probe,
physically separating the fluorescent reporter from the quencher, resulting in
an increase in fluorescence.
Fluorescence is detected and measured in a real-time PCR machine, and its
geometric increase corresponding to exponential increase of the product is
used to determine the quantification cycle (Cq) in each reaction.
12. Quantification
Quantifying gene expression by traditional DNA detection methods is
unreliable. Detection of mRNA on a Northern blot or PCR products on
a gel or Southern blot does not allow precise quantification. For example,
over the 20-40 cycles of a typical PCR, the amount of DNA product reaches
a plateau that is not directly correlated with the amount of target DNA in the
initial PCR.
Real-time PCR can be used to quantify nucleic acids by two common methods:
relative quantification and absolute quantification. Relative quantification is
based on internal reference genes to determine fold-differences in expression
of the target gene. Absolute quantification gives the exact number of target
DNA molecules by comparison with DNA standards.
13. QUANTIFICATION
A commonly-employed method of DNA quantification by real-time PCR relies on
plotting fluorescence against the number of cycles on a logarithmic scale. A
threshold for detection of DNA-based fluorescence is set slightly above
background. The number of cycles at which the fluorescence exceeds the
threshold is called the threshold cycle (Ct) or, according to the MIQE guidelines,
quantification cycle (Cq). During the exponential amplification phase, the
sequence of the DNA target doubles every cycle. For example, a DNA sample
whose Cq precedes that of another sample by 3 cycles contained 23 = 8 times more
template. However, the efficiency of amplification is often variable among primers
and templates. Therefore, the efficiency of a primer-template combination is
assessed in a titration experiment with serial dilutions of DNA template to create
a standard curve of the change in Cq with each dilution. The slope of the linear
regression is then used to determine the efficiency of amplification, which is 100%
if a dilution of 1:2 results in a Cq difference of 1. The cycle threshold method
makes several assumptions of reaction mechanism and has a reliance on data from
low signal-to-noise regions of the amplification profile that can introduce
substantial variance during the data analysis.
14. To quantify gene expression, the Cq for an RNA or DNA from the gene of
interest is divided by Cq of RNA/DNA from a housekeeping gene in the same
sample to normalize for variation in the amount and quality of RNA between
different samples. This normalization procedure is commonly called the ΔΔCt-
method and permits comparison of expression of a gene of interest among
different samples. However, for such comparison, expression of the
normalizing reference gene needs to be very similar across all the samples.
Choosing a reference gene fulfilling this criterion is therefore of high
importance, and often challenging, because only very few genes show equal
levels of expression across a range of different conditions or tissues.[ Although
cycle threshold analysis is integrated with many commercial software
systems, there are more accurate and reliable methods of analysing
amplification profile data that should be considered in cases where
reproducibility is a concern.
15. Mechanism-based qPCR quantification methods have also been suggested, and
have the advantage that they do not require a standard curve for
quantification. Methods such as MAK2 have been shown to have equal or
better quantitative performance to standard curve methods. These
mechanism-based methods use knowledge about the polymerase amplification
process to generate estimates of the original sample concentration. An
extension of this approach includes an accurate model of the entire PCR
reaction profile, which allows for the use of high signal-to-noise data and the
ability to validate data quality prior to analysis.
16. Applications Of Real Time PCR
There are numerous applications for real-time polymerase chain reaction in
the laboratory. It is commonly used for both diagnostic and basic research.
Diagnostic real-time PCR is applied to rapidly detect nucleic acids that are
diagnostic of, for example, infectious diseases, cancer and genetic
abnormalities. The introduction of real-time PCR assays to the clinical
microbiology laboratory has significantly improved the diagnosis of infectious
diseases, and is deployed as a tool to detect newly emerging diseases, such as
new strains of flu, in diagnostic tests.
Real-time PCR is also used by microbiologists working in the fields of food
safety, food spoilage and fermentation and for the microbial risk assessment
of water quality (drinking and recreational waters) and in public health
protection.
17. Applications Of Real Time PCR
The antibacterial assay Virtual Colony Count utilizes a data quantification
technique mathematically identical to real-time PCR, except bacterial cells,
rather than copies of a PCR product, increase exponentially. The Virtual
Colony Count equivalent of the threshold cycle is referred to as the "threshold
time.
In research settings, real-time PCR is mainly used to provide quantitative
measurements of gene transcription. The technology may be used in
determining how the genetic expression of a particular gene changes over
time, such as in the response of tissue and cell cultures to an administration
of a pharmacological agent, progression of cell differentiation, or in response
to changes in environmental conditions. It is also used for the determination
of zygosity of transgenic animals used in research.
18. Real Time PCR Disadvantages
Not ideal for multiplexing
* setting up requires high technical skill and support
* high equipment cost
* intra- and inter-assay variation
* RNA liability
* DNA contamination (in mRNA analysis)